Kunzwisisa Kuitika Kwezvinenge Zvaitwa Mumutemo Woutsotsi

Murangariro wemuitiro wakafanira unomira sechimwe chembiru hurusa dzegadziriro dzamatsotsi dzazvino uno, zvikurukuru muUnited States umo unosimbiswa muFinth ne 14th Amendments. Pamuitiro wayo wakapfava zvikurusa, unoreva kuti hurumende inofanira kutevera miitiro inoruramisira uye yakagadzwa isati yanyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu. Iyi nheyo inovimbisa kuti vanhu vanopomerwa mhaka dzinobatwa nenzira yakarurama, inopa mukana une revo wokunzwiwa, uye inodzivirirwa pachiito chehurumende choutongi. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, nyanzvi dzemitemo, uye vadzidzisi, kunzwisisa kukuru kwegadziriro yetsika yapamutemo hakungoriwo zvako dzidzo chete. Izvo zvinokosha kuchengetedza perero nokukodzero yomutemo yose.

Muitiro wakafanira unoshanda pamwero mbiri dzakasiana asi dzinowirirana: procedal newing. Procedational onation resociation reconst how yemiitiro yapamutemo] +] nhano dzakananga nedziviriro zvinofanira kuva munzvimbo apo hurumende inoita chiito mukurwisana nomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Muitiro wakafanira, nokupesana, kunzvera chinenge [] [] [[FLT]] [ichiito chehurumende pachayo imene chinoputsa kodzero dzinokosha, pasinei zvapo nokuti inoshandiswa sei zvakanaka., dzidziso idzi dzose dzinoita kuti gadziriro huru inodzikata mamiriro ezvinhu anodzika ̱ fariro dzavose muchengeteko yapachena ne#17; kusununguka kudzvinyirirwa.

Mavambo Akadzama Enhau Egadziriro Yakafanira

Pfungwa yokuti kutongwa kwapamutemo kunofanira kuva kwakarurama uye kuti hapana munhu anogona kurangwa pasina rutongeso rwapamutemo rusati rwatanga nhevedzano yemitemo yeAmerica namazana amakore. Chinorumbidzwa zvikurusa chinochengetwa ndi Magna Carta, yakabudiswa muna 1215, iyo inoziviswa muChitsauko 39, kuti “ hapana munhu akasununguka achasungwa kana kuti kubviswa, kana kuti kodzero dzake, kana kuti kudzingwa, kana kuti kunyimwa, kana kuti kumira kwake mune imwe nzira ipi neipi, kana kuti kupfuudzira nesimba mukurwisana naye, kana kuti kutumira vamwe kuita kudaro, kunze kwokutonga kwapamutemo kwavaenzani vake.&822; ichi chikamu &52; &8; nguva yazvino unoteverwa mumutemo weSabatanu &na; #1; #1; #222;

Mutemo wavose weChirungu wakanatsiridzazve pfungwa yacho kupfurikidza nezvinyorwa zvechiratidzo se Kuzivikanwa kweChikuru [1628] uye . French Bill of Rights (1689), zvakasimbisa ganhuriro pakodzero dzemadzimambo uye maruramiro kumuedzo wakarurama. Apo vagari vemo veAmerica vakapandukira kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, zvigumbu zvavo zvaibatanidza kurambwa kweizvi zvinodzivirira zvamagamuchidzanwa. Findmber Amend, yakaretwa muna 1791, yakava vimbiso yokutanga yakajeka yetsika dzetsika dzebasa: ̴ hapana munhu achanyiwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wemutemo.&81;

Pashure peHondo yavagari vemo, Forententh Amendment (168) yakatambanudzira iyi dziviriro imwe cheteyo kumabasa ehurumende. Chikamu 1 chekugadziriswa chakakurumbira kuzivisa: ̴... Nyika ipi neipi ichanyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo; kana kuramba kumunhu upi noupi ari musimba rayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. ̵ ̴ Incororation Doctry, ̵ Inquerrectry; yakakudzidzwa neDare gurusaindero muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, zvishoma nezvishoma, yakashandisa Bill wekodzero dzakawanda dzekodzero kupfurikidza neGeneast Creast Expywoult, inovimbisa mufambiro woukuru woutsotsi.

Kugadzirwa Kunofanira Kuitwa: Michina Yezvakanaka

Chii Chakakodzera Kuitwa?

Nhevedzo inoda kuti Dare Gurusa ripe chinyorwa chakakodzera, chinopa chiziviso chakakwana nokunzwa kune revo pamberi pokunyima munhu fariro yakadzivirirwa. Mumashoko akapoteredza etsotsi, ikoku kunoshandura kuva mugadziriro ine udzame yekodzero dzinoshanda kubva panguva yokusungwa kupfurikidza nokukumbira. Dare Gurusa reU.S. rataura muedzo unochinjika, wakakurumbira zvikurusa mu Maws v. Elditridge [1992][[FL:1], kusarudza kuti idziviriroidzo dzomubatanidzwa dzinodikanwa nenzira yemitemo. Zvisakiso zvitatu zvinorema zviri: (1) fariro yomunhu oga, (2) ngozi yokushaiwa kwapashairwa kwapachivara pasi pezviwi zviripo uye uko kunowedzera, uye (3) purodziro yehurumende &8; ficcals, uye mitoro.

Kunyange zvazvo kuongorora Mathews kwakatanga munhau dzevagari vemo, pfungwa yako inotsigira mitemo yakawanda yeutsotsi.

Kudzivirirwa Kwezvinhu Zvikuru Mumhosva Dzematsotsi

  • [[FORT:0] Notice of Posts: Pestence yeSixth Remendment inovimbisa kuti mupomeri achaziviswa nezvorudzi nemhosho. Ikoku kunoreva kuti hurumende inofanira kugovera gwaro rakananga, rinoraira kurondedzera mhaka inopomerwa.
  • Chiratidzo chakarurama ku Zano: Chisarudzo chechiratidzo Gideon v. Wainright (1963) yaidavira kuti Hurumende yeSikisi inoda kuti ipe mutongi kuti ape mukwiridzisi wemhosva dzakakomba. Zvisarudzo zvakatambanukira kurudyi kuchinoitika chipi nechipi apo kusungwa kungava chirango chinobvira ([[FLT:]] Hamlin, 1972]). Kururamazano kunoshandawo pamatanho akakomba akadaro, kubvunzurudza, uye kukumbira.
  • Kudzivirira Kupesana Nekuzvifunga: Pession yeshanu inovimbisa maruramiro okuramba akanyarara. Mu Miranda v. Arizona (1966[[FL:3]], Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti mapurisa anofanira kuzivisa kufungira maruramiro aya, pamwe chete nerudyi kumumiririri, pamberi pebvunzurudzo yekodzero. Kukundikana kuita saizvozvo kunogona kuita kuti kureururerukirwo kupi nokupi nokupi.
  • Kurudyi kuKutonga Kwekurumidziro Nekutonga Kwavose: Pedersion yechitanhatu inovimbisa kuti vakwirirwi havasi kupera vari mutorongo vachimirira kutongwa uye kuti nhau dzakazaruka kunzverwa navanhu. Dare mu Barker v. Wingo2] yakatanga muedzo wemhando yemhando yemhando yenhando: urefu, chikonzero chokunonoka, mushushividzo ̱ anoisa maruramiro orudyi, uye furopo kumukwidzi.
  • Kurudyi kuJury asingasaruri: The Sixth Amendment inovimbisa kutonga kunoitwa nedare rinosarudza risingasaruri rakasarudzwa murutivi rwemumiriri rwenzanga. Voir azhe, muitiro wokusarudza vatongi, unobvumira magweta kupanikira ndokudenha vangava vatongi vefungidziro.
  • Kurudyi Kukutarisana neZvapupu zvinonzi Subpoena: Chipikirwa chaClaus weSitanhatu Amendment chinopa vakwirirwi maruramiro okupupurira vapamberi vaparidzi. C Progce Programme Claus Claus inobvumira vakwirirwi kushandisa dare ’ simba rokuunza zvapupu zvinogamuchira kuti vapupu vapupu zvinoparidzwa.
  • Kurevererwa kweChibvumikiso (Nepanikiro Ine Mufungo): Muitiro wapamberi unoda kukwidza mhaka yose kubvumikisa rutivi rwuri rwose rwoutsotsi pasina panikiro ine mufungo ([] Muwinshi, 1970). Uyu ndiwo mupimo wakakwirira zvikurusa wechibvumikiso mumutemo weAmerica, unoratidzira miuyo yakakomba yepwindiro yeutsotsi.
  • Kudzivirirwa Panzvimbo Pechine Chinoiswa Chisaririra Chiviri: Pendement yeshanu inodzivisa hurumende kukwidziridza munhu kaviri mhaka imwe cheteyo pashure pokuregeredzwa kana kuti kupwiswa, kunyange zvazvo kusipo kuripo nokuda kwamadzimambo akasiana (dzidziso youchangamire hwomunhu oga).

Gadziriro Yakafanira: Chinokosha Chorusununguko

Nepo gadziriro yakafanira inonangidzira ngwariro pakururama mumiitiro yehurumende, muitiro wakafanira wehurumende unonzvera kana mutemo kana kuti chiito chehurumende chimene chichiputsa maruramiro makuru. Dare rapamusoro rakadudzira GOSA Clauss kudzivirira maruramiro akati ari ̴impictit mumurangariro werusununguko rwakarairwa ” ([[FL:0]] Platko v. Connecticut, 1937], kana kuti “ yakadzikwa zvikuru muUrudzi urwu & ≱ nhau negamuchidzanwa „ ([FL:1];[FLT]] DDT][FF]]

Mumutemo woutsotsi, muitiro wakafanira unowanzokumbirwa kudenha mitemo isina kujeka zvikuru kana kuti yakavanzika. “ isingadi dzidziso isina kujeka ̵ inoda kuti mirau yeutsotsi ipe ziviso dzakajeka dzomufambiro unorambidzwa uye igovere mipimo yakajeka kudzivisa kuchengetwa kwamagariro. Somuenzaniso, mu [[FLT: 0]] Tabers yeChicago. [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [5] [5], Dare rakarova chikwata chitsoro chetsoro chetsoro chetsoro, nokuti rakapa mapurisa kungwara.[5],[5], [5]

Chiratidzo Chenhau dzeDare Gurusa Dzinoshatisa Gadziriro Mumutemo Woutsotsi

Kushanduka - shanduka kwemaitiro akakodzera hakugoni kunzwisiswa pasina kuongorora zvisarudzo zveDare Repamusorosoro zvaiita kuti mashoko emitemo anyatsova nezvaanoreva.

Wainwright (1963)

Clarence Earl Gideon akapomerwa mhosva yokupunza nokupinda muFlorida. Asingakwanisi kubhadhara gweta, chikumbiro chake chezano rakagadzwa chakarambwa nemhaka yokuti Florida yakangogovera bedzi magweta mumhaka dzerufu. Achizvimirira amene, Gidheoni akawanwa mhaka ndokutongerwa makore mashanu mutorongo. Muchisarudzo chakabvumirana, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti maruramiro eSikisith Amendment anokosha kukutonga kwakarurama uye rinoshanda kumatare ehurumende kupfurikidza ne 145th Amendment Admist Procession Clacessore. Chisarudzo chakashandura masangano avose anodzivirira vanhu munyika yose.

Miranda muArizona (1966)

Ernesto Miranda akasungwa nokuda kwokuba vanhu nokubata chibharo, uye pashure pamaawa maviri okubvunzurudza, akasaina kureurura uko kwakabatanidza kutaura kwokuti iye aiva ne̴ zivo yakazara yekodzero dzangu dzapamutemo. ̵ Dare, muchisarudzo 5-4, rakazivisa kuti ropafadzo yeFindmerment padate-information, kuti ropafadzo yokuzvidzora pachayo, inogona kushandiswa nomutemo kuzivisa kodzero dzavo pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa. Zvino conic Miranda [[[#1] &812]; maruramiro okuramba unyeverevereverevere, kuti chinhu chipi nechipi chinogona kushandiswa kurwisana newe, chirevo kurudyi kumumiririri wegweta, uye kurudyi kuva nomumiriridzi akagadzwa.

Maryland (1963)

John Brady akawanwa ane mhaka yokuponda pashure pokutongerwa rufu, uye muroveri mhaka akanyima ufakazi hwokuti mubiyake akanga areurura zvomenemene kukuuraya. Dare Rapamusorosa rakaramba kuti Gwaro Guru rinoda vachuchisi kuti vazivise ufakazi hwakanaka hwokuti chinhu kukuva nemhaka kana kuti chirango. Uyu ̴ Brady kutonga ” anoisa basa rinopfuurira pavachuchisi kuti vatendere ufakazi hwokuuraya, uye kupunza kwaro kunogona kutungamirira kudzosera kumitezo, sezvinoonekwa munhau dzakadai se [[FLT:]. [FLT]]

Mukuhwinazve (1970)

Dare racho rakapa mupimo une mufungo wokupanikira kukutonga kwepwere kwakashata, richifunga kuti Gwaro reGungano raVaduku rairaira mupimo mumwe chetewo wakakwirira woufakazi nokuda kwavakuru nemhaka yokuti miuyo (migumisiro yorusununguko) yakanga yakakomba zvakaenzana. chisarudzo chacho chakatsigira nheyo yokuti muchuchisi anotakura mutoro woufakazi uye kuti mupimo wacho unofanira kuva usina panikiro ine mufungo mumhaka dzose dzoutsotsi nedzisina kusindimara kwavechiduku.

Muitiro Wakafanira Muchiito: Zvikamu Zvematsotsi Zvinopfuurira

Kunzwisisa kuti muitiro wakafanira unoshanda sei nhano nenhano mugadziriro youtsotsi yokutonga kunokosha nokuda kwavarapi navadzidzi zvakafanana.

Kusungwa Nokubhadharwa

Kusungwa kunofanira kutsigirwa nechingabvira, chinodikanwa chakavakirwa muGadziro yeChina asi chakasanobatana nomuitiro wakafanira. Pashure pokusungwa, mupomerwi anofanira kuunzwa pamberi pomutongi pasina kunonozeka kusiri madikanwa (#820; Gerstein anonzwa, ̵ kubva [[FL:0] Gerstein v. Pugh[[FLT]], 1975) kusarudza kana chisakiso chinobatanidza kupfigwa. Muitiro webhuku unobatanidza kuisa minwe, kutora mifananidzo, uye chinyorwa chakarongwa chezvipomero.

Kuoneka Kwokutanga Nebhanhire

Pakuoneka kwokutanga, mukwiridzirwi anoziviswa nezvepomero, anopiwa zano ramaruramiro avo, uye anopiwa banza rokutsunga kwebheyili. Eighth Amendment inorambidza bhera rakanyanyisa, asi muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti kusungwa kupi nokupi kwapamberi pedare kururamiswe nokuwanwa kwengozi yokubhururuka kana kuti ngozi kunzanga ( United States v. Salerno, 1987). Miganhu mizhinji zvino inoshandisa zvishandiso zvokuisa mungozi kuzivisa bhadharo, kunyange zvazvo njodzi pamusoro pe rusaruro rwedzinza nerevorusaruramisiti dzakabuda.

Kutanga Kunzwa Kana Kuti Chigunwe Chikuru

Nokuda kwepomero dzemhosva, Firstment yeChina inoda kutonga kwokutanga kwokukurumidza kana kuti kupomera mhaka kunoitwa nedare guru rinobetsera mutongi kutanga kubvumira mutongi kusarudza kana chisakiso chinobvira chichitsigira pomero dzacho; dziviriro inogona kugura zvapupu zveexamine noufakazi hunopiwa. dare guru, rinoshandiswa munhau dzomubatanidzwa nedzimwe nyika, rinonzwa ufakazi hunopiwa nomuchuchisi pachivande ndokusarudza kana angapa mhaka (mutengo wechokwadi).

Kupiwa Mhaka

Padanho rino, dare rinovimbisa mukwiridziri kunzwisisa pomero nezvirango zvinobvira, uye kuti murambi upi noupi wekodzero ane maruramiro okuzvidira uye akangwara.

Kuwana Nezviito

Mazano okudzivirira angadzima uchapupu hunowanikwa mukutyora kodzero dzemitemo, dzakadai sokutsvaka zvisiri pamutemo kana kuti kumanikidza vanhu kuti vareurure.

Kutongwa

Kutonga kumene ndiwo muitiro mukuru wechakafanira. Mukwirirwi anofarikanya murangariro wokusava nemhaka, muroveri mhaka anofanira kubvumikisa kuva ane mhaka pasina panikiro ine mufungo, uye dziviriro inogona kupa mhaka yake, zvapupu zvinopa dare, uye kukwikwidzana kudare rinobetsera vatongi. Jury anofanira kutaura mutemo nenzira yakarurama, uye mutongi anofanira kuramba asingasaruri.

Kutambirwa Uye Kukwirira

Pashure pokupwiswa, muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti tongero ivekirwa paufakazi hwakavimbika uye kuti mukwiridzwi ane mukana wokupa zvinhu zvinoganhura. Apprendi mutsetse wezvinoitika (] Alleppndi v. New Jersey[FLT]]], 2000; [[FLT:]] Blakn v. Washington], 2004; Alleyne v. United [FLT], 2013]) inochengeta kuti chinhu chipi nechipi chinowedzera mativi kana kuti chikamu chikuru chinofanira kuratidzirwa kupanikira. Chikomborero chapamutemo. Chibvumikiso chinobvumira kuhwirukira chapamutemo, chikadzodzodzodzodzo chapamutemo. ([FLT.P.pas anogovera kujeke kukwa kwapamutemo)

Zvinetso Zvinotevera

Pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yaro yakadzika midzi, muitiro wakafanira unotarisana nedzvinyiriro huru mumugariro weruramisiro youtsotsi wazvino uno.

Kusawirirana Kwedzinza Nenzanga Nezvemari

Nzvero dzinoratidzira nenzira inowirirana kuti vakwirirwi vanoBlack naHispanic sezvingabvira zvikuru vangasungwa, vanopomerwa nourefu hukuru, vanopa chikumbiro chapashoma, uye vanotongerwa utsinye kupfuura vakwirirwi vechichena nokuda kwemhosva dzakafanana. Kusaenzana kwoUpfumi kunoreva kuti vakwirirwi vanoshumwa vanowanzogamuchira kusakwana kwapamutemo kwapamutemo kunobva kuvadziviriri vapurisa vapurisa ̬ ityisidziro yakananga ku Gideon chipikirwa. COM] COM Liberiberies Union (ACLU)[FLT]

Kukweva Kwezvikepe Kwakawanda uye Kubvisa Mazaya

Inopfuura 90% yemhosva dzoutsotsi dzinopedzwa kupfurikidza nezvikumbiro, kwete kutongwa. Zviverengero zvakawanda, zvakabatanidzwa netsumo huru pakati pezvikarakadzo netongero dzapashure pedare, zvinoparira dzvinyiriro huru pavakwirirwi kubvisa maruramiro avo okutonga. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti iyi gadziriro inoparira kunyange vakwirirwi vasina mhaka kupomera mhaka kuti vadzivise ngozi yomutongo wavadrakoni, inoderedza muitiro wakafanira.

Kugadzirwa Kwemakombiyuta Nemadhigirii

Garamende yeChina ̱ inodzivirira pakunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha yakavhengana noufakazi hwemichina. Dare Rapamusoro rakaedza kuchinjira, kutonga mu Riley v. California (2014 kuti mapurisa adikanwa pamutemo wokunzvera runhare rwesero kuti asunge, uye mu [[FLT]] Carbatebter v. United States]) (2017) inowana mashoko enzvimbo yenhau anoda maruramiro anotsigirwa nezvikonzero zvinobvira. Zvisinei, unyanzvi hutsva hwakafanana nokuzivikanwa nechiso, purogiramu, uye mapepa ezvikamu zvemotokari zvinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pezvisaririra, chiziviso chamapepa.

Kutama uye Kuganhurirwa Kwegadziriro Inodikanwa

Kupinda munyika kunoitwa navanhu havasi mungozi yedziviriro dzose dzoutsotsi. Vasingapindi vangachengetwa pasina chisungo, vane kusvika kwakaganhurirwa kwezano (iro risati richidzorwa nehurumende), uye kutarisana nokudzingwa mumitoro yakaderera yeufakazi. Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rakaziva kuti kusungwa kwenguva refu kunogona kupinza mutoo wakafanira, asi vafambi vanoramba vachikwikwidzana.

Kusimbisa Kufambira Mberi Kwakakodzera

Kudzivirira nokuwedzera muitiro wakafanira kunoda nhamburiko dzakabatanidzwa. Zvikoro zvemitemo zvinogona kusimbisa muitiro woutsotsi webumbiro-mitemo sechitsinhano chikuru. Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kutsigira gadziriro dzavose dzinodzivirira zvakakwana, kubvisa mitsetse yakaderera inoshatisa kukumbira, uye kunoda kujeka nokuzvidavirira mukuita chisarudzo chemitemo. Zvisipo zvinotsigirwa nenzanga zvokupa ruramisiro, zvinogona kupa chimiro chikuru chokuzvidavirira icho chinokudza mipimo inodikanwa.

Kuravazve nezviwanikwa zvine chiremera, bvunza [FLT] .GOLT yoUkuru hweCornell Law School, [, [[[[FLT]][[FLT]]] project[FLT]][FLT][FLT]] [ka] nokuda kwechakaidzo nefiti, [[FLT:]] ACLU .[[FLT]]

Muitiro wakafanira hausi mufungo wakakomba; inheyo mhenyu inoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose nokududzirazve sezvo nzanga inochinja.