Kunzwisisa Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Kuhwirudzura dare isimba rakapiwa mumatare kunzvera kuva kwebumbiro remitemo nemabasa ehurumende. Apo mutemo kana kuti hurumende inoita chiito chinorwisana nomutemo mukurusa wenyika yacho ._Chjoko rinonyorwa(h) mutongo wedare unogona kuuzivisa kuva usingashandi. Uyu muitiro hausi muitiro wemitemo wounyanzviwo zvawo; idziviriro huru mukurwisana nehurumende inosarudzwa nomutemo. Pasina kuhwirudzurwa kwemitemo. Mabumbiro emitemo angagona kuva magwaro ezvamatongerwe enyika asina mazino anosungirirwa. Murangariro unovimbisa kuti mapazi ose ehurumende anoshanda mukati ganhuriro dzawo dzawo dzakagadzwa, nokudaro anosimbisa mutemo uye kudzivirira vagari vemo mukusadzokororwa.

Nhoroondo Nenheyo

Chitendero chazvino uno chehwirudzuro yedare rakasimbiswa zvakasimba mudare reUnited States Supreme Court Marbury v. Madison (103). Muchisarudzo ichocho, Mutongi John Marshall akasimbirira kuti i "nongezvo iruwa nebasa redare redare rokutonga kutaura kuti mutemo uri. Iyi nheyo yakasimbisa judicary yehurumende kubvisa mabasa eChikomberedzo. National Archivestings inogovera rugwaro rwakazara nemamiriro ezvinhu eMarbury. ipapo, kurangarira kwokutonga kwakagamuchirwa muzvimiro zvakasiana namarudzi munyika yose, kubatanidza India, South Africa, uye Hurumende yeEurope yogaro.

Vanozivikanwa pakuvamba varipo mumutemo weChirungu wavose, zvikurukuru muDr. Bonham’s Case (1610), umo Sir Edward Coke akakarakadza kuti matare omutemo anozivikanwa navose aigona kubvisa mabasa eParamende mukurwisana nekodzero nendangariro. Kunyange zvazvo uyu murangariro usina kutanga muUnited Kingdom nemhaka youchangamire hweparamende, wakasima mbeu iyo gare gare yakabudirira muUnited States nedzimwe nyika dzine mitemo yakanyorwa. Chinoitika chehurumende chehurumende nechishuvo chokuganhurira maruramiro emitemo kudzoresa chisarudzo chezvokuongorora pamutemo cheAmerica mugadziriro yemitemo, kunyange zvazvo isina kududzwa zvakajeka murugwaro.

Mitambo Yekuhwirudzura

Kuongorora Kuoma Kwemitemo

Basa rakananga zvikurusa renzvero yokutonga nderokuvimbisa kuti hakuna mutemo kana kuti murairo wechiremera unopokanidza bumbiro remitemo. Kupfurikidza nokusashanda kwemitemo yemitemo, dare rinotonga rinochengeta perero yenhevedzano yebumbiro-mitemo. Iri basa rinokosha zvikuru mugadziriro dzehurumende umo rwisano pakati pemitemo yenyika neyamarudzi ose dzinomuka. muUnited States, Supremacy Claus inoita mutemo mukuru wehurumende, asi bedzi kana iri pamutemo. Pasi pokuhwirudzura kwomutemo, mitemo ingagona kupfuudza mitemo inoputsa maruramiro emitemo yehurumende yehurumende pasina dziviriro ipi neipi.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzinokosha

Kuhwirudzura jaji kunobatira somutsetse wokupedzisira wedziviriro nokuda kwerusununguko rwomunhu. Matare anowanzoputsa mitemo inodzorwa parusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, gungano, kuva woga, uye dziviriro yakaenzana. Somuenzaniso, mu Obergefell v. Hodges [2020], Dare repamusoro reU.S. rakashandisa dare rokutonga kuziva roorano imwe cheteyo sekodzero yemitemo, kubvisa zvirambidzo. Nenzira yakafanana, Dare rapamusoro reIndia raivimba nokuhwirudzura kwoutsotsi hwevatano yavakuru mu [FLT:] Njet . [5] , vatsigiriki vaviri veroorano.[FT]

Kuramba Uchiparadzana Nemasimba

Kuhwirudzura dare chishandiso chakakomba chokuchengeta dzikamo pakati pebazu remitemo, rokutonga. Kunodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kupinda mumasimba eimwe. Somuenzaniso, apo nhau dzavakuru vakuru dzinopfuura chiremera chomutemo kana kuti apo nhume dzedare remitemo dzisina mipimo yakakwana, matare anogona kupindira. Dare repamusorosoro reUnited States muchisarudzo S v. Chadha (1903) rakaparadza chiremera chemitemo kana kuti kuputsa masimba okutonga uye zvinodikanwa zvinovapo, richisimbisa kuparadzana kwamasimba.

