Kutanga: Dambudziko Remashoko Muhurumende Yehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu Yechidhinari

Munyika yanhasi ine nhepfenyuro huru, nhambo yenhau haitongogumi. Kuvambira panguva yatinovhura foni dzedu kumupumburu wokupedzisira tisati tarara, takazadzwa nemisoro yenhau, nyevero, uye kugoverana. Nepo uku kuwanda kwamashoko kwenguva dzose kuchigona kuva nesimba, kunopawo denho huru: tinoparadzanisa sei kushuma kwakavimbika kubva kunyengedzero yamaune, kunyengera, kana kuti chikanganiso chenyungurire? Kukwanisa kunzvera manyuko enhau nenzira yokusangwarira hakuchisirizve chinodikanwa chinokosha nokuda kwougari hwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Pasina iko, vagari vemo vanogona kuisa tsvina nzanga, kushatisa chivimbo mumasangano, uye kushatisa kurukurirano dzemitemo. Nyaya iyi inonzvera nei kurangarira tyisidziro yazvinoteverwa, uye chiito chirongwa chokunzwisisa nhau zvikuru.

Kunzwisisa Kufunga Kunotsoropodza

Papfundo rayo guru, kufunga kwakakomba muitiro wokuranga kwokunzvera kwokushingaira, kutsinhiranisa, uye kuyera mashoko kuti aite chisarudzo. Kunopfuura kugamuchirwa kwokusakendenga kwamashoko kunzverwa zvakasimba kwoufakazi, fungidziro, uye kuva nomufungo. Mumashoko akapoteredza, vanhu vanofunga vanoshandisa zvombo zvinokasharara kuti vadzivise kudzora uye kuita zvisarudzo zvokuziva zvinotapura upenyu hwavo nenzanga dzavo.

Maruva Okufunga Kunonetsa

Kufunga kwokutsoropodza hakusi chinhu chimwe chete asi muunganidzwa wounyanzvi hwokubatanidza. chimwe nechimwe chinosimbisa zvimwe, kuchiumba gadziriro yakasimba yokuongorora nhau.

Kuongorora: Kuzivisa Shoko

Nzvero inobatanidza kuputsa nhau mumativi ayo akapoteredza: kutaura kunoitwa, ufakazi hunogoverwa, manyuko anonokorwa mashoko, uye mutauro unoshandiswa. Somuenzaniso, pakurava musoro mukuru unozivisa kuti "Crime Rates Skyrottet muDowntown Areator," murangari anotsoropodza anobvunza nokukurumidza: Chii chaizvoizvo chinorehwa? Kana kuenzaniswa nenguva ipi? Imhosvai dzinobatanidzwa? Anenge aunganidza mashoko? Nokusiyanisa shoko racho, muravi anofumura zviri kutaurwa chaizvoizvo neizvo zviri kunzi.

Kuongorora: Kuongorora Kuoneka uye Kurerutsa

Nzvero inhambo yorutongeso, umo muravi anosarudza kana manyuko akavimbika uye kana zvirimo zvichiwirirana nenhau dziripo. Ikoku kunoda kunzvera chinyorwa chamaidi chechinyorwa, unyanzvi hwomunyori, uye kuvimbika kwoufakazi hwanongedzerwa. Nyaya inodudza manyuko asina kuzivikanwa pasina magwaro anotsigira inofanira kusimudza mireza mitsvuku yapakarepo. Muraudzo wakanaka wechanza i CRAP muedzo weCRAP[: WAC, Relevince, Authority, Authority, uye Don.

Kungwarira: Kugumisa zvine mufungo

Kupesana chiito chokurangarira kubva kuufakazi kusvikira kumhedziso. Nenzira inopesana, mhedziso inofanira kutevera kubva muufakazi, kwete mufungidziro yokushuva kana kuti mirangariro yapamberi pezvi. Kana manyuko enhau anotaura kuti muitiro mutsva unoparira kukura kwezvemari, muravi anofanira kunzvera kana mashoko acho achitsigira chaizvoizvo wirirano yemanzwi. Zvibvumikiso zvakasimba zvinotsigirwa namapfundo akawanda azvimiriri zvenhau anozvimirira uye tsinhiro dzino mufungo.

Tsananguro: Kurumbidza Kurangarira

Kuva anokwanisa kutsanangura [ nei unovimba kana kuti kusavimba nenhau chiratidzo chokufunga kwakakomba. Kunomanikidza mufungi kuronga mifungo yavo ndokururamisa rutongeso rwavo. Pakukurukura nhau navamwe, kutsanangura kufunga kwako, --" mushumo unodudza manyuko makuru kubva kushoo yehurumende, uye munyori ane mamiriro ezvinhu ekare muzvemari""

Kurangarira: Kunzvera Zvinetso Nezvinonetsa

Kurangarira idi redivi rokuranga, umo mufungi anopanikira fungidziro dzavo vamene, kuita kwemirangariro, uye nzvimbo dzinobvira. Tose tine mirangariro yendangariro inogona kushandura kutsanangura kwedu nhau. Kuziva kuti tinokweverwa nenzira yomuzvarirwo kumashoko anosimbisa zvitendero zvedu zviripo (kuratidza mirangariro) inhano yokutanga inokosha kukurangarira zvikuru. Kurangarira kunobatanidzawo mirangariro mikuru yenhau yakadai ndivanaani vangabetserwa nenhau iyi? Varavi vangashandisa zviitoi pashure pokuipedza?

Basa Risingarambiki Renhau muDemocratic Societies

Democracy inoshanda inotsamira pamuvhota unozivikanwa. Vagari vanofanira kunzwisisa nhau, vadederesi, uye miuyo yezvisarudzo zvemiitiro. Zvinobudisa nhau, muchimiro chazvo chakafanira, zvinoshanda sembwa inorinda, mutungamiriri wekurukurirano yavose, uye mukoto wokuva nomutoro wesimba rinozvidavirira. Kudikanwa kweiri basa kwakazivikanwa chifo chokutangwa kwehurumende dzazvino uno.

Basa Rokurinda: Kutarisira Simba

Chinyorwa chenhau chokunzvera chakafumura munhau munhau, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, uye kusaruramisira kwegadziriro. Kuvambira paWatergate kusvikira kumishumo yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pamusoro pokunzverwa kwehurumende uye kusashanda zvakanaka kwemasangano, vatori venhau vakagovera nzvero yakakomba yokuti gadziriro dzinosarudzwa dzoga hadzigoni kuvimbisa. Kuti iyi mhatsi irumate, zvisinei, vanhu vanofanira kukwanisa kutsaura kushuma zvakakomba kubva mukudenha kwechigaro. Pasina unyanzvi hwokufunga hwakaoma, vagari vemo vangaramba kufumura pachokwadi se "nhau dzenhema" kana kuti kugamuchira zvisakarurama zvinoshorwa sezvokwadi.

Kuronga Kusarudza Kwavose

Democracy haisi kurukurirano inopfuurira pakati pavagari vemo. Mashoko anogovera chikonzero chavose chamaidi apo kurukurirano inogona kuitika. Apo nzanga inogoverana musiyano wamashoko akabvumikiswa, kusabvumirana kunogona kunangidzira ngwariro pamipimo nezvinotanga panzvimbo pezviri kuitika chaizvoizvo. Asi apo mashoko asina kururama anoshatisa nzvimbo imwe cheteyo − apo mapoka akasiana - siana anodavira chose chose zvirongwa zve "facts"" / delerication, uye nzanga inopunzika mumashoko anorwisana.

Kubatanidzwa Nokuzvidavirira

Nhau dzinoitawo kuti vanhu vabatane, nyaya dzenhau dzenzanga, zvisarudzo zvedare rezvikoro, mitemo yokuronga nyika, uye kusarudza nharaunda kazhinji kazhinji zvine simba zvikuru paupenyu hwezuva nezuva kupfuura misoro mikuru yenyika.

Denho Iri Kuwedzera Yemashoko Asina Kunaka

Zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira mashoko zvakachinja mabudisirwo anoitwa mashoko, kuparadzirwa, uye kushandiswa kwazvinoitwa.

Marudzi Evhiringidziko Yemashoko

Kunzvera kubva kunyanzvi namasangano se First Distround News inosianisa pakati pezvikamu zvitatu:

  • [[FT:0] MISformation: Mashoko enhema anogoverwa pasina donzo rokukuvadza. Mumwe munhu angaisazve museve unotsausa nemhaka yokuti vanodavira kuti ndokwechokwadi.
  • Dhimontformation: Mashoko enhema anogadzirwa nomuromo wose oparadzirwa kuti anyengedze kana kuti kuparira kuvadziko. Ikoku kunobatanidza nhau dzakagadzirwa, maetfakesi, uye nhimbe dzepesvedzero dzinobatanidzwa.
  • Malformation: Mashoko echokwadi anogoverana nechinangwa chokukuvadza, zvakadai semagwaro epachivande akadzudza akabviswa pamashoko akapoteredza kana kuti akagadzirirwa kutsausa.

Michina Yenhema Dzakashata

Mistinfonso ipararira nemhaka yezvose zviri zviviri ndangariro yavanhu nepuraitiki. Chitsoropodza misoro mikuru yenhau yedavidzo inoparira mikana yokuda kuziva inoda chisarudzo. Propaganda inowanzoshandisa mapoka enzanga aripo kutsigira tsigiro. Kutungamirira nhamba[[FLT:]] Kuchinja tsinhiro dzinokoshairwa.

Kunyange apo nhau yenhema inoruramiswa gare gare, kururamisa kazhinji kazhinji kunopararira zvishoma nezvishoma zvikuru kupfuura nhema dzapakuvamba. Ichi chinoitika, chinozivikanwa se "kupfuurira kuva nepesvedzero," chinoreva kuti mirangariro yapakuvamba inowanzopfuurira kunyange pashure pokubvisa kwakananga. Ndicho chikonzero nei kufunga kwakakomba kuchifanira kuitika [ pamberi kugoverana, kwete chete pashure.

Mafinakesi neAisero

Kufambira mberi kwemazuva ano muuchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinhu kwakakuita kuti kuve kunobvira kuita kuti zvive nokusagona kunzwika, mavhidhiyo, uye mifananidzo yakagadzirwa chose chose. Manzwi edziro anogona kuratidza wezvematongerwe enyika anotaura chimwe chinhu chaasina kumbotaura, kana kuti chiitiko chakagadzirwa chisina kumboitika. Sayenzi yokuwana zvinhu payakatanga kuvandudza, saizvozvowo kuoma kwezvinonyengera. Kufunga kukuru munguva ino kunofanira kubatanidza kusava nechokwadi kwakanaka pamusoro pezvinenge zvichinyatsodiwa kana kuti kukanganiswa mupfungwa, zvikurukuru kana zvichiwirirana nemhesvo isati yavapo.

Mabasa Anoshanda Okuparadzira Mashoko

Mashoko akanaka ndeokuti unyanzvi uhwu hunogona kudzidzwa uye kushandiswa nomunhu upi noupi. Pasi apa pane mazano anobva pauchapupu anorumbidzwa nevashandi vemota, vatori venhau, uye nyanzvi dzezvokunyora nokunyora.

Ita Maitiro Okushandisa Nzira Yokufamba Nayo (Nyaya)

Nzira yokudzidza nayo kuverenga nokunyora yakatangwa nenyanzvi inonzi Mike Caulfield, iri nyore asi inobatsira chaizvo pakukurumidza kuona kuti mashoko asingazivikanwi.

  • [[FT:0] Mira:[ Usati wagoverana kana kuita chimwe chinhu, mira. Zvibvunze umene, kuti: Ko ini ndinoziva manyuko aya here? Kana zvakadaro, tanga kuisimbisa.
  • [ Ratidza manyuko: Ndiani ari munyori kana kuti sangano riri seri kweichi chivako? Unyanzvi hwavo ndohwei? Shandisa Wikipedia kana mamwe mabhuku enongedzero nokuda kwokurava kwokukurumidza.
  • Wana kubhadharwa kuri nani: Panzvimbo pokuyera chikamu chimwe chete chiri mukati mukuparadzaniswa, tsvaka mamwe mashoko anovimbwa nawo pamusoro mumwe chetewo. Ko mushumo wenhau wakakurumbira wenhau (seAssociated Press, Reuters, kana BBC) unoshuma maidi mamwe chetewo here?
  • anotaura, kunokora mashoko, uye zvinobudisa nhau kumashoko apakuvamba: Tsvaka manyuko apakuvamba enhamba kana kuti mashoko. Kazhinji kazhinji, manyoro emota anopotsa anoshatsa donzo rapakuvamba. Kunzvera kwokukurumidza kwamashoko makuru kunogona kuzivisa chinyorwa chikuru kana kuti bvunzurudzo.

Shandisa Kurava Kwomushure

Nyanzvi dzinoongorora chokwadi hadziwanzopedza nguva dzichiongorora website imwe kana kuti nyaya yakadzama. Panzvimbo pezvo, dzinovhura mapepa matsva dzotsvaka kuti mamwe mashoko anobva panzvimbo ipi. Iyi nzira, inozivikanwa se verenga zita renzvimbo yacho, inoshanda zvikuru kupfuura kurava kwakareruka (kugara papeji imwe). Kana ukasangana nenhau inobva panzvimbo yausina kumbonzwa nezvayo, vhura Window idzva uye tsvaka zita renzvimbo iyoyo nemashoko akafanana ne "crible,"" kana kuti "vhirost""."

Nzvera Horo Nejira Repaji

Dzimwe nzvimbo dzenhema dzinotevedzera kuoneka kwezviteshi zvenhau zvapamutemo, kushandisa marogo akafanana, marogo, uye mazita enzvimbo dzakafanana (jere, "abcawnews.com.co" panzvimbo pe "abcawnews.go.com"). Nzvera redi reURL. Legitimatetic masangano avatori venhau zvikurukuru ane nhau refu, miitiro yenhau yakajeka, uye mashoko anowanika.

Kupesana Nemasangano Echokwadi Anocheka

Masangano akawanda anozvimirira, asingapinyi anoongorora nokubvisa nhema dzeutachiona. Usati wataura mashoko anotyisa, bvunza izvi:

  • Snopes – Iwe wekaresa nehurusa inonzvera idi paInternet.
  • [[[NHAU] .[FLT] - Indaneti pakutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, inovaisa paZvokwadi-O-Meta.
  • FactCC.org – A isiterina yeAnntenberg Policy Center.
  • Idi Cheki – The Associated Press's chikwata chinonzvera idi rakatsaurirwa.

Cherekedza kuti hapana sangano rinoongorora idi risingakanganisi, uye ivo vamene vanogona kuva vanosarura. Zvisinei, kushandisa vacherekedzi vakawanda vamaidi vakazvimirira kunopa mavambo akasimba okunzvera kutaura kunomutsa nharo.

Ngwarira Kunyengera Kwepfungwa

Nyaya yacho inoita kuti unzwe uchida kutsamwiswa here? Zvinoita kuti unzwe sokuti hauna kwawakarerekera, ichiratidzo chokungwarira. Zvibvunze kuti: Nyaya iyi yakagadzirirwa kunditsamwisa here kuti ndisazvifunga? Zvinoita kuti ndizivikanwe kuti ndiri munhu akaita sei.

Kunzwisisa Nokukurira Kuranga Kusinganyanyi Kunaka

Kunyange munhu anonyatsofunga anogona kubatwa nechirwere ichi.

Kusimbisa Bias

Tinotsvaka nokuyeuka mashoko anosimbisa zvitendero zvedu zvisati zvavapo. Pazvinobudisa nhau, maarufabheti anowedzera ichi chimiro chendangariro kupfurikidza nokutiratidza zvakawanda zvezvatinotoita nazvo. Kurwisa fungidziro, kutsvaka namaune manyuko enhau akavimbika kubva mumirangariro yakasiana. Verenga manyuko apakuvamba panzvimbo pekutsamira parondedzero dzinowirirana nerevo yako yenyika.

Kuwana Chinoitika Muupenyu

Zviitiko zvakajeka, zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura, kana kuti zvinonyandura mirangariro zvinoyeukwa zviri nyore zvikuru kupfuura zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvenhamba. Somuenzaniso, mushumo mumwe unokatyamadza woutsotsi unganzwa soufakazi hwemhedziso youtsotsi, kunyange kana mwero youtsotsi iri kuderera. Kudzivisa iyi fungidziro, nguva dzose kuisa mashoko pamashoko (_____________ Nezvokuti mwero, uye mipimo yehwaro yehwaro yehwaro panzvimbo pokutsamira pazvinoyeukwa.

Mugumisiro Wekushandisa Dunning-Krugater

Kufunga kwechokwadi kwokutsoropodza kunoda kuzvininipisa kwouchenjeri (8) kuda kubvuma kuti ungangova wakaipa uye kuvandudza maonero ako pauchapupu hutsva. Kuverenga nokuchinja mashoko anobva kune dzimwe nhau muitiro wakanaka wokuchengeta mwero wemabhishopi.

Kudzidzisa Kufunga Kunotsoropodza: Basa Redzidzo

Zvikoro, mayunivhesiti, maraibhurari, uye masangano enzanga zvose zvine mutoro wokushongedzera vagari vemo nounyanzvi uhwu.

Zvirongwa Zvekirasi Nezvekupfuura

Dzidzo yokuverenga nokunyora inobudirira inofambira mberi kupfuura kungoongorora kuti izivikanwe nezvinochinja zvinhu pakubudisa nhau, pakuparadzira, uye pakushandisa. Kuongorora kunotevera kwakaonekwa kuti kunoshanda:

  • [ Kubvunza: Tsika yekirasi umo vadzidzi vanotuswa nokuda kwokubvunza kuti "Unoziva sei? Panzvimbo pokurangwa nokuda kwechiremera chinodenha.
  • Shandisa mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo: Kunzvera nhau dzazvino uno pamatanho akasiana - siana okuva nechokwadi. Kurukurai chinoita kuti manyuko avimbe uye kuti mireza mitsvukui yokutsvaka.
  • Kunzvera kwapamutengi wenhau: Kurangarira kwokukakavara kwoufakazi hakuna kuganhurirwa kukirasi yerondamupiyuta. Vadzidzi vanofanira kukushandisa munhau pakunzvera zvinyorwa zvikuru, musayenzi pakunzvera miuyo yefundo, uye masvomhu pakuturikira zviverengero munhau.
  • Dzidzisa nhau dzemari: Kunzwisisa kuti mari yokushambadzira, mienzaniso yokunyoresa, uye maatomu enhau echikuva zvinoumba nhau zvinobetsera vadzidzi kuziva dzvinyiriro dzezvokutengeserana nedzepfungwa.
  • Zvirongwa zvokusaina zvokunzvera:[[FLT: 1] Vadzidzi vanofanira kuronda nhau yenharo mumativi akawanda, vachienzanisa misiyano mukusimbisa, kusiiwa, uye kunyorwa.

Dzidzo Yavakura Nokudzidza Kwoupenyu Hwose

Hakusi vana bedzi vanoda unyanzvi ihwohwu. Vakuru vanotutirwa nhau kupfurikidza nesociation uye kazhinji kazhinji vakadzika midzi zvikuru mutsika dzavo. Maraibhurari avose, nzvimbo dzenzanga, uye zvikuva zvepaIndaneti zvinogona kupa mashopu pamichina yokudzidza nokunyora. Programu dzakadai se Chirongwa cheMashoko cheVebserve chinogovera zviwanikwa zvapachena nokuda kwavadzidzi vamazera ose.

Mugumisiro: Mutoro Unopfuurira Womugari Wemo

Democracy hausi mutambo wevaoni. Inoda kushingaira, kuziva, uye kuvimbisana vagari vemo. Kufunga kwokufunga kukuru injini yokuvimbisa ikoko(nzi ndicho chinobvumira munhu kubva pakuva mutengi wemashoko asingaiti chinhu kuenda kumutori wemashoko anoshingaira muupenyu hwavanhu vose. Zvinetso zvacho ndezvechokwadi: nhimbe dzemashoko dzakaoma, makamuri eenzwi reatmalm, uye upamhi hwezvinakisi zvatinoita zuva nezuva. Asi maturusi okugona kugadzirisa zvinetso izvozvo ndeechokwadiwo uye anowanika.

Nguva iri yose patinomira tisati tagoverana, kunzvera manyuko, kana kuti kuronda kutaura kwokudzokera shure kumavambo akwo, tinosimbisa zvose zviri zviviri kuita kwedu timene chisarudzo noutano hwegadziriro yakafara yedemocracy. Tinozvipinza timene mukupesana nokushandisa mano akaisvonaka uye tinotanga kuraira nokuda kwebhuku renyunguruso. Munyika umo munhu upi noupi anogona kuzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi, unyanzvi hunokosha zvikurusa mano okuzvifunga nokuda kwedu timene nechounyoro, nokuzvininipisa, uye nendangariro yakazaruka asi inopanikira. Nguva yemberi yedeoruzhinji inotsamira pairi.