Kuparadzirwa kwesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende dzehurumende inheyo yehwaro yehurumende yeAmerica. Iyi gadziriro inozivikanwa sehurumende inotonga, inokamuranisa chiremera zvokuti kutaura kunochengeta udzori hukuru pamativi akawanda oupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubvira padzidzo uye zvokufambisa kusvikira kuzvoutano nokuchengetwa kwomutemo. Murangariro wekodzero dzehurumende.(8) masimba ezvamatongerwe enyika anochengeterwa hurumende panzvimbo pehurumende yehurumende. 29 inochengeta simba guru nerinowanzova rinokakavara nzanga dzose dzomunzvimbomo negadziriro yorudzi. Kunzwisisa kodzero dzehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwokuziva kuti dzinopesvedzera sei chinhu chiri chose mumitero yaunobhadhara kumugariro wako, uye kunyange mitemo inodzivirira rusununguko rwako rwevagari vemo.

Kodzero Dzehurumende Chii?

Kodzero dzehurumende dzinopiwa muTenth Amendment kuBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., iro rinozivisa, kuti: "Masimba asingapiwi United States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti anorambidzwa naro kuUnited States, anochengetwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu. Iyi gadziridzo inowirirana nheyo yokuti hurumende ine masimba iwayo bedzi akarongwa muBumbiro reMitemo, nepo mamwe masimba ose ehurumende ari muhurumende ari kutsigira nyika. Nokufamba kwenguva, matare akadudzira izvi kureva kuti nyika dzine simba rapamutemo remapurisa mutsika dzoutano, chengeteko, uye tsika dzevagari vemo vadzo.

Kodzero dzehurumende hadzina kuzara; dziripo mukati megadziriro youkuru hwehurumende seyakagadzwa neSinongedzero yaClaus. Apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorwisana, mutemo wehurumende unowanzokunda. Bva miganhu yeiyi ganhuriro inoedzwa nguva dzose kupfurikidza nomutemo, zviito zvokutungamirira, uye dare gurusa. Muuyo ibasa rakaoma remitemo yenzvimbo yehurumende inogona kusiana zvikuru panhau dzakadai seroorano, mutero, murairo wemhoteredzo, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi.

Nhoroondo Yekodzero Dzehurumende

Gakava pamusoro pekodzero dzehurumende rave riri musoro unodzokororwa munhau yeAmerica, kazhinji kazhinji richibatira senhambo yenjodzi dzorudzi. Kusawirirana pakati pechiremera chehurumende nouchangamire hwehurumende kwakaumba zvinoitika zvinochinja uye kunopfuurira kupesvedzera zvamatongerwe enyika zvenguva ino. Zviitiko zvikuru zvenhau zvinobatanidza:

  • Dambudziko Rokuchengetedza Rusununguko Rama1830
  • Hondo Yavagari Vemo yeAmerica Nokuvakwazve
  • Musangano Wekodzero Dzevanhu Womuma1950 uye wema1960
  • New Deal nokukura kwesimba rehurumende
  • Hondo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pamusoro peinishuwarenzi youtano, mitemo yemhoteredzo, uye mitemo yokuvhota

Dambudziko Rokuderedza Kubereka

Mukutanga kwama1830, South Carolina yakasimbisa maruramiro okubvisa kuzviisa pasi kwehurumende kwairangarirwa kuva kusingawirirani nemitemo, ichitaura kuti kutaura kungagona kubvisa mitemo yehurumende mukati memiganhu yavo. Purezidhendi Andrew Jackson akatyisidzira mauto, uye mutongi anobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira akagumisa njodzi yacho yapakarepo.

Hondo Yavagari Vemo yeAmerica

Hondo yevagari vemo yakanga iri ratidzirwo yamasimba masimba zvikurusa yekurukurirano yekodzero dzehurumende.Madokero enyika akataura kuti ivo vaiva nekodzero yokuzvitonga vamene, kubatanidza kutangwa kwouranda, pasina dzongonyedzo yehurumende. Urukudzo rweUnion yakatanga kuti hurumende haigoni kutsiva uye kuti chiremera chehurumende chinotsiva uchangamire munhau zhinjisa. Kunyanguvezvo, hondo haina kupedza kusawirirana kukuru; yakangobvisa bedzi hondo mumauto ichienda kumatare nedzimba dzomutemo.