Kusimudzira Kuzvidavirira Kwehurumende

Kupfurikidza nokupa zviito zvehurumende kunzverwa kwebumbiro remitemo, hwirudzuro yedare inosimudzira kujeka nokuzvidavirira. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanogombedzerwa kururamisa zvisarudzo zvavo mumashoko epamutemo, kuderedza kubatwa kwokuzvidira kana kuti kwokusarura. Uku kuzvidavirira kunotambanukira kuzvose zviri zviviri zvisarudzo zvemiitiro mikuru nezviito zvokudzora zvenguva dzose. MuUnited Kingdom, kunyange pasina bumbiro remitemo rapamutemo rakasimbiswa, Human Rights Act 1998 rinopa simba matare okuzivisa kusawirirana, achimanikidza Paramende kubvisa mitemo inokosha inoputsa mitemo.

Kupedza Makakatanwa Enharaunda

Munyika dzine zvivako zvehurumende, zvakadai seUnited States, Canada, uye Australia, hwirudzuro yedare inogadzikisa gakava pamusoro pemiganhu yehurumende. Matare anosarudza kana nhau yacho inowira pasi pechiremera chehurumende kana kuti chehurumende, achivimbisa kubatana mutsika yorudzi nepo achiremekedza udzori hwenzvimbo. Dare repamusorosoro reCanada redare rezvokutonga mu Recession of Quebec (1998] rakashandisa nheyo dzemitemo yehurumende yehurumende nemitemo yemitemo kutungamirira gadziriro yehurumende yeruwa yesecesition, rinoratidzira kuti kuhwirudzura kunogona sei kuva nemibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuongorora Kutonga uye Kodzero Dzomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe: Kuongorora Zvakadzama

Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu sezvinooneka isimba rinonyanya kuoneka rokuongorora. Matare haangoregi bedzi mitemo inodzvinyirira asi anochinjawo kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kuti awirirane netsika dzinochinja dzenzanga. Kodzero yokuva woga, somuenzaniso, haina kududzwa zvakajeka muU.S. Connectople, asi kuongorora kwokutonga kwakabvumira Dare Rapamusoro kuitora kubva paPuntaneti yekodzero dzemunhu mu [FLT: 0]. Connecticut v.[[FLT: 1] [65]. Uku kurangarira kwapa gare gare gare kwakatsigira zvisarudzo pamusoro pokudzivisa kubereka, kubvisa mimba, uye roorano. MuGermany, Dare reMitemo reMitemo remitemo rakashandisa kudzivirira chiremera kudzivirira chiremera semitezotezo huru. [FLGeneticletic protoal Gromestion inodzora programmeswom] [5]

Kuhwirudzura kunodzivirirawo maruramiro amapoka maduku navanotapurwa avo vasingagoni kutsamira bedzi pamiitiro yedemokrasi mikuru. Dare Gurusa reU.S. mu ] Lovachwing v. Virginia [1967]) (1967) yakabvisa zvirambidzo paroorano yemarudzi akasiyana-pakati pemamwe, uye Dare gurusa reIndia rakadzivirira kodzero dzevanhu vanochinja mamiriro ezvinhu echidhimonizimu mu National Services Authority v. Union of India [20]. iyi mienzaniso inoratidza kuti kuhwirudzura kururamisa maruramiro okudzivirira chiremera chavanhu.

Mutambo Wemakeki Nedzikamo

Basa rejudiadiary rinotambanukira kupfuura kungotsiva. Mutsika yehurumende inodzorwa nedare, kuhwirudzura kwedare ndiko kunzvera kukuru kwedare pamapazu emitemo nevakuru vakuru. Pasina iro, Congress kana kuti Paramende ingagona kupfuudza mitemo inoputsa rusununguko rwevagari vemo pasina tsinhano ipi neipi, uye mukuru mukuru mukuru angagona kuita chiito asingarangwi. Iri simba, zvisinei, rinofanira kushandiswa nokuzvidzora kudzivisa kupinda mukuita muitiro. Kunyange zvakadaro, dzidziso ye yourongwa hwezvamatongerwe enyika uye [FLT:] kumira [FLT] uye [FLT:] ] muganhu wekuhwirudzudzura mhaka nepanidzo inowirirana. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuvapo kwokutonga kunoshanda kwomutemo unobatira somutemo unodzorwa zvikuru.

Mimwe miitiro yapamutemo inobatanidza mitauro yokuchengeta chiyero. Somuenzaniso, Charter of Rights and Freedoms yeCanada inobatanidza Chikamu 33, “norugwaro rwakamira,” runobvumira masangano okutonga kukurira zvisarudzo zvakati nokuda kwenhambo dzamakore mashanu. Ikoku kunoparira kurukurirano pakati pamapazu, kuchibvumira hurumende yakasarudzwa kuva neshoko rokupedzisira kana ikasarudza kugamuchira ndyiko yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mukupesana, vatambi vemitemo veGermany neveIndia vanopa dare remitemo chiremera, pasina pamutemo unodzorwa kunze kwekupfurikidza nemitemo yemitemo, iyo inooma namaune.

Mitoo Yomutemo Yokuhwirudzura

Kuwana Ruramisiro yeBumbiro reMitemo

The effectiveness of judicial review depends on procedural avenues available to ordinary citizens. Many countries have liberalized standing rules to allow public interest litigation. The Indian Supreme Court, for example, has relaxed strict standing requirements, allowing individuals and non-governmental organizations to bring cases on behalf of marginalized groups through epistolary jurisdiction. Similarly, the South African Constitution explicitly empowers courts to develop common law and grant appropriate relief in constitutional matters.

Kugadziriswa Kwemamiriro Ezvinhu

Apo dare rinowana mutemo usiri wemitemo, rinogona kushandisa mishonga yakasiana - siana. Kuzivisa kushaiwa kwomutemo ndiko kwakakurumbira zvikurusa, asi matare anogonawo kumisa chiziviso chokusashanda kupa nguva yedare rokururamisa kuti ipe nguva yokururamisa urema, kurava gadziriro yokudzivirira pamutemo waro, kana kuti kurava mumashoko kuuita kuti uve pamutemo. Dare repamusoro reCanada rakashandisa kutaura kwakaregwa mumhaka dzakafanana ne .R. Morgenteranger[FLD:1] (1988) kubvumira Paramende kuti igadziridze miraudzo itsva yokubvisa pamuviri. Iyi inovimbisa kuti kurukurirano yedare isaita mazatirwe mumutemo apo inochengeta maruramiro emitemo.

Zvinetso Nokutsoropodza

Dzvinyiriro Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokuzvimirira Kwokutonga

Vatongi vanhu uye vanodzorwa nezvirongwa zvematongerwe enyika. Apo kugadza kunova kunotora zvisarudzo kana kuti apo zvisarudzo zvedare zvinorangarirwa sezvinotsigira boka rimwe rezvamatongerwe enyika, chivimbo chavose chinoparara. Kuchengeta kuzvitonga kworutongeso kupfurikidza noupenyu kana kuti mashoko akatsiga, mibhadharo yakadzivirirwa, uye miitiro yokugadza isina rusaruro zvinokosha asi kusati kuchitongoitwa. Mumamwe marudzi, vakuru vakuru vakaedza kuisa matare kana kuti kubvisa vatongi vanopokana zvisakarurama. Zviitiko zvazvino uno muPoland neHungary zvakaona hurumende dzichizvidza matare emitemo kupfurikidza nechinjo dzamagariro dzavanhu uye vashandi vanofamba, vachikweverevedza kutsoropodza kunobva muEurope Union nemitemo yamarudzi ose yavanhu.

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Gakava riri pakati pechiito chemitemo nechidzoreso nderenguva dzose. Vatongi vemitemo vanopomerwa kuisa mitemo yemitemo mubhenji, nepo vatongi vanoshandisa kuzvidzora vangatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokunongedzera kumitemo isina muganhu. Chidzikamo chakanakisisa chiri mukunamatira kwakasimba kurugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo nerevo yapakuvamba nepo vachibvuma kuti nheyo dzavanhu dzose dzinofanira kushandiswa mumigariro yazvino uno. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti hwirudzuro yedare redare rinogona kuva dzinopesana nemitemo yakakurumbira pasina hwaro hwakakwana hwemitemo. Dzidziso ye “maorever-joritarianism, inosimudzwa nenhau yakakurumbira naAlexander Bickel, inoramba iri itiro huru murondedzero yemitemo.

Kutonga uye Kuzvidavirira Kwehurumende

Nhau inopfuurira yekurukurirano yokuti vatongi vasina kusarudzwa vanofanira kuva nesimba rokukurira kuda kwavamiriri vakasarudzwa. Vatsigiri vanotsigira kuti mabumbiro emitemo akarongedzerwa noune kuva akaoma kugadzirisa, uye kuhwirudzura kwokutonga kunodzivirira maruramiro evoruzhinji muudzvinyiriri hwavatongi. Kutendeseka kwedare kunotsamira pavara rokurangarira, kusachinja, uye kugamuchirwa kwapachena kwedare somutongi asingatori rutivi. Nzvero dzemitemo dzinokarakadza kuti tsigiro yavose yenzvero yorutongeso inoramba yakasimba muhurumende dzinotonga dzakatsigarira, kunyange apo rutongeso rwakananga rwusingafarirwi, kupfurikidza nokuti perero yedare yakakwana.

Kusvika Panguva Nekururamisirwa

Nyaya dzokutonga dzinogona kuva dzinodzokororwa nedzinodhura, dzichiganhurira kusvika kwevagari vemowo zvavo. Ruyamuro rwapamutemo, fariro yavose, uye miitiro yakapfava zvinobetsera kuderedza ikoku, asi kusawirirana kuchiripo. Kupfuurirazve, matare angazengurira kukurukura nhau dzekurumidziro dzakadai sedzomukuru mukuru anokungwarira panguva dzenjodzi dzorudzi, achisiya mikaha ichidzivirirwa. Nhenda yeCHOVID yakaedza matare akawanda epamutemo sezvo akadzikamisa mirauriro dzoutano hwavose mukurwisana nekodzero dzinokosha; mamwe matare akaratidzwa nokukurumidza nokunzwa kukumbira kwekurumidzira, nepo mamwe akashorwa nokuda kwokunonoka kana kuti kunonoka.

Nzvero Dzokurwisana Dzinoratidzira Tapuro

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Ichi chisarudzo chakabatana cheDare guru reUnited States chakazivisa paradzano yedzinza muzvikoro zvavose zvisina kubatana pasi peFelt Protection Claus. Chakabvisa dzidziso ye Plavelsy v. Ferguson[ [1896]. Chisarudzo chacho chakanga chiri nguva yakatapudzwa nokuda kwekodzero dzevanhu, kuratidza kuti rondedzero yedare inogona kuputsa rusarurano rwakadzika midzi. Oyez inogovera pfupiso yakadzama yaBrown v. Board yeDrashim. Chisarudzowo chakavambawo kuramba kukuru uye kupindira kwokupedzisira, kuratidzira kuti dare roga harigoni kusimbisa kusarura kwakakomba zvikuru.

Wade (1973)

Mukuziva maruramiro omukadzi okusarudza kubvisa pamuviri mumaruramiro okuvandika, Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakaratidzira kusvika kukuru kwenzvero yedare. Kunyange zvazvo gare gare yakapedziswa namaDobs v. Jackson Vakadzi veHwero reUtano [2022], Roe anoramba ari muenzaniso mukuru wenzira iyo matare anogona kuumba nayo muitiro wenzanga ndokunyandura kurukurirano yavose. Kudzokororwa mukurwisana naRoe kwakanyandurawo masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwokutonga, kuratidzira kuti hwirudzura kugona kuva nhau huru yedare muzvamatongerwe enyika hwedemocracy.

Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)

Dare repamusorosoro reIndia rakashandisa simba raro renzvero yokutonga kududzirazve Chikamu 21, richitaura kuti maruramiro kuupenyu norusununguko rwomunhu haagoni kumiswa nedare rinotonga. Mhaka yacho yakafutunurwa nomutoo wakafanira ndokupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvakatevedzana pakodzero dzemhoteredzo nenzvimbo yokurarama. “jambwa rendarama” reMitemo 14, 19, uye 21 zvino rinoumba jira rehumbiso yemitemo yeIndia, rakaiswa zvakananga kukuda kwedare kuhwirudzura chiito chomukuru nomumagiramu inotsamira pakodzero.

