Kuumbwa Kwezvisarudzo: Kunzwisisa Nzira Yatinoziva Nayo

Masangano eElectoral anoumba musimboti wehurumende inosarudzwa nevanomiririra. Anoshandura zvisarudzo zvevavhoti mumigumisiro yezvamatongerwe enyika yose, anosarudza kuti vada kutora basa ripi uye kuti igadziriro ipi inodzorwa inoshanda. Vanamakambani vegadziriro idzi havasi vanotsigira zvikuru; vanoumba makwikwi ebato, tsika dzevavhoti, uye unhu chaihwo hwokutonga. Vadzidzi vesayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, vadzidzi vanogadzira masangano ehurumende, uye vamiririri, vanonzwisisa nheyo dzinoshanda dzegadziriro dzemitengi yakasiyana - siyana yetsika dzinoshandiswa. Nyaya ino inogovera kuongororwa kwakakwana kwegadziriro mbiri huru: Kutanga-FPPP) uye Kusarudza (RC). Inonzvera midziro yenhau, yemichina yezvokushanda, yezvikwapato, uye kutadza kugovera, kuyera kudzorwa kwegadziriro yezvirongwa.

Zvisarudzo zvokuronga zvine migumisiro mikuru. Gadziriro inotusa mibatanidzwa mizhinji ingaparira hurumende dzakatsiga asi inodzivisa manzwi mashoma. Gadziriro inokudza muvhoti ingaparira mirau inomirira mitevedzeri asi nendyiko yemifungo yakaoma yokudzora. Kukakavadzana pakati peFPTPP neRCV hakusi kungovawo zvako kugadzirwa kwounyanzvi; ikurukurirano pamusoro pezvinofanira kuiswa panzvimbo yavose: chisarudzo kana kuti bvumirano, kupfaviswa kana kuti kutsikiswa, dzikamo kana kuti kubatanidzwa. Iyi donzo rinoronzesa kushongedzera vara vara varavi zivo neruzivo rwokuita nenzira inopesana nekurukurirano iyoyo.

Kutanga - Tuma: Kupfavisa Nemigumisiro Yako

Kutanga-Past-the Post, inozivikanwawo sevota mumwe mubatanidzwa, ndeimwe yegadziriro dzakapararira zvikurusa dzezvisarudzo munyika yeAnglophone. Muitiro wayo wapakati wakananga: nyika kana kuti nharaunda yakakamukana kuva maruwa ane mitezo imwe, uye muvhoti mumwe nomumwe anokanda muvhoti mumwe. Muvhoti anogamuchira mavhoti akawanda zvikurusa muruwa irworwo anowana nzvimbo. Hapana chinodikanwa kuwana chiverengero chikuru chevhoti; kuva zvizhinjisarudzo. Uyu mutoo unova wakapfava unoshandisirwa panguva ino nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvorudzo rworudzi munyika kubatanidza United States (yokudai Imba yavamiririri), United States, Canada, uye India, somubatanidzwa mukurusarumwe uye womunzvimbomo mukati mamarudzi iwayo.

Kufadza kweFPTP kuri mukuvara kwayo. Voters vanoda bedzi kusarudza zita rimwe. Kuverenga kunooneka uye kunokurumidza, kazhinji kazhinji kunobereka migumisiro pausiku hwejambwa. Gadziriro inoumba batano yakananga pakati pemasangano nemumiririri wawo, inogona kusimudzira kuzvidavirira kwomunzvimbomo. Kupfuurirazve, FPTP inoda kubudisa hurumende dzakawanda dzinobatanidzwa, kunyange kana pasina boka rinowana vhota yakakurumbira. Kusimba uku kunowanzodudzwa sebetsero huru, kuchiita kuti basa guru revakuru vakuru vakuru vasingashanyirwi nebvumirano dzinokurumidza.

Kuwanda Kwemichina MuFPTP

Muvhoti yeFPTP yoga yoga, ruwa rumwe norumwe runoita maererano nokuzvitonga. VaBallot vanounganidzwa, vanotora mumwe, uye mukwikwidzi ane urefu hwakakwirira zvikurusa anoziviswa kuva mukundi. Mumaruwa umo vadaviri vatatu kana kuti kupfuura vanokwikwikwidzana vanokwikwidza, mukundi angawana chigaro ne 50 muzana yevhoti. Somuenzaniso, mutevedzeri angawina ne 34 muzana yevhoti yoruwa kana 66 muzana yakakamukana pakati pevarwi vaviri kana kuti vakawanda. Uku kushanda kukuru kuzhinji kwetsoropotedzo dzinoitwa mugadziriro.

Kuchera Zvakadzika: Betsero DzeFPTP

Kupfuura kupfava kwapamusoro, FPTP inopa betsero dzinoverengeka dzokuvaka dzinobetsera kutsanangura kupfuurira kwayo.

  • Kuziva nokuisa panzvimbo inotevedzana: Basa rokuisa X pabhora rinoda murayiridzo muduku. Uku kuwanika kunokosha zvikuru nokuda kwavagari vemo vane mwero yakasiana-- siyana yemipimo yokuvhota. Mwero yetsinga mugadziriro dzeFPTP yakaderera zvikuru.
  • Kuzvidavirira: Nemhaka yokuti ruwa rumwe norumwe runosarudza mumiriri mumwe, vavhoti vanoziva chaizvoizvo kuti ndiani anofanira kuisa mutoro nokuda kwenhau dzomunzvimbomo kana kuti nokuda kwebasa rebato pamwero wenyika. Hapana kujeka pamusoro poupi muiti wemitemo anomirira nzvimbo yakapiwa.
  • Miuyo inoparirwa: Muitiro wokuwaridza isvomhu panzvimbo peidzo dzinoshandiswa. Kana govho resvoms, pasina maalgoritimendi anopa redis, pasina kumirira kuti ma blackot atakurwe mumuviri nokuda kwokuverenga kwapakati. Iyi speed inogona kuva inodenha nokuda kwokuchengeta chivimbo chavose mumuitiro wokuvhotera.
  • Kudzorwa kweFringe Extremism: FTP' inokunda chisiko chose inoita kuti mapoka makuru azviise amene pedyo nenzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika kuti akwevere mubatanidzwa wakafara zvikurusa unobvira. Vadaviri pamicheto vanowanzorwisa kuwana wirirano nemhaka yokuti havagoni kuvimba nechivako chakatanhamara kuti vazvitakure kupfurikidza nemativi okupedzisa.

Utera Hwokushandisa FPTP

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti gadziriro yacho inokanganisa nenzira inonyatsooneka uye inorambidza muvhoti kutora rutivi.

  • Mavhota akagadzirwa neProteats nePesets: Muruwa umo munenge mune divi rimwe, vavhoti vanotsigira vamwe vabato vachikandira nenzira inobudirira mavhoti asingakwikwidziri. Aya "mavhoti" haasati achipesvedzera mugumisiro. Chinoitika ichi chinodzorwa nedepression inobuda muzvigaro zvakakotsekana, sezvo vavhoti vanogumisa kutora rutivi rwavo hakuna revo. Mukuwirirana nokunzvera neElectoral Reformation Society, mu 2019crootiveration, inofungidzirwa 53 muzana yezvivhoti zvakakandirwa nokuda kwokurasikirwa navapindi kana kuti muzvigaro zvakakoshati umo muuyo wakanga uri mhedziso inotemwa.
  • Zvikurusasasarudzo neManufectated: FP inoda kuita kusawirirana kwakakomba pakati pegoverano yebato yevhoti yakakurumbira negoverano yayo yezvigaro zvemitemo. Boka rinogona kuwina voruzhinji vanotsiva ne 35-40 muzana yevhoti renyika. Mukusarudzo yeUK, Conservative Party yakawina 51 muzana yezvigaro ne 37 muzana bedzi yevhota. Nenzira yakasiana, mapoka maduku ane tsigiro yakapararira munyika, savaRiberal Democrates kana kuti Green Party, nguva dzose anogamuchira zvigaro zvishoma kupfuura zvigaro zvavo.
  • Mutemo weSangano rePropatication neDuverger: Tsika inoparira dzvinyiriro ine simba yendangariro kugadziriro, kana kuti kuvhota. Vanoda mutengi wechitatu anganzwa achimanikidzirwa kuvhota murwi anokakavara. Iyi simba, rakarongwa nomusayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika Maurice Duverger seMutemo weDuverger, rinoita serinoputsa makwikwikwi maviri. Voters anonyimwa mukana wokutaura chinodikanwa chapachokwadi nokuda kwomurwiridzi muduku pasina kuisa mungozi kuvhotera kwavo.
  • Kubudiswa kweManzwi maduku: FTP nenzira yakarongwa muruwa rwakaparadzirwa (zvingava dzinza, pfungwa, kana kuti chiverengero chavagari vemo). Boka rinoumba 10 muzana yavagari vemo muruwa rwuri rwose munyika yose richawana sezvingabvira zvigaro zvedouta, nepo boka rinoumba 60 muzana yavagari vemo mumaruwa 10. Ikoku kunogona kushatisa kunyorwa kwechikamu chemitemo uye mirangariro inokosha.

Mashoko Okusarudza Ane Basa: Kuratidza uye Kunyanyisa

Rankind Chount, rinonongedzerwawo kunzi Chonn Runoff Voing (IRV), rinopa imwe nzvimbo yechivako yakagadzirirwa kukurukura zvakawanda zveFPTP. Muchisarudzo cheRCV, vhoti vanoda kutsiva nokuda kwedaro pabhoroti rimwe: chisarudzo chokutanga, chisarudzo chepiri, uye zvichingodaro. Kana mutendi akagamuchira vhoti yokutanga, vanowina chose chose. Kana pasina mutengi anosvika pachikumba chikuru, muitiro wokubvisa unovamba. Mutevedzeri namavhoti okutanga okutanga mahota mapfuti mapfupi akabviswa. VaBallots vanosimuchira nokuda kwechisarudzo ichocho ipapo vanoendeswa kuchisarudzo chimwe nechimwe.

RCV inoshandiswa muchiverengero chinokura chemiganhu. Australia yakashandisa kuvhota kwapachivande nokuda kweImba yayo yavamiririri chifo cha 1918. MuUnited States, Maine akava nyika yokutanga kugamuchira RCV nokuda kwasarudzo dzehurumende yose muna 2018, yakatevera Alaska muna 2020. Maguta akadai seSan Francisco, Oakland, Minneapolis, uye New York City anoshandisa RCV nokuda kwesarudzo. Gadziriro yacho yakagamuchirwawo namapoka anoverengeka ezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwamakwikwikwidzano outungamiriri hwomukati.

Kugadzirwa Kwechadenga cheRCV

Kushanda kwounyanzvi kweRCV kunoda kutarisirwa nokungwarira. VaBallot vakagadzirwa kubvumira vavhoti kubvisa zvakajeka, zvikurukuru vachishandisa mapepa kana kuti mafrekti anonyorwa 1, 2, 3, zvichingodaro. Pashure pokunge vavhota vasarudzo vapedza, vakuru vakuru vanoona zvose zvinosarudzwa uye vagadzirira nhamba yezvisarudzo zvokutanga zvemagaba. Kana pasina muteveri anopfuudza 50 muzana, mutevedzeri wemasvedzero anenge abviswa anobviswa anobviswa seanotanga kusarudza, bratoti inogoverwa kumunhu akarongwa sechikamu chechipiri. VaBalot vasingaroti vanosiya vasarudza chisarudzo chinotevera chinenge chapera uye vanobviswa pakuverengwa.

Uku kuisa urongwa hwekubatanidza zvinhu kwakaoma zvikuru kupfuura uwandu hwe FPTP. Kunoda kuti ive yapakati kana kuti isoftware yakapfava kuvimbisa ururami. Zvisinei, nemhaka yokuti muitiro wacho unogadzirwa uye unodzivisa migumisiro, unogona kupiwa nokukurumidza zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji mukati mezuva rimwe kana maviri echisarudzo.

Betsero Dzechisarudzo Chakatsiga

Vatsigiri veRCV vanotaura kuti inopedza zvinoverengeka zvezvinetso zvinopfuurira zvikurusa zvinobatanidzwa neFPTP nepo ichitanga betsero itsva dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

  • Kudzorwa kweSpoller Eput: RCV inobvumira vavhoti kutsigira mutengi wechitatu kana kuti anozvisarudzira sechisarudzo chavo chokutanga vasingatyi kuti vvutisi vachabetsera kuvhota kuti vasarudze muvhoti vanoramba zvakasimba. Kana muvhoti wavo wokutanga wechikwata akabviswa, kuendesa kwavo kuchisarudzo chechipiri. Ikoku nenzira inobudirira kunoparira "siler" nesimba iro rakatambudza madzinza pasi peFPTPPP, rakakurumbira zvikurusa muU.S. sarudzori yapurezidhendi muFlorida, umo Ralph Nader's aipomerwa mhaka huru nokuda kwokuvhotera kubva kuAlre.
  • .Majeri Anosvika Nechokusarudza che Voter: RCV inovimbisa kuti mukundi wokupedzisira ane tsigiro yoruzhinji rwavavhoti vanotora rutivi murudungwe rwokupedzisira. Ikoku kunopesana zvikuru neFPTP, uko vawinzveri vanogona kutora hofisi ne 30 muzana kana kuti zvishoma zvevhoti muminda mizhinji. Chitendero chikuru chinopa maruramiro makuru pamukundi uye chinogovera hwaro hwakasimba zvikuru hwevatongi.
  • Kushanda kweCampaice yoMusiano: Nemhaka yokuti vadaviri vanofanira kukumbira kuvhota kupfuura pachivande chavo chapakarepo kuti vawane zvisarudzo zvechipiri nezvechitatu, RCV munhindidzo kuti ipfuure nhimbe shomanene pakudenha kwakaipa uye yakawanda pakuvaka mativi makuru. Vanodzivisa vashori vavo vanodzivisa njodzi kuva vatsigiri vavo, avo vangava nenzvimbo yakavaisa muboka rechipiri. Kunzvera kubva kuna Fairvote kwakapupurira kuderera kushambadza kwakaipa mumaguta eRCV kana zvichienzaniswa namaguta FPPP.
  • Yakabviswa yaiswazve Votes neSpet Turnout: Vavongi vanogona kukanda chivhoti nokuda kwomudaviri wavo wapachokwadi pasina kunetseka pamusoro pe "kurasa" vhoti yavo. Iyi rusununguko rwokutaura runoratidzika kuwedzera kuvimbisana nokugutsikana. Nzvero dzeRCV muchiverengero chinoverengeka cheU.S. maguta akaratidzira wedzero huru yezvinokosha mukuvhota mukuenzaniswa namapotoota FPTP, zvikurukuru pakati pevota.
  • Kuwedzera Kusiyana kweMavara: RCV inoderedza mhinganidzo yokupinda nokuda kwavada kukwirira kubva kumapoka anopinzwa pasi. Nemhaka yokuti gadziriro hairangariri vavhoti nokuda kwokutsigira mukadzi, munhu weruvara, kana kuti mutezo weboka duku redzinza sechisarudzo chokutanga, ava vanoda kupinda mumadzinza pasina kurambwa. Ufakazi hunobva kumativi anoshandisa RCV hunokarakadza kuti hwakatungamirira kuzvinyorwa zvakasiana - sitesaidzo zvakawanda uye miuyo yakawanda inomirira.

Denho Nokutsoropodza kweRCV

Kugamuchirwa kwayo kwakasangana nokudzivisa kukuru, zvikurukuru muUnited States, umo mamwe mativi akashandurazve RCV pashure pokunge aitwa kwokutanga.

  • Voter Confusion and Ballot Masks: Muitiro wapanzvimbo hauzivikanwi kuvavhoti vazhinji. Mukusarudza kweRCV mumiganhu mitsva, mwero yemhoshoro yebhora yakakwirira yakadai savapindi vaviri vane nhamba imwe kana kuti kusvetuka nhamba dzakava dzave dziri dzakakwirira kupfuura muFPPPP. Uku kuraira kusingadzorwi kwedzidzo yevota, uko kunodhura nenguva. 2021 New York City Grauntal, sants revoration hurusare reRCV muU.S. nhau, akaona chikanganiso cheinenge 12 muzana, kunyange zvazvo zvikanganiso izvozvo zvakaruramiswa napo kuzviisa pasi pokupedzisira.
  • Udzori hwemaslecule neNdyiko: RCV inoda magadzirirwo chaiwo, michina yokuvhota inokwanisa kugadzira mabhuroko, uye purogiramu yokufambisa. Dzimwe nyika dzakashuma ndyiko dzakawedzerwa dzakabatanidzwa nokutenga michina mitsva navashandi vanorovedza. Kuverenga kungagonawo kunonotsa kuzivisa kwokupedzisira kwemiuyo, kungagovera mashoko asina kururama kana kuti kusavimba mumijaho yakavha.
  • Kuneta kwemabhatai neRking: Musarudzo navadaviri vazhinji, vavhoti vanganzwa vakurirwa nechinodikanwa kuvaisa vose. Mamwe mativi anoganhurira chiverengero chamaparera (mutoo, zvisarudzo zvishanu) kuderedza ikoku, asi ichi ganhuriro chimene chinogona kuva pfundo regakava.
  • Puretial for Tchactal Voting: Richideredza sundo yokuparadza kunongobatanidzwa bedzi nokuvhota, vavhoti vakachenjera vanogona kungoita maitiro akarongwa. Somuenzaniso, muvhoti angatanga kuisa mutengi asina simba kutanga kusimudzira nhamba yokutanga yomutevedzeri iyeye, achikarira kupesvedzera nhevedzano yokubvisa. Inozivikanwa se "kuviga," nzira iyi haiwanzoizivikanwa zvikuru muRCV kupfuura muFTPP asi inoramba iri itiro hanya yemashoko.
  • Dzimwe nguva Indaneti: "Kuva nomufungo" kwakawanwa munhevedzo yokupedzisira yeRCV ruzhinji rwemarobhoti anoramba achishingaira, kwete hazvo ruzhinji rwavavhoti vose vakanyoreswa kana kuti kunyange mabhora ose akarashwa. MaBalots anodzikisa pamberi pomutenderera wokupedzisira (nemhaka yokuti haaratidzi zvido pakati pavatsigiriri) anobviswa munhamba yokupedzisira. Mumamwe marudzi, muwinhinhimira angagamuchira voruzhinji kubva muchikamu chiduku bedzi chehwerengedzo yevho.

Kuongorora Kunoenzanisa: FPTP v. RCV Kupfuura Kupindwa Mungozi

Kuenzanisa FPTP neRCV zvakarongeka kunoratidza kuti vanhu vanochinja zvinhu panzvimbo pokusarudza vanofanira kunyatsoongorora.

Kumirira

FPTP kana kuti RCV, sezvinoitwa mumaruwa ane mitezo imwe, zvakagadzirirwa kuwana ratidziro inowirirana. Mamitemo ose ari maviri anomirira mapoka makuru uye maduku anomirira. Zvisinei, RCV inogadzira miuyo iyo inowanzova yakaenzana zvikuru kupfuura FPTPP nemhaka yokutamisirwa kwamavhoti avashakabvuri vakabviswa. Mumutevedzero une 15 muzana inotsigira inoparadzirwa kunyange mumativi ose angawana zvigaro zvigaro. Mupasi peRCV, boka rimwe chetero ringawana zvigaro zvishomanene zvezvigaro mumaruwa umo vadaviriri vakasimba zvakakwana kuti vapone kubviswa.

Rusununguko Rwokufambisa uye Kuratidzirwa

RCV inopa vavhoti mano akapfuma zvikuru zvikuru. Muvhoti anogona kuratidzira zvisarudzo zvakajeka muvadaviri vakawanda, achiratidzira tendero yavamwe nokusatendera vamwe. FPTP inoderedza kutaura kwomuvhoti kuchisarudzo chimwe chezviviri. Uku kuganhurira kwakakomba zvikuru mumativi akawanda, umo muvhoti angatsigira chikuva chebato duku asi anosarudza muvhoti mukuru panhau dzomunzvimbomo.

Kugadzikana Kwegadziriro Yokushanda Kwegadziriro Yezvinhu (System profsions)

FPTP inokombamira kutsigira dzikamo kupfurikidza nokudzivisa kuwanda kwemasangano matsva nokuparira hurumende dzakawanda dzine chikamu chimwe. Iyi dzikamo inogona kuva runako munguva dzenjodzi kana kuti apo chiito chomutemo chinoda kusarudzwa chinodikanwa. RCV, mukupesana, inogamuchira zvikuru kuchinja zvisarudzo zvamavhoti uye kubvumira zvikuru masangano matsva ezvematongerwe enyika. Ingaparira matare akakamukana zvikuru emitemo yebatanidzwa, izvo vamwe vacherechedzi vanorangarira soutera uye vamwe sesimba.

Ndyiko Nokusakwanisa Kushandiswa

FPTP yakachipa uye iri nyore kushandisa, zvikurukuru mukukudziridza hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kana kuti madzoro ane nzvimbo dzakagadzwa dzakaganhurirwa. RCV inoda purojekiti yakakwirira zvikuru nedzidzo yovhota. Ndyiko dzekutora kubva kuFPTP kusvika kuRCV dzinogona kuva huru, kubatanidza michina inokwidziridza, rovedzo yavashandi, uye nhimbe dzokuziva vanhu vose. Iyi ndyiko inofanira kuyerwa mukubetsera kwenguva refu kungava kwakavandudzwa kwemireza negutsikano yovhoti.

Tsvakurudzo Dzechaidzoidzo Dzechaidzo yeCase Ose: Zvidzidzo Zvinobva Mumuitiro

Kunzvera kuti FPTP neRCV zvinoshanda sei mukusarudza chaikoiko kunogovera murangariro unokosha unopfuura kuenzaniswa nerondedzero.

Canada: FPTP uye Kuedza Kuchinja

Canada inoshandisa FPTP nokuda kweSarudzo yayo yehurumende. Mune 2019 ne2021 yeConservative Party yakawana uzhinji hwevhoti yakakurumbira asi yakakundikana kuumba hurumende nemhaka yokuti Liberal Party yakawina mipata yakawanda yezvigaro. Uyu mugumisiro wakawina mavhoti akawandasa asi kwete zvigaro zvizhinjisa. Yakakudziridza kuti dare ramadhingiridzwa nokuchinja. Liberal pacharo rakavimbisa kuchinja gadziriro yakasarudzwa muna 2015 asi rakasiya vimbiso pashure pokuwina voruzhinji pasi pemitemo yeFTPP. Canadian inogona sei kubudisa migumisiro iyo inonzwa isina kufanira pachikamu chikuru chevarati.

Australia: Nyaya Yakabudirira Kwazvo

Australia yashandisa kuvhota kwapachivande nokuda kweHouse of Screaders chifo cha 1918, ichigovera zana ramakore remashoko pamubato weRCV wokushanda. Gadziriro inogamuchirwa zvikuru navavhoti nemapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika zvakafanana. Vavhoti veAustralia vakarovedzana navatsigiri vezvigaro zvakatanhamara, uye mwero yemhosho yakaderera nemhaka yenhimbe dzedzidzo dzakasanorongwa. Sangano rakabvumira Australian Labor Party neLiberal Coalition kuti zvirambe zviripo nepo mapoka maduku akafanana neAustralia Greens kuwina zvigaro apo tsigiro yomunzvimbomo inobudisa zvikurukuru hurumende dzakawanda, kunyange zvazvo kuvakwa kwemibatanidzwa kwavose. Chino cheAustralia chinoratidzira kuti RC inogona kushanda zvinobudirira pamwero wenyika yose nomugadzirirwo.

Maine neAlaska: RCV muUnited States

Maine yakava hurumende yokutanga yeU.S. kuva imo yeRCV nokuda kwesarudzo yehurumende pashure pekutanga nhano ya2016. Alaska yakatevera neRtop-FOur yakabatanidzwa neRCV nokuda kwesarudzo. 2022 yeAlaska chaiyo yeDemocrates yeU.Imba yeVamiristations yakanga iri muedzo wechiratidzo. Munda waibatanidza maRepublicans, Democrat, uye mumwe akazvimirira. Pasi peFPTPP, maRepublicrates aizova akaparadza vhoti, zvimwe achibvumira Democrat kuwina nouzhinji. Pasi peRCV, mutungamiriri weRepublican yakawana chiverengero chechipiri chedzimwe nyika dzinodzokororonzerwa kunzira. Ichi chiratidzirwa chikwanwa chisarudzodzo chaRCC kurutsiridza chisaidzodzo kuruso chiya chadzongodzongodzokorore. Chino chapanyunyuro chapa chinoramba kuzivisa kuzivisa kudzoka kudzoka kune nhevedzano.

Kupfuura Zviviri: Zvimwe Zvirongwa Zvemibato

Nepo FPTP neRCV zvichimirira mitoo mikuru miviri, hazvitongobviri kumwe kurangarira bedzi kuripo.

Propagation idimistry (PR) miitiro, yakadai seParty Sul PR nePR inofambiswa pamwe chete Vote (STV), inovavarira kuwirirana kuti igoverane kuvhota sezvinobvira. PR inoshandiswa munyika dzinopfuura 80 munyika munyika dzakawanda munyika yose, kubatanidza mativi mazhinjisa eEurope neLatin America. Iyi miitiro inowanzobudisa mapatimendi akarongwa nehurumende dzemibatanidzwa, izvo vamwe vanopikisa kuva vamiririri vazhinji uye vamwe vanoitirana nharo havatongori kuzvidavirira.

Mixed-MEMber Proportionel inoshandiswa muGermany, New Zealand, uye kune imwe nzvimbo, inobatanidza maruwa ane mitezo imwe nezvigaro zvakapamhama zvakaganhurirwa kuti idzikane mativi omunzvimbomo newirirano. MMP yakakarakadzwa sechisarudzo muCanada neUnited Kingdom.

Approbal Voling and Record igadziriro dzinobvumira vavhoti kuratidzira tsigiro yakasiyana-kawanda pasina nzvimbo. Kuvhota kwatendera kunongokumbira vavhoti kuti vaongorore vose vavanoda kugamuchirwa. Vhotera vanokumbira vavhoti kuti vatedze mutengi mumwe nomumwe pamwero wenhamba. Masangano aya akagamuchirwa nenhamba duku yemavhoti asi anoramba achifundwa zvishoma kupfuura FPTP neRCV.

Nokuda kwokupetwa kwakakwana kwemiitiro yesarudzo yenyika yose, International International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Anice (IDEA) inochengeta shopu ine udzame hwakafanana. Vadzidzisi navanzveri vangabvunzawo [ACECAL Knote yezivo yezvoruzivo rwezvoruzivo rwemichina [ nokuda kwenhungamiro yezvesayenzi yenhau.

Mugumisiro: Zvinoreva Kugadzira Zvinhu Zvisingaperi

Chisarudzo pakati pePt-Past- Post neRhanked Chouncil hachisi chisarudzowo hacho choudzori. Chisarudzo chikuru chezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro penzira iyo simba rinofanira kugoverwa nayo, kuti vatsigiri vanofanira kumiririrwa sei, uye rudzii rwehurumende yedemocracy runoda kuvakwa. FPTP inopa kunaka kwokuva nyore nyore, kumhanya, uye kudzora kwakatsiga, asi pakurasikirwa kwokupambadza vhoti, kushatisa mumiririro, uye kuisa mufambiro wakanaka. RCV inopa kuratidzira kwakaisvonaka, miuyo mikuru, uye zvikarakadzo zvakanaka, asi inosuma zvimiro zvokudzora uye zvinoda muvhotera mukuru.

Hapana gadziriro imwe yokusarudza yakanakisisa yakakodzera nokuda kwemashoko ose akapoteredza. Chisarudzo chakanakisisa chinotsamira patsika dzenyika yezvamatongerwe enyika, ukuru hwenzvimbo, mhatsa yedzinza netsika, uye simba remitemo. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi, vavariro haisati iri yokuzivisa gadziriro imwe yakakwirira munyika yose asi kunzwisisa zvisakiso zvebhizimisi uye kupinda mufundo yakavakirwa paufakazi pamusoro pezvinofanira kuva zvakaita demokrati.

Sezvo dzimwe nzvimbo dzinoedza mitoo yokuvhota nayo, ufakazi hwechipameso hunopfuurira kukura. Masangano akadai se Fairvote inogovera nzvero inopfuurira mumiuyo yeRCV inoshanda, nepo Electoral Reformation Society [[ inopa nzvero inotsoropodza FPPPP nedzisiri dzayo. Vagari vakagadzirira zviri nani kutsigira gadziriro dzinowirirana nezvinokosha zvavo uye kuchengeta masangano avo anozvidavirira. Kuumbwa kwezvirongwa zvechisarudzo kunoumba kugadzirwa kwesimba, uye kunzwisisa inhano yokutanga kuvaka kuvaka vamiririri vanotsigira.