Boka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Zana ramakore gare gare, maruramiro ehurumende akakumbirwa zvakare. Nguva ino yokudzivisa kuvhota uye maruramiro okuvhota nokuda kwavagari vemo veAfrica. Nyika dzokuMadokero dzakapa mitemo ndokugamuchira mitemo yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa mitemo yehurumende yakadai se Brown v. Dare reDzidzo. Hurumende yehurumende yakapindura neChibvumirano cheCivil Rights Act ye 1964 uye Voting Rights Act ye 1965, iyo yakashandisa chibvumirano chezvokutengeserana nePrejimende ye145 kubvisa mitemo yehurumende yakasimudzira rusaruro rwedzinza.

Chibvumirano Chitsva Nefutunuko Yemagariro

The New Deacity yama 1930 yakaona kukura kukuru kwesimba rehurumende sezvo hurumende yorudzi yakaita mabasa mumitemo yemari, garikano yenzanga, uye gadziriro. Dare Gurusa pakutanga rakaputsa mapurogiramu akawanda eNew Deac sekuputswa kwekodzero dzehurumende, asi pashure perwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika naPurezidhendi Franklin Roosevelt, Dare rakachinja kududzirwa kwaro, richibvumira kuraviwa kukuru kwechiremera chehurumende pasi pechibvumirano chezvokutengeserana. Ikoku kwakapinza munhambo yehurumende inobatira pamwe chete, umo hurumende nehurumende dzamasangano zvakagoverana kazhinji kazhinji mitoro.

Nhau Dziripo Dzine chokuita Nekodzero Dzehurumende

Muzana ramakore rechi 21, kodzero dzehurumende dzinopfuurira kuva nhau huru mumhatsa yakasiyana- siyana yemiitiro. Sezvo udyire hwezvematongerwe enyika hunowedzera, nyika dzakawanda dzakava marabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu(kana kuti, zvichitsamira pamurangariro wako, nhandare dzerwisano) (kunopesana zvikuru nedzenyika dzakavakidzana. Nhau huru dzapanguva ino dzinobatanidza:

  • Kutarisira utano uye kudzora inishuwarenzi
  • Muitiro wedzidzo nokudzora purogiramu
  • Mitemo yezvakatipoteredza uye kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze
  • Mitemo yokudzora pfuti uye Kudzikamisa Kwechipiri
  • Kubvisa pamuviri uye kodzero dzokubereka
  • Kupa mitemo uye kuronga sarudzo
  • Kunyoreswa pamutemo uye kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka

Mitemo Yokutarisira Utano

Affordble Care Act (ACA) yakamirira kupindira kukurusa kwehurumende muzvoutano chifo cheMedicaid. Bva nyika dzakachengeta uchenjeri hwakati: idzo dzingagona kusarudza kana dzingawedzera Medicaid, kutanga tsinhano dzadzo dzoutano, uye kutengeserana kweinishuwarenzi. Somuuyo, mamirioni evakura vasingawani mari yakawanda mumitengo isina kubatanidzwa, nepo vagari vemo vanofarikanya kukura. Masangano anodzorwawo nemitemo yemarikineidhine, inodzorwa nemiitiro youtano yavose yavose sezvirevo. Dare rapamusorosoro ra2012 2012 rinotsigira dzvinyiriro yavanhu pamugariro weMidhia inosimbiswa nemitemo yezvoutano.

Tsika Dzedzidzo

Dzidzo yakarangarirwa kwenguva refu kuva mutoro wehurumende nowomunzvimbomo. Nyika dzinogadza mipimo yedzidzo, dzinosarudza zvinodikanwa zvokunyorera vadzidzisi, uye dzinogovera mari. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, hondo pamusoro pezviri mukati mezvikamu zvedzidzo zvedzinza (kubatanidza rondedzero yedzinza inotsoropodza, dzidzo yevatano, uye murairidzo wenhau() yakawedzera, nedzimwe nyika dzinopa miganhu inoganhurira misoro yakati nepo dzimwe dzichizviraira. Mapurogiramu echikoro, kubatanidza zvikoro zvechikoro, zvinosianawo zvikuru. Muuyo ndewo kuti chinoitika chedzidzo chevadzidzi chinotsamira zvikuru pahurumende uye kunyange muruwa uko vanogara.

Mitemo Yemhoteredzo Nechiito Chemamiriro Okunze

Apo hurumende yehurumende inodzosa ganhuriro kubva kumirairo yemhoteredzo, masangano anowanzopinda. California, somuenzaniso, yakagadza mipimo yemotokari yakatsiga zvikuru kupfuura hurumende yehurumende, muparadzi anobvumirwa neCea Air Act. Dzimwe nyika dzakashandisa mipimo yeCalifornia, kugadzira musika mukuru wemotokari dzinoshanda zvakanaka. Pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, nyika dzakadai seNew York, Washington, uye Massachusetts dzakaderedza zvinoda kuderedza carbon, nepo dzimwe dzichideredza kukura kwesimba uye dzichishora mitemo yemamiriro okunze. Iri basa rinogona kutungamirira kurwisa kurwisana kwapamutemo uye kudzosera mamiriro okunze echimbichimbichikache, asi zvinobvumirawo kuchinjwa kuwiriraniswa kumamiriro enzvimbo dzomunharaunda.

Mipimo Yokudzora Pfuti

Dare reChipiri maruramiro okutakura zvombo rinodudzirwa nenzira yakasiana munyika dzose. Dzimwe nyika dzine kunzvera kwenzvimbo dzose, nhambo dzokumirira, uye ganhuriro pazvombo zvokudenha; dzimwe dzakaita kuti "dzisina kuterana dzitakure" mitemo inobvumira vanhu kutakura pfuti dzakavigwa pasina mvumo. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa renhau mu New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[ [2022]) chakajekesa kuti Second Confectionment inodzivirira munhu mumwe nomumwe rudyi kutakura chibhamu muru, asi chinosiyawo kamuri rehurumende kuti idzore mutsika dzenhau. Ikoku kwakanyandura muganhu miganhuro itsva yesimba ravo rekudzora.

Kubvisa Pamuviri

Pashure pechigumbuso cheDare Gurusa . . Wade mu [FLT] Dobbs v. Jackson Vakadzi 'Hwekwanyina yeUtano[ [2022], chiremera chokudzora kubvisa pamuviri kwakadzorerwa kunyika. Dzimwe nyika dzakakurumidza kurambidza kana kuti kuganhurira zvakakomba kubvisa pamuviri, nepo dzimwe dzakadzika mitemo inodzivirira kuwanikwa kana kuti mibato inokura. Chikamu chaparirwa nenzvimbo chakaparira kutenderera kwechikwarati kuti pave nechenje. Chinetsoi chirevo chamaruradzo chomugaro chinogona kutungamirira nenzira inoshamisa kumiuyo yakasiana - kwezva panzvimbo dzadzo dzinotsamira panzvimbo dzadzo.

Kutapura Kodzero Dzehurumende Panzanga Dzomunzvimbomo

Migumisiro yekodzero dzehurumende inonyanya kuonekwa munzanga. Kubva pamitemo yokuronga nyika kusvika kumapurisa, kubva pamitero yezvinhu kusvika kuzvifambiso zvavose, zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nevanopa mitemo yehurumende zvinoumba zvakananga upenyu hwevagari vemo. Nzvimbo dzinokosha dzesimba dzinosanganisira:

  • Zvivako zvokudzora zvomunzvimbomo
  • Mabasa avose uye mari inochengeterwa zvinhu
  • Kuvimbisana kwenzanga uye kutsigira nzanga
  • Kubudirira kwezvemari nomutero
  • Mitemo yeruramisiro youtsotsi nemapurisa

Kudzora Kwomunzvimbomo

Mitemo yehurumende ndiyo inosarudza masimba nemitoro yemaguta, miganhu, uye maruwa chaiwo. Mudzimwe nyika, utongi hwemisha hunopa hurumende chiremera chakafara chokupa mitemo panhau dzomunzvimbomo, nepo dzimwe nyika dzichipedzisa zvikuru udzori hwenharaunda, zvikurukuru panhau dzakadai somubhadharo muduku, kudzorwa, uye murairo wepfuti. Uku kusawirirana pakati pehurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Zvikamu zvinowanzonzi "Kutonga kweDillon"//Gumo"/(affects) kuti nzanga dzinogona sei kuita kushaiwa kwomunzvimbomo.

Masangano Avose Nezvirongwa

Hurumende dzinodzora kuiswa kwemari kwemitero yezvikoro, migwagwa, mvura, uye kufambiswa kwevanhu vose. Kuzvipira kwehurumende kumari yemarongerwo ezvirongwa, pamwe chete nemitero yayo, zvinosarudza kunaka kwemigwagwa, mabhiriji, uye nzvimbo dzavose. Somuenzaniso, inotaura kuti kukwidza mitero yepeturu kuti itsigire zvirongwa zvokufambisa kazhinji kazhinji kunova nemigwagwa iri nani kupfuura iyo inotsamira bedzi pamari yehurumende. Nenzira yakafanana, zvisarudzo zvehurumende pamusoro pewedzero yeMedicaid zvinotapura zvakananga kuvapo kwemabasa okurapa mumaruwa uye munzvimbo dzinochengetwa.

Kubatanidzwa Kwenzanga Nokuita Mubato

Kodzero dzehurumende dzinoparira mabanza enziyo dzemubato. Apo chiito chehurumende chinodzivisa, mapoka okudzora kudzorwa kwemitemo kana kuti zvirongwa zvokusarudza kuti vafambisire nharidzano dzavo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza nhimbe dzokuita kuti mbanje ive yapamutemo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza wedzero dzapamutemo, wedzero shomanene dzemibayiro yeruramisiro, uye LGBTQ+ dziviriro dzehurumende inobvumira vagari vemo kuti vaende kupfurikidza nemitemo yechimiro chakananga kupfurikidza nokubatanidza mavhotaro, kusimudzira pfungwa yokutora rutivi rwemo rehurumende runogona kuva rwekurumidziro kupfuura zvamatongerwe enyika zvorudzi.

Kudzikamiswa Kwesimba: Hurumende Nehurumende

Kubatanidzwa kwesimba rehurumende nerehurumende hakuna kugadziriswa; kunochinja namachinjiro ezvamatongerwe enyika, rondedzero dzedare, uye zvinodikanwa zvenzanga. Nokuda kwezhinjisa dzezana ramakore rechi20, kombamiro yakanga iri kukuva pakati nepakati() hurumende yehurumende yakawana mutoro unokura nokuda kwamaruramiro avagari vemo, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, garikano yenzanga, uye murairo wezvemari. Zvisinei, chibviro cha 1990, kubvisa kushandura kwakasimbisa: kudzokera kumiganhu kupfurikidza nezvipo, vaparadziri, uye kuganhurira kudare rechiremera chehurumende yomubatanidzwa.

Iyi nzvimbo dzinoparira zvose zviri zviviri betsero nedzomuuyo. Kurutivi rwakanaka, matare anogona kuedza miitiro yakasiana, achibvumira miganhu inobudirira kugamuchirwa kune imwe nzvimbo. Kurutivi rwakaipa, mifungo ingakwikwidzana nemipimo yakaderera(a "kuvhotera kupasi") nzvimbo dzakadai sesangano, kuchengetedzwa kwemhoteredzo, uye dziviriro dzavashandi. Dare Rapamusoro kazhinji kazhinji rinoita somucherekedzi, kusarudza mwero wehurumende ine chiremera mumagakava akati. MFLT, zvakadai se MY] v. NCAP [20] [20] .[20] .[5] .[FLT]

Denho Nokutsoropodza Kodzero Dzehurumende

Pasinei zvapo nokukwezva kwouzivi uye kunoshanda kwehurumende dzakabudirira, kodzero dzehurumende dzine zvinetso zvakakomba.

  • Kusachinja - chinja kwemitemo nemiitiro munyika dzose
  • Vanogona kusarura uye kudzivirira zvisina kukodzera
  • Kuda kupedza zvinetso zvorudzi kana kuti zvenyika yose
  • Kununurwa kwemitemo yomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza navakuru vehurumende
  • Ngozi yokubata kupfurikidza nefariro chaidzo

Kusachinja Mumitemo Netsika

VaAmerica vanotama kubva mune imwe nyika kuenda kune imwe vangasangana nenzvimbo dzakasiana chose chose pamusoro pemitemo yeroorano, mwero yemitero, kutengesa kwamazvikokota, maruramiro okupfura, uye kunyange kubviswa kwemhosva kwezvinhu. Iri basa rinogona kuparira nyongano nokuda kwavanhu namabhizimisi anoshanda munzvimbo dzose dzenyika. Somuenzaniso, muridzi webhizimisi muduku angada kuwirirana nemitemo yebasa yakasiana - siana, uye mipimo yemanyoro yakavanzika.

Kukwanisa Kusarura uye Kudzivirira Vasina Kuenzana

Kodzero dzehurumende dzakashandiswa kare kururamisa mitemo yorusaruraganda, kubvira paJim Crow kusvikira kuzvinodikanwa zvemuvhoti zvazvino uno zvinotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi vavhoti vashoma. Nepo hurumende yehurumende inogona kupindira kupfurikidza negadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo, nhanho yokupindira kwakadaro kazhinji kazhinji inononoka, kuchisiya mapoka akaganhurirwa asina dziviriro munyika umo asina simba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Kupesana pakati pehurumende nekodzero dzavagari vemo kunoramba kuri imwe yenhau dzinotapukwa nedzinokosha zvikurusa mumutemo weAmerica.

Zvinetso Mukugadzirisa Nhau Dzerudzi

Zvinetso zvakadai sechinjo yemamiriro okunze, zvirwere zveutano, kusaenzana kwemari, uye kuderera kwemarongedzero hazviwanzovi zvekuremekedza miganhu yehurumende. Kupindura kunoshanda kunowanzoda chiito chenyika kana kuti kunyange chenyika yose. Kana nyika dzikatevera nzira dzinopesana nedzinoitika nedzinochinja - chinja zvinhu (zvimwe zvichigamuchira miitiro yemamiriro okunze ane simba, zvimwe zvacho) hapana tsvete zvingava zvisina kukwana kusvitsa zvinangwa zvinopfuura. Somuenzaniso, mukati medenda reCHOVAD19, kushayikwa kwemawirirano muutano hwevoko dzinovanza nhamburiko uye kuparira nyongano pamusoro pezviito zvekufamba, zviratiso, uye kuparadzirwa kwemishonga.

Kupunzwa Kwemitemo Yomunzvimbomo

Chinetso chinokura mukati megadziriro yekodzero dzehurumende kushandiswa kwokuedza hurumende kukurira mitemo yomunzvimbomo. Muhurumende dzakawanda, masangano anogadza mitemo akaisa mitemo inorambidza maguta uye mirairo yokumutsa mari shomanene, kutanga udzori hwerendi, kana kuti kudzora kurongedza nepfuti. Nepo kusunungurwa kwehurumende kuchigona kutanga kufanana, kunogonawo kudzvinyirira kuita chisarudzo chehurumende yomunzvimbomo chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, zvikurukuru apo fariro dzine simba dzinodavirwa dzinodzivisa mitemo yomunzvimbomo inofambira mberi.

mhedziso

Murangariro wekodzero dzehurumende unobva kure nekanguva yenharo dzechi19. Inoramba iri nheyo inorarama, inochinja nheyo inoumba upenyu hwezuva nezuva hweAmerica. Kubva parudzi rwedzidzo inogamuchira kusvikira kumutengo wezvoutano, kubva kumhepo yavanofema kukodzero dzavanogona kushandisa, dzikamo pakati pehurumende nesimba rehurumende ine migumisiro chaiyo. Nepo kodzero dzehurumende dzichipa simba munzanga dzomunzvimbomo uye dzinokurudzira muitiro, dzinomutsawo mibvunzo yakakomba pamusoro pokuenzana, kusachinja, uye mano okutaura zvinetso zvinogoveranwa. Sezvo vagari vemo vanozivikanwa pamusoro pehurumende, kuramba vachidzora hakungoviwo zvako muitiro wedzidzo wedzidzo nesimba renyika. Kunzwisisa kodzero dzinobvumira vanhu vamwe navamwe kutsigira nenzira inobudirira mipimo yavo, inoita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vatsi vatsirwe, uye kuti vagove pamusoro pezvinofanira kuva nemhaka yerudzi rweUnited States, kudzo dzinotsamira pakudzorwa kwesimba rehurumende.