Dare reMitemo reSouth Africa: Grootboom (2000)

Mu Hurumende yeRepublic of South Africa v. Grootboom, dare rakaraira hurumende kugovera dzimba dzine mufungo nokuda kwaavo vanoshaiwa zvikuru, kududzira maruramiro ezvemari mumitemo yepashure pepartimetic egracy. Uyu muenzaniso unoratidzira kuti hwirudzuro yedare inogona sei kuita kuti misero yakananga pahurumende ive nesimba panzvimbo pokungoputsa mitemo. dare rakaramba kutaura kwehurumende kwokuti zvisarudzo zvedzimba zvaiva zvezvamatongerwe enyika, richitanga mupimo une mufungo uyo wakatungamirira zvinoitika zvinoteverwa pautano nedzidzo.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Kuhwirudzura Kunoitika Mukutonga Munyika Yose

United States: Kuderedzwa, Kuhwirudzurwa Kwemaune

Dare rehurumende ripi neripi rinogona kunzwa denho dzebumbiro remitemo, asi nhau chaidzo bedzi dzinohwirudzurwa. Dare Rapamusoro rine chisarudzo chokupedzisira, uye zvisarudzo zvaro zvinobatanidza matare ose akaderera. Iyi tsika inotsamira pamuenzaniso nechinjo inowirirana. Kudzorwa kweCertiori kunobvumira Dare kusarudza nhau dzinomutsa mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo, kuvimbisa kuti chiteshi charo chinoratidzira nhau dzorudzi.

United Kingdom: Uchangamire hweParamende

UK haina bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa mupfungwa yeAmerica, asi Dare rekodzero dzemunhu rinobvumira matare kuzivisa mutemo usingawirirani neEuropean Convention on Human Rights. Zvisinei, zviziviso zvakadaro hazviregi mutemo; Paramende inochengeta shoko rokupedzisira. Iyi nhevedzano yakapfava yedziviriro dzinodzivirira nechiremera chemitemo. Dare repamusorosoro reUnited Kingdom rakaitawo hwirudzuro yedare rinobvisa mamiriro ezvinhu echinjo, kupedza gakava pakati pehurumende yeUK nehurumende dzinobvisa mamiriro ezvinhu echibvumirano.

Germany: Mavakirwo, Kuhwirudzurwa

Dare reFederal Constitution rinogona kunzwa zvinetso zvisinganzwisisiki zvinounzwa nevatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika, pamwe chete nenhau dzakajeka dzinonongedzerwa nematarewo zvawo. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvinosungisa uye zvine simba romutemo. Dare racho rinogombedzera nokushingaira kusimbisa kodzero dzinokosha uye rakashayisa simba remitemo pamusoro pezvakavanzika, kuongorora, uye mari yebato rezvematongerwe enyika. Chisarudzo charo cha200 paLisbon Trect chakajekesa miganhuro yeEurope pasi peGerman Basic Law, zvichiratidzira kuti kuongorora dare kunogona sei kuumba ukama hwenyika yose.

India: Raad, Revo Younyanzvi

Dare rapamusoro reIndia rakashandisa zvikuru hwirudzuro yedare kusimbisa maruramiro makuru uye kunyange kuhwirudzura gadziridzo dzebumbiro-mitemo pasi pe "chirongwa che" dzidziso. Uku kunzvera kugadziridza kwebumbiro remitemo kunozvidzora kumene, chishandiso chine simba zvikuru kupfuura zvinoonwa mune dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda. Dzidziso, yakatanga kunyorwa mu Kavanati v. Hurumende yeKeralah [1077]), inodzivisa Paramende kuputsa mativi anokosha eBumbiro remitemo, zvakadai serefecracyism, democracy, uye shoose.

Canada: Mutengesi Wekodzero Nerusununguko

Chifo cha 1982, Charter yeCanada inopa simba matare kumisa mutemo, asi Chikamu 33 (pasina kunyorwa kwemashoko) chinobvumira masangano okutonga kukurira zvisarudzo zvedare nokuda kwenhambo dzakati dzamakore mashanu. Ikoku kunoparira kurukurirano yechienzi pakati pedare redare nedare rehurumende. Dare guru reCanada rasimbisawo kunzvera wirirano, kuyera maruramiro anorwisana neganhuriro dzine mufungo dzinoruramiswa nenzira inorevererwa munzanga yakasununguka neyamadhimoni.

Nguva Yemberi Yehwirudzuro Yorutongeso Munyika Inochinja

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu, Kuva Woga, uye Kodzero Dzemadhipatimendi

Matare anotarisana nenzira inowedzera nemibvunzo pamusoro penzvero yehurumende, kuita chisarudzo chemitemo, uye kuvandika mashoko. Kuhwirudzura kwedare redare kuchave kunokosha mukurondedzera miganhu yesimba rehurumende muIndaneti. Somuenzaniso, Dare reSangano reEurope reRudo rakarerutsa zvibvumirano zvokutumira mashoko panzvimbo dzakavanzika dzeUS, zvichiratidzira kuti kuongorora kwedare kunochinjirwa sei kuruzivo rutsva. matare eHurumende akavharawo zvikumbiro zvehurumende zvokunyoresa kana kuti kuunganidzwa kwamashoko, achidudza pamutemo mukutsvaka kusina mufungo nokubvutira.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzakawanda uye Mutemo Wenyika Dzose

Dare renyika dzakawanda rakadai seEuropean Court of Human Rights ne International Criminal Court rinoita chimiro chokuhwirudzura kwokutonga pamusoro pemitemo yenyika. Ikoku kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pouchangamire neukuru hwemitemo yemitemo. matare eHurumende pane dzimwe nguva anoramba kana kuti kubatanidza iyi mipimo yokunze, achiparira kuwirirana kukuru. Dzidziso yokuwirirana, yakatorwa kumutemo webumbiro remitemo reGermany, yazova mupimo wenyika yose wakagamuchirwa nematare mazhinji emitemo yapamutemo.

Kubudisa Mashoko Nedenho Parusununguko Rwokutonga

Munyika dzinoverengeka, hurumende dzechipurisa dzakatsvaka kunetesa kuhwirudzuro yedare kupfurikidza nokurongedza matare, kubvisa vatongi, kana kuti kufuratira mitemo. Kusimba kwamasangano edemokratiki kunotsamira patsigiro yavose nokuda kwomutemo. Chaunga chavagari vemo nemitumbi yamarudzi ose zvinofanira kudzivirira basa redare mukutarisana nedenho dzakadaro. Venice Council of the Council of Europe yakabudisa mirangariro pamusoro pechinjo dzedare muPoland, Hungary, uye Romania, ichisimbisa kudikanwa kwechirongwa chamajajiridhia chakasununguka nokuda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Zvakatipoteredza Nemamiriro Okunze Zvinochinja Kuchinja

Kuhwirudzura dare kunokumbirwa zvikuru kumanikidza hurumende kuita chiito pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze. Zvisarudzo zvakafanana ne Urgenda Foundation v. State yeNetherlands (2011) inoratidza kuti matare anogona kuronga kuderera kwemitengo yakavakirwa pamitemo kuti adzivirire upenyu nemhoteredzo. Uku kuwedzera kuhwirudzuro yemitemo munzvimbo dzemitemo dzakachengeterwa pamutemo. Dare reHurumende reGermany reMitemo reHurumende reChisarudzo re 2021 raida kuti hurumende iise zvipfuro zvikuru zvokuderedza kubudisa zvinhu zvinobudiswa muvhurati inopfuura 2030, zvinobatanidza kudzokororo dzinokosha.

mhedziso

Kuhwirudzura dare kunoramba kuri chinhu chinokosha chegadziriro ipi neipi yeruramisiro. Kudzikamisa bumbiro remitemo, kudzivirira maruramiro makuru, kuchengeta kuparadzana kwamasimba, uye kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Pasinei zvapo nokutarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira dzezvamatongerwe enyika (8) kupokana kwezviito zvehurumende, uye kupomerwa kwoutongi hwehurumende yeseromatongerwo echinzvimbo chavanhu (hwurusarudzi) zvakabvumikisa kuva zvakasimba uye zvinochinjika. Sezvo nzanga dzinorwisana nechinjo yezvokugadzirwa kwamabasa apamutemo, ganhuriro yemitemo yehurumende yehurumende, uye tyisidziro kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende yokunzvera pamutemo zvichangokura bedzi muukoshina kunokosha. Kutsigira perero nekuhwirudzo yedare hakungoriwo zvayo yemitemo; ibasa kururamisiro pachako imene.