Table of Contents

Kusarudzwa kwavatungamiriri mubazu rinotonga kunomirira mumwe wemiitiro mikurusa mukudzora kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa munyika yose. Kunzwisisa kuti vatungamiriri ava vanosarudzwa sei, gadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzinoshandiswa mumarudzi akasiyana - siyana, uye miuyo mikuru iyo iyi miitiro ine nayo paupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevagari kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka zvine revo namasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inonzvera miitiro yakaoma kupfurikidza nayo vatungamiriri vanotungamirira vanova nesimba, zvirongwa zvechisarudzo zvakasiyana - siyana zvinodzora vanosarudza, uye miuyo inoparira miuyo iyoyi miuyo inoita miuyo nokuda kwehurumende, kugadzira mitoo, uye kutora rutivi kwenzanga.

Kunzwisisa Bazi Rine Simba Nenhungamiro Yaro

Simba reBazu reUdhumudzo rinoiswa muMutungamiriri weUnited States, uyo anoshandawo somukuru wehurumende neMutungamiriri wamauto ane zvombo. Mutungamiriri weHurumende ane mutoro wokushandisa nokushandisa mitemo yakanyorwa neCongress uye, kuti igopera, anogadza vakuru vemasangano ehurumende, kubatanidza Kibian. Zvisinei, chimiro nebasa revakuru vakuru zvinosiyana zvikuru mumasangano ehurumende akasiyana - siyana munyika yose.

Chiremera chomukuru wehurumende, zvakadai sapurezidhendi, mutungamiriri wehurumende, kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende, uye ukama pakati penzvimbo iyoyo nