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Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunomira seimwe yenheyo hurusa dzinotsigira udzori hwehurumende yazvino uno hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Iyi dzidziso yebumbiro remitemo inokamuranisa chiremera chehurumende kuva mapazi akasiyana, rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yakananga neganhuriro, kuumba gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba muchinhu chimwe. VaFramers vakarangarira nzira yokuronga nayo gadziriro yehurumende yakagovera simba rakakwana rokudzora nepo ichidzivirira rusununguko rwavadzorwi. Kunzwisisa nheyo iyi inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti hurumende dzedemocracy uye nei dzakaumbwa nenzira yadziri.

Mavambo Enhau Okuparadzana Kwesimba

Shoko rokuti "Kuparadzaniswa kwaMasimba" rakatangwa nomuzivi wezana ramakore rechi18 Montesquieu. Zita rakabatanidzwa zvikurusa nedzidziso yokuparadzaniswa kwamasimba ndeiro raCharles Louis de Secondat, Baron Montesquieu.

Nheyo Dzekare

Polybius akarondedzera Roman Republic sehurumende yakavhengana inotongwa neDare reRoma, Consuls neMagungano, achitsanangura gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo muudzame, achirumbidza Lycurtus weSparta nehurumende yokutanga yorudzi urwu. Iyi mienzaniso yapakuvamba yakaratidzira kuti kukamuranisa mabasa ehurumende pakati pemitumbi yakasiana - siana kungagona kuparira gadziriro dzakatsiga zvikuru nedzakadzikama dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mutangiri wapakuvamba wegadziriro yaMontesquieu yerwendo yeMonte akaziviswa naJohn Locke mubhuku rake rinonzi Two Treases of Government (1690), uko Locke akasianisa pakati pomutemo, mukuru mukuru, uye simba rokuwedzera. Basa reLocke rakaisa fandesheni inokosha nokuda kwavatungamiriri vezvokudzorwa, kunyange zvazvo kudzikamisa kwake kwakasiana zvikuru nenzwisiso yazvino uno.

Kubatsira kwaMontesquieu Kunoita Kushanduka - shanduka

Chimiro Chomutemo ibhuku rerondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika iro rakatanga kubudiswa risingazivikanwi naMontesquieu muna 1748. iri bhuku raizova rimwe ramagwaro ezvamatongerwe enyika anopesvedzera zvikurusa munhau, zvikurukuru richiumba nzira iyo hurumende dzaizorongwa nayo munguva yazvino uno.

Montesquieu akanga akajeka zvikuru: “Kana masimba emitemo neanotonga akabatanidzwa mumunhu mumwe cheteyo, kana kuti muboka rimwe chetero ravatongi, hakugoni kuva norusununguko; nemhaka yokuti rutyo rungamuka, kuti mambo mumwe cheteyo kana kuti mutezo arege kugadza mitemo ine simba, kuti aiuraye nomutoo unodzvinyirira. Zvakare, hakuna rusununguko, kana simba redare risingaparadzaniswi nemitemo nechiremera.

Chibvumikiso chaMontesquieu chokuti rusununguko runochengetedzwa nenzira inobudirira zvikurusa nokuparadzaniswa kwamasimba chakanyandurwa nebumbiro remitemo reEngland, kunyange zvazvo kududzira kwake zvinhu zvezvamatongerwe enyika zveEngland kwave kuchiitiranwa nharo. Basa rake rakanga richipesvedzera zvikuru, zvikurukuru muAmerica, umo rakapesvedzera zvikuru kunyorwa kweBumbiro remitemo reU.S.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

Dzidziso yokuparadzana kwemasimba yakanga yakavakirwa panheyo dzinoverengeka dzinowanzoitwa: kuparadzaniswa kwehurumende kuva mapazi matatu: mitemo, mutungamiriri, uye dare; pfungwa yokuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoita mabasa akasiyana uye anozivikanwa ayo akakodzera kubazi rimwe nerimwe; uye mutemo unorwisana nomunhu upi noupi kana kuti boka rinoshanda muanopfuura bazi rimwe panguva imwe chete.

Bazu Romutemo

Muhurumende yeUnited States, Chikamu 1 cheConstitution chinogadza Legislative Branch, iyo inoumbwa neCongress.Congress, mukuwedzera kumimwe mitoro inodudzwa, ine mutoro wokuita mitemo. Bazu remitemo rinomirira inzwi ravanhu navamiriri vavo vakasarudzwa mumuitiro wokuita mitemo.

Vatongi ndivo vane mutoro wokunyora mitemo mitsva. Somuenzaniso, bazi remitemo rinosarudza kuti mufambiro usiri wapamutemo, rinoisa mitero, uye rinonyora mitemo pamusoro penzira yokunyoresa nayo kuti vhota munyika imwe neimwe.

Simba remitemo rinotambanudzwa kupfuura kungovanza mitemo. Vagadziri vanoratidza namaune kuti mutumbi wemitemo inoita sebazi rokutanga rehurumende. Mitoro yawo, sezvinorondedzerwa muChikamu I, ndiyowo inopa mashoko makuru. Vagadziri vakajekeswa kuti chiremera hachibvi kumunhu mumwe muhurumende, asi kuvanhu vakawanda vanoumba Dare. Iyi purogiramu inoratidzira nheyo yehurumende iyo pakupedzisira inowana mukubvumira kwehurumende.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinosimbisa mapazu matatu akaparadzana asi akaenzana ehurumende: bazu remitemo (rinoita mutemo), bazu rinodzora (rinoraira mutemo), uye bazu rokutonga (rinorondedzera mutemo), uye bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi muUnited States kana kuti navakuru vakuru namatare mumiitiro yeparamende, rine mutoro wokushandisa nokusimbisa mitemo inopfuudzwa nedare remitemo.

Purezidhendi ane kodzero yokuita kuti mitemo itengwe nokutendeka uye kushandisa masimba ayo kuita izvi.

Bazu guru rinewo mano makuru okutarisira. Purezidhendi anoshandisa masimba anoreva kupa mirairo yavakuru vakuru uye kupinda muzvibvumirano nenyika dzokumwe.

Bazu Rokutonga

Chikamu III, chinorondedzera bazi rinotonga, hachinyatsotauri zvakawanda, chinopa vatongi simba shoma. Pasinei zvapo neiri rinoita serokutanga rakaganhurirwa, bazi redare rakatanga kuita basa rinokosha mukuchengetedza masimba.

Dare rine simba rokuongorora, iro riri mano okuzivisa mitemo isiri pamutemo. Dzinogonawo kupedza gakava apo purezidhendi anoshandisa chiremera cheCongress, pashure pokunge mhaka yaunzwa dare isati yadenha chiito chapurezidhendi. Iri simba rokutonga, kunyange zvazvo risina kutaurwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo, razova imwe yechenjedzo inokosha zvikurusa pane mamwe mapazu.

Rudzi rwedare rinobetsera dare rinoita kuti rivimbe zvikuru namamwe mapazu. Basa rematare nderokupedza zvinetso zvebumbiro-mitemo; pasina chiito chinobva kumukuru mukuru kana kuti chigadziko, hapana chinhu chokutonga. Uku kubatana kunoenzanisira kuti kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoparira sei gadziriro umo matavi anofanira kushanda pamwe chete kunyange sezvo anoramba achizvimirira.

Kunzwisisa Kunoshanda Uye Kudzikama

Nepo kuparadzana kwamasimba kuchiparadzanisa mabasa ehurumende pakati pamapazu akasiyana, gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo inovimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinogona kutonga mamwe. Nepo kuparadzana kwamasimba kwakavimbisa kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe richengete udzori hwaro rimene, ivo vakazivawo dikanwo yokuchengeta bazu rimwe nerimwe richizvidavirira — kua "nzvera" apo anoshandisa udzori husakafanira pane rimwe nerimwe kana kuti kuisa mungozi maruramiro a "su vanhu." Nokudaro, murangariro wakabatana we "machekero nedzikamo" wakaumbwa. Kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji neparadzano yamasimba, "checks nedziro" igadziriro yakasiana - simbiso yetsika yehurumende.

Kuongorora Nokudzikamisa Basa

Gadziriro yehurumende yeCaces and Balance inogovera bazu rimwe nerimwe ramasimba okunzvera mamwe mapazu ndokudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuva rine simba zvikuru.

Hurumende ine cheki nedzikamo ine chikwata chinopfuura chimwe chinoshandisa simba rehurumende, uye inoronga kuti sangano rimwe nerimwe rive nepesvedzero parimwe (kuzvimirira). Rimwe sangano ipapo ringa "cheuka" rimwe, kana kuti kuidzivisa kushandisa simba raro kuronda miganhu yaro — zvakadai sokuzivisa chimwe chezviito zvacho kuva chikanganiso chapamutemo kana kuti kupfurikidza nokubvunza nokubvisa mumwe wavakuru vakuru varo munzvimbo yavo.

Nzvero Dzomutemo Pamamwe Mapazu

Sebazu rokutanga, mutezo wedare wehurumende unopinzwa nzvero hurusa. Inogona kunzvera vakuru vakuru nokuda kwomufambiro usina kururama. Inogona kusimbisa kana kuti kuramba vatongi vehurumende, kubatanidza avo veDare rapamusoro-soro. Inogona kuramba kupfuudza bhajeti rehurumende, kuchitungamirira kukumiswa kwakakwana kwehurumende. Inogona kukurira purezidhendi wevhato kupfuudza mutengi. Kupfurikidza nomuitiro wapamutemo murefu, inogona kuita kugadziriswa kwemitemo, uko Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusaru rinofanira kutsigira. Zvichida nzvero yayo inojekerwa zvikurusa: Dare rinobvumirwa kubvisa mutengi woukuru pahofisi uye kunyange kubvisa purezidhendi pahofisi.

Simba iri rinopa Dare simba rokubvisa uori nokushandisa simba zvisina kufanira mune mamwe mapazu maviri.

Dare reHurumende bedzi rinogona kubatira senzvero pakushatiswa kunobvira kwesimba kana kuti chiito chokusachenjera kunoitwa nerimwe. Dare, kupfurikidza nokutanga kugadziridza mutemo, rinogona kushandisa zvisarudzo zvokuchinja zveDare Rapamusorosoro. purezidhendi anogadza mitezo yeDare Rapamusorosoro asi bedzi nemvumo yeDare, iro rinotenderawo kumwe kugadzwa kwevakuru vakuru.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mamwe Mapazi

Bazu guru rinogona kuzivisa Mirayiro Inotungamirirwa Nechiremera, iyo yakafanana nezviziviso zvinotakura simba romutemo, asi bazu rinotonga rinogona kuzivisa mabasa iwayo asina kuwirirana nehurumende. simba rapurezidhendi rinomirira imwe yechekedzo dzinooneka zvikurusa bazu ravakuru rinobata padare remitemo.

Purezidhendi ane simba rokupa mutemo weveto unopiwa neDare, asi Congress ingatonga mitongo yakadaro nevhoti hurusa yedzimba dzose dziri mbiri.Izvozvi zvinoparira simba guru uko mukuru mukuru anogona kudzivisa mutemo wokukurumidzira kana kuti usina kurangarirwa zvakanaka, asi haagoni kuvhara zvechigarire mitemo ine tsigiro yakasimba yemitemo.

Simba iri rinobvumira bazi rinotungamirira kuumba dare redare redare rinotungamirira nokufamba kwenguva, kunyange zvazvo kugadza uku kuchida kusimbiswa neDare, kuchigadzira imwezve nzira mugadziriro yacho.

Kuongorora Kutonga Mamwe Mapazi

Kunyange zvazvo isingafukidzwi zvakajeka murugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo, hwirudzuro yokutonga yedare (] simba rokunzvera zviito zvemitemo nemasimba makuru neanodzora ehurumende kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti iwo ibumbiro remitemo) yakava rutivi runokosha rwehurumende muUnited States.

Bazu rinotonga rine simba rokutonga kuti mutemo unoputsa kodzero dzavagari vemo kana kuti mamwe mativi ebumbiro remitemo. Kana bazu rokutonga rikasarudza mutemo ndi "isina kutongwa," haigoni kudzorwazve nebazu rinotonga. Simba iri rinovimbisa kuti zvose zviri zviviri mutezo wemitemo nemukuru wehurumende zvirambe zviri mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo.

Chikonzero Nei Kuparadzana Kwemasimba Kuchikosha Nokuda Kwoutongi Hwose

Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba kunobatira mabasa anokosha akawanda mukudzora kwehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji, rimwe nerimwe richigovera kudziviriro yorusununguko rwomunhu oga nokudzivirirwa kwoudzvinyiriri.

Kudzivisa Kuisa Simba Pasi

Chinoitika chavamiriri vehurumende yeBritain chakazivisa chitendero chavo chokuti kuisa ngwariro kumasimba ehurumende akasiyana muchinhu chimwe kungaparira vanhu vorudzi kuita kwechisarudzo nechinodzvinyirira. Kuunganidzwa kwamasimba ose, mitemo, zviremera, uye dare, mumaoko mamwe chetewo, angava mumwe, mashomanene, kana kuti akawanda, uye kana ari nhaka, kuzvigadza umene, kana kuti kusarudzwa, kungaziviswa nenzira yakarurama rondedzero imene youdzvinyiriri.

Kuparadzirwa uku kwesimba kunoparira nzvimbo dzakawanda dzechiremera, kuchikuita kuti kuomere munhu upi noupi kana kuti boka kuunganidza simba rakakwana rokutyisidzira masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kana kuti maruramiro avanhu.

Kudzivirira Rusununguko Rumwe Norumwe

Kuti vachengetedze rusununguko rwomunhu oga, vaFrames vakatsvaka kuva nechokwadi chokuti bazu rakaparadzana uye rakazvimirira reHurumende yeFederal raizoshandisa rimwe nerimwe remabasa matatu makuru ehurumende: mitemo, dare, uye dare. Kudzivirirwa kwerusununguko kwakanga kusati kuri vavarirowo zvayo asi donzo guru raisunda gadziriro yose yebumbiro remitemo.

Kugadza rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoda zvinhu zviviri: kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba ehurumende, uye kurongwa kwakafanira kwemitemo yavagari vemo neyoutsotsi kuti vave nechokwadi chechengeteko yomunhu oga.Montesquieu anotaura kuti mabasa avakuru vakuru, emitemo, uye okutonga ehurumende (inonzi gadziriro yemiitiro yemijaho) anofanira kugoverwa kumitumbi yakasiana - siana, zvokuti kuedza nebazu rimwe rehurumende kuputsa rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika kungagona kudziviswa namamwe mapazu (mazano nedzikamo).

Kusimudzira Kuzvidavirira Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Kana bazu rehurumende richifunga kuti riri kuita zviri kunze kwemitemo, rinogona kuidana kuti idaro. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinokwanisa kutarira mamwe mapazi anenge atadza ndokuachinja kuti risvitse zvinodiwa nevanhu vavanoshumira.

Sezvo bazi rimwe nerimwe riine chido chokuchengeta simba raro uye kudzivirira vamwe kuti vasapindirana, rinoongorora zvinoitwa nevamwe.

Kuderedza Uori Nokushandisa Simba Zvisina Kufanira

Vanhu vose zvavo vane nhau yokushandisa zvisina kufanira nzvimbo dzesimba asi gadziriro yokunzvera nedzikamo inokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kwazvo kuita saizvozvo.

Vagadziri vairangarira cheki nedzinoyera zvavakanga vavaka muTsitsi reFederal sedziviriro inoderedza dziviriro padavi kana kuti kukudzwa kwerimwe pamutengo werimwe. Uku kuzviparadza kwomuzvarirwo kunoreva kuti tsika haitsamiri bedzi parunako rwavakuru vakuru asi pafariro dzavo dzinokwikwidzana kuti ichengete dzikamo.

Kukurudzira Kuda Kusarudza uye Kusimba

Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo raitapura zvikuru idzi nheyo, kuparadzana kwesimba kwavaFramers kwakanga kusingachinjiki, asi kwakabatanidza gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo umo bazu rimwe raigona kunzvera masimba akagoverwa kune rimwe. Uku kuchinja kunobvumira tsika kuchinjira kumigariro inochinja nepo ichichengeta chimiro chayo chikuru.

Kuedza kwebazu rimwe kudzivirira rimwe bazi kuva gurusa kunonzi kunodzivisa nguva dzose bazu ripi neripi pakuisa matanho akakomba zvisina kufanira pavadzorwi. Kudikanwa kwokuwana tendero mumapazu akawanda kunoderedza muitiro wehurumende, asi uku kurangarira kazhinji kazhinji kunoparira kuva nani, kusanorangarirwa zvikuru.

Kushandiswa Kunoshanda Kwokuparadzana Kwesimba

Kunzwisisa kuti kuparadzana kwemasimba kunoshanda sei mukushanda kunoda kunzvera mienzaniso chaiyo yokuti mapazi anobata sei uye anomanikidzirana sei mukudzora kwenyika chaiyoiyo.

Gadziriro Yomutemo

Kusikwa kwemitemo kunoratidzira kuparadzana kwamasimba ari kushanda.

Congress ine dzimba mbiri: Dare neImba yaVamiririri, uye inogona kukurira mumiriri waPurezidhendi nechivhoti 2/3 mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Ichi chinodikanwa chikuru chinovimbisa kuti mutemo bedzi netsigiro yakafara unogona kukurira chishoro chavakuru vakuru.

Simba Rokuronga Nokusimbisa

Basa rokugadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende rinoratidza kubatana kwemapazu.Bazu rinotonga rinodudzira mitemo, asi Dare riri pabazi remitemo rinosimbisa kuzviisa kwaPurezidhendi nokuda kwenzvimbo dzokutonga, uye Dare rinogona kubvisa chero upi zvake wevatongi ivavo ndokuabvisa panzvimbo yake.

Mutoro uyu wakabatana wokugadza unoita kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti hapana bazi rimwe ringaronge hurumende nevanoitsigira.

Kushandisa Mari uye Kubatsira

Bazu remitemo rine "simba rechikwama," kureva kuti rine simba rokugadza hurumende ne/kana mari yehurumende. Bazu guru harigoni kusarudza kupedzera kamwe kamwe zvakawanda pamabhomba kana kuti mapaki pasina kutaura kwechipo chehurumende. Uku kudzorwa kwemari kunopa mutezo wedare panzvimbo yezviito zvehurumende.

Simba rokupa chibvumirano rinobatira seimwe yenzvero dzinobudirira zvikurusa pasimba guru. Kunyange kana bazu guru richida kuita muitiro wakati, harigoni kuita kudaro pasina mari, inofanira kubva kudare. Ikoku kunoparira ganhuriro inoshanda pachiremera chavakuru vakuru inopfuura miganhu yepamutemo.

Tsigiro Yokuita uye Kurambidza Kumwe

Kunyange zvazvo bazi guru rinotungamirira chaizvoizvo mukuitisa ukama hwokumwe, mubatanidzwa wemitemo unoramba uchiongorora simba iri nokubatanidza nokutsigira zvibvumirano uye nokutsigira mari.

Kupesana uku kunoita kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti zvibvumirano zvikuru zvenyika yose zvinoratidza kubvumirana kwemarudzi akawanda pane kubvumirana kwemutungamiriri mumwe chete kana kuti kwepamubato, uye kunoitawo kuti pave nokuzvidavirira, sezvo mapazi ose ari maviri achipawo mhosva yemigumisiro yokumwe.

Matambudziko Nenhamo Pakuparadzana Kwesimba

Kunyange zvazvo kuparadzana kwemasimba kuchiita kuti pave nebetsero dzakawanda, kunokonzerawo kusawirirana uye zvinetso zvinofanira kutungamirirwa nehurumende.

Ngozi Yevhiringika

Apo mapazi akasiana - siana anodzorwa namapati ezvamatongerwe enyika anoshora kana kuti kuva nezviono zvakasiana zvikuru nokuda kwokudzora, gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo inogona kutungamirira kurumano rwehurumende.

Zvisinei, iyi jarosbor inogonawo kurangarirwa sechinhu panzvimbo pechipukanana. Dzidziso yokuparadzana kwamasimba yakagamuchirwa nekokorodzano ya1787, kwete kusimudzira kubudirira asi kudzivisa kushandiswa kwesimba risingafungidziri.

Simba Rinochinja Simba

Gadziriro dzazvino uno dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoratidza mhatsa huru yegadziriro dzemitemo, dzamasangano anodzora, uye dzekutonga, uye dzidziso yacho pakupedzisira yakarasikirwa norucheno rwayo rukuru rwokutsiga norukuru.

Kukura kwesimba revakuru vakuru, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakadai sechengeteko yenyika nokutarisirwa kwehurumende, kwachinja mamiriro ezvinhu emapazu.Iyi mhindumupindu inomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti chiono chapakuvamba chokuparadzana kwemasimba chinoramba chisina kukuvara here kana kuti kana kuchidikanwa kugadziridza zvinetso zvazvino uno.

Kukanganisa kweBumbiro Romutemo

Zvisinei, kana bazi rimwe rikatadza kuita basa raro, kana kuti rimwe bazi rikasateerera rimwe, tinogona kupinda mudambudziko rebumbiro remitemo.

Somuenzaniso, kana Purezidhendi weUnited States akaenderera mberi achiita kuti mutemo unotongwa nematare usaenderane nemitemo, zvingatora simba pabazi rinotonga ndokuisa pfungwa pabazi guru.

Simba Rinogoverana uye Kupfumbira

Vaiti vemitemo vakawanda vane murangariro wokuti kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoreva kuti masimba anogoveranwa pakati pamapazu akasiyana - siyana; hapana bazu rimwe ringashanda pasina kubetsera panhau (imwe nhau zvimwe kupfuura mibvunzo miduku), asi rinofanira kuwana chimiro chakati chebvumirano mumapazu ose.

Kubatanidzwa uku kunogona kuparira kuvhiringidzika pamusoro pekuti ibazu ripi rine chiremera chikuru mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kuchitungamirira kugakava rinofanira kupedzwa nokukurukurirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti kutsanangurwa kwekutonga.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba Mugadziriro Dzakasiana - siana Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika

Nepo United States ichigovera muenzaniso unozivikanwa zvikuru wokuparadzana kwemasimba, nyika dzakasiyana - siyana dzakashandisa nheyo iyi munzira dzakasiyana - siyana, imwe neimwe ine simba rayo neutera.

Gadziriro Dzapurezidhendi

Mugadziriro dzapurezidhendi dzakadai seUnited States, mapazu avakuru vakuru neanotonga anosarudzwa akaparadzana ndokuchengeta maruramiro akasiyana.Framers dzakaronga hurumende neiyi nzira kudzivisa bazu rimwe rehurumende kuva rine simba zvikuru, uye kuita gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo.

Iyi paradzano yakajeka inoparira kunzvenga kwakasimba asi inogonawo kutungamirira kuhurumende yakakamukana apo mapoka akasiana - siana anodzora mapazu akasiana - siana. Muuyo igadziriro inoisa pakutanga kudzivirira udzvinyiriri pamusoro pokusanoita kwehurumende.

Gadziriro Dzapaparamende

Macheki nedzikamo, izvo zvinogadziridza kuparadzana kwamasimba, zvingashanda mugadziriro dzeparamende kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kwechiremera cheparamende kugamuchira vhoti isingavimbiki muhurumende; hurumende, kana kuti dare, kazhinji kazhinji, inganyungudutsa paramende.

Gadziriro dzeParamende dzinoratidzira kubatanidzwa kwamasimba avakuru vakuru nemitemo, nomukuru mukuru (gurukota rehurumende nedare) achibuda achibva uye achiramba achizvidavirira kudare romutemo. Nepo ikoku kuchiparira udzori hunobudirira zvikuru, kunonangidzirawo simba munzira idzo dzakasiana nomuenzaniso weAmerica.

Kuchinja - chinja Kwenyika

Zvisinei, basa guru rebazi rimwe nerimwe rinoramba rakafanana. Kunyange mukati meUnited States, hurumende dzehurumende dzinoshandisa kuparadzana kwemasimba zvakasiyana, nokusiyana mumatsaru anosarudzwa vatongi, kuti simba rokutungamirira rinoparadzirwa sei, uye kuti mitumbi inotonga inoumbwa sei.

Iyi misiano inoratidzira kuti kuparadzana kwamasimba inheyo inochinjika iyo inogona kugadziridzwa kukuwirirana namamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana - siyana nepo ichichengeta donzo rayo guru rokudzivisa kuiswa ngwariro kwesimba.

Kuramba Kuchioneka Kwekuparadzana Kwesimba

Kuvapo kwemasangano matatu ehurumende akasiyana - siyana, rimwe nerimwe rine nzvimbo yaro rimene nebasa, kunogovera gadziriro yedu nemurairo warinoda kuti ishande nenzira inobudirira.

Kujairana Nematambudziko Atiri Kusangana Nawo Mazuva Ano

Zvinetso zvepanguva ino zvakadai sokutyisidzira mamiriro ezvinhu paIndaneti, kupararira kwenyika yose, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uye kufambira mberi kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kunowanzoda kuti masimba aparadzane nokukurumidza, awirirane zvingava zvakaoma kuwana mugadziriro yakagadzirirwa kuderedza kuita zvisarudzo kwehurumende.

Zvisinei, nzwisiso huru mukuparadzana kwemasimba — simba rakanyanya kuisa tyisidziro kurusununguko — inoramba ichikosha nhasi sezvayakanga yakaita muzana ramakore rechi 18. Denho iri kuchinjira nheyo yacho kumigariro yazvino uno pasina kurega dziviriro dzayo huru.

Pesvedzero Yenyika Yose

Mukuwirirana nenzvero yamabasa ezana ramakore rechisere okupera akaitwa nomusayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika Donald Lutz, Montesquieu akanga ari chiremera chinowanzonokorwa mashoko pahurumende nazvamatongerwe enyika muReformation British America isati yavapo, inonokorwa mashoko zvikuru navavambi veAmerica kupfuura manyuko api naapi kunze kweBhaibheri. Pashure pechinjo yeAmerica, basa rake rakaramba riri pesvedzero ine simba pavavavavavambi veAmerica, zvikurukuru James Madison weVirginia, "Baba weBumbiro remitemo."

Montesquieu akakurumbira nokuda kwokushandisa kwake rondedzero yokuparadzana kwemasimba, iyo inoshandiswa mumabumbiro emitemo akawanda munyika yose.

Dzidzo Yemibatanidzwa Nokubatanidzwa

Vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kuti hurumende yavo yakarongeka sei vanogona kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire, vabudirire pakuita zvinhu zvehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu, uye vanoziva kuti mitemo yepamutemo inenge ichikanganiswa.

Vanhu vakanyora Bumbiro Remitemo reUnited States vakaedza kuparadzanisa masimba ndokugovera nzvero nedzikamo kuva nechokwadi chokuti hakuna bazi rakambokwanisa kudzora hurumende yose.

Betsero Dzinoshanda Dzokuparadzana Kwesimba

Kupfuura zvinonzi ndizvo zvinonzi, kuparadzana kwemasimba kunobatsira chaizvo pakushanda kwehurumende zuva nezuva.

Kuzivisa Neunyanzvi

Kupfurikidza nokukamura mabasa ehurumende pakati pamapazu akasiana - siana, gadziriro inobvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe kutanga unyanzvi chaihwo munharaunda yaro yomutoro. Mitemo inogona kunangidzira ngwariro paunyanzvi hwokugadzira mitemo, vakuru vakuru pakuitwa nokutarisirwa, uye vatongi pakududzirwa kwapamutemo nechisarudzo chenharo.

Kuronga uku kunotungamirira zviri nani sezvo bazi rimwe nerimwe rinowedzera zivo yesangano nemiitiro zvinowirirana nebasa raro rakati.

Mapfundo Akawanda Okuwana Nawo Vagari Vomunyika

Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoparira mikana mizhinji iyo vagari vemo vanogona kupesvedzera hurumende ndokutsvaka kugadziriswa kwezvigumbu. Kana bazu rimwe rikasada kuteerera, vagari vemo vanogona kutendeukira kune rimwe. Kana imba yomutemo isati ichiita chiito, vagari vemo vangatsvaka chiito chavakuru vakuru kana kuti yamuro yedare. Kana mukuru mukuru wehurumende akakanganisa, vagari vemo vanogona kukwirira kudare kana kuti matare.

Iyi mikana yakawanda inoita kuti hurumende igamuchire zvikuru uye izvidavirire kuvanhu vainoshanda. Inogoverawo vavharo dzekotsekano nokuda kwedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, ichibvumira rwisano kupedzwa kupfurikidza nezviteshi zvesangano panzvimbo penzira dzehurumende dzokuwedzera.

Kudzikama Nokuomerera

Kana rimwe bazi rikasangana nedambudziko kana kuti rikasashanda zvakanaka, mamwe mapazi anogona kuramba achishanda.

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine chiremera charo rimene, asi rinofanirawo kutsamira pachiremera chamamwe mapazu kuti hurumende ishande.

Mirangariro Inozivikanwa Navose Yenhema Pamusoro Pokuparadzana Kwesimba

Mifungo inoverengeka isina kururama pamusoro pokuparadzana kwemasimba inogona kutungamirira kukusanzwisisana kunoshanda chaizvoizvo kwegadziriro yacho.

Kuzvimirira Kwakakwana.

Chimwe chisino mufungo chinozivikanwa ndechokuti kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoreva kuti mapazi anoshanda nenzira yokuzvimirira chose chose.Chokwadi, gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kuita kuti pave nokutsamirana. Pfungwa ndeyokuti hakuna kukwana kuparadzanisa masimba ndokuvimbisa kuzvimirira kwawo asi mapazi anofanira kuva nemitoo yebumbiro remitemo yokudzivirira nayo amene masimba apamutemo kubva kuzvinovhozhokera zvamamwe mapazu.

Mapazi akaparadzana pane mabasa awo aanoita asi akabatanidzwa nokuongorora nokudzikamisa.

Simba Rakaenzana Rinosiyanisa

Imwe rondedzero isiriyo ndeyokuti kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoreva kuti mapazi ose ane simba rakaenzana. James Madison akanyora muFederalst 51, pamusoro pemano ebazu rimwe nerimwe okuzvidzivirira rimene muzviito navamwe, kuti “hakubviri kupa kudhipatimendi rimwe nerimwe simba rakaenzana rouzivi. Muhurumende yeRepublic, chiremera chomutemo chinotonga hachisi chinhu chinotonga.

Mapazu ane masimba akasiana - siana akakodzera kumabasa awo, kwete hazvo masimba akaenzana.

Kushandisa Kunochinjika

Vamwe vanodavira kuti kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoda kukamukana kwakasimba, kusingachinjiki pakati pamapazu. Zvisinei, nheyo yacho yave ichishandiswa nguva dzose nenzira isingachinjiki. Mumabumbiro emitemo mazhinjisa azvino uno, kuparadzana kwedzidziso yemasimba kunochinjwa nepfungwa yehurumende ine mwero, yakadzikama kana kuti yezvinonzvera nedzikamo - ganhuriro — pfungwa yakasiana yakatangwa kubva murondedzero yekare yehurumende yakavhengana. Chibviro chemirangariro miviri yakatangwa pamwe chete, iyo yakabatanidzwa zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo ichirwisana kusvikira kutambanuko yakati.

Kushandiswa kweparadzano yemasimba kunofanira kuchinjira kumigariro inochinja nepo ichichengeta donzo rakwo guru rokudzivisa udzvinyiriri nokudzivirira rusununguko.

Nguva Yemberi Yokuparadzana Kwesimba

Sezvo nzanga dzinochinja dzotarisana nezvinetso zvitsva, pfungwa yokuparadzana kwemasimba makuru inofanira kuramba ichichinja uku ichichengetedza zvinhu zvayo zvinokosha zvokudzivirira.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nekudzora

Kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakadai semasayendisiti ane unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu, mashoko makuru anoongorora zvinhu, uye kuongororwa kwemichina kunomutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pokuti masimba anosiyana sei.

Mibvunzo iyi inoda kufungwa kuti ungashandisa sei nheyo dzekare kare kumamiriro ezvinhu asina kumboitika. Chinangwa chinokosha chinonzi jee resimba rinotyisidzira rusununguko, chinoramba chiripo kunyange sezvo zvinetso zvakati zvichingovapo.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose Nokushandira Pamwe Kwamarudzi Ose

Kubatanidzwa kwepasi pose kuri kuwedzera kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti kuparadzana kwemasimba kunoshanda sei apo hurumende dzinofanira kubatira pamwe mumarudzi ose.

Kudzikamisa kudikanwa kwebatira pamwe yamarudzi ose nokuchengetwa kwenzvero dzebumbiro remitemo nedzikamo kunomirira denho inopfuurira nokuda kwehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu munyika yose.

Kuchengeta Vatungamiriri Vehurumende Dzechidhimoni

Pakupedzisira, kuparadzana kwamasimba kunotsamira kwete bedzi parugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo asi pamusengwa wavakuru vakuru navagari vemo kumipimo yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Uzivi hwaMontesquieu hwokuti "hurumende inofanira kutangwa kuti pasave nomunhu anoda kutya mumwe" anoyeuchidza Madison navamwe kuti hwaro hwakasununguka nohwakadzikama hwehurumende yavo itsva yorudzi hunoda kuparadzanisa kwakananga uye kwakadzikama masimba.

Kuchengetedza iyi gadziriro kunoda kungwarira kunopfuurira, dzidzo yevagari vemo, uye kuzvipira kunheyo dzebumbiro remitemo kunyange apo dzinobvumikisa kuva dzisina kukodzera kana kuti dzinokangaidza. Kuparadzana kwamasimba hakusi kuzviparadza umene; kunoda kugadziridzwa kwokushingaira kunoitwa nechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwesimba Rakakamukana

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunoramba kuri chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvikurusa munhau yokutonga kwehurumende yehurumende.

Kuparadzana kwemasimba, kukamukana kwemibato yehurumende yemitemo, yehurumende, uye yekutonga pakati pemitumbi yakaparadzana neyakazvimirira. Kuparadzana kwakadaro kunoganhurira kunyanyisa kwokusafunga nehurumende, sezvo chirango chamapazu ose ari matatu chichidikanwa nokuda kwokuitwa, kuitwa, kuitwa, uye kuiswa kwemitemo.

Kunyange zvazvo gadziriro yacho ichiparira denho — kubatanidza bviro yokuvhara, kudikanwa kwokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye kuoma kwekudzora pamwe chete — zvinetso izvi mutengo worusununguko. Chitsinhano, simba rakaganhurirwa musangano rimwe, zvinoparira ngozi huru zvikuru kurusununguko nokudzora kwehurumende yehurumende.

Sezvo hurumende dzinosarudzwa nevanhu munyika yose dzichiramba dzichichinja uye dzichitarisana nezvinetso zvitsva, nheyo yokuparadzana kwemasimba inopa gadziriro yenguva yakaedzwa yokuronga hurumende munzira dzinodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu dzichikwanisa kudzora zvinobudirira. Kunzwisisa nheyo iyi, kubudirira kwayo munhau, uye kushanda kwayo kunoramba kuchikosha kuti munhu upi noupi atsvake kunzwisisa kuti hurumende dzinotonga nehurumende dzinosarudzwa nevanhu zvakarongeka sei uye nei dzakaumbwa sezvadziri.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro penheyo dzebumbiro- pamutemo nedzoudzori hwedemokrase, zviwanikwa zvakafanana ne Chipotidzo kubva kuRaibhurari yeCongress uye zviwanikwa zvokudzidzisa zvinobva kuU.S. zvinogovera mashoko anokosha. [[FLT:]] Enclopedia Britannica inopa kurongwa kwekuparadzaniswa kwemasimba [ mitengo yenhau dzakawedzera, nepo Chikoro cheMutemo [FLT] Chitendero] chinogovera kunzvera kwapamutemo kwemiitiro yetsika.

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba hakusati kuchingovawo zvako kuda kuziva kwenhau kana kuti dzidziso yapamutemo isina mufungo — inheyo mhenyu inopfuurira kuumba nzira iyo hurumende dzinoshanda nayo uye nzira iyo vagari vomunyika vanowana nayo rusununguko nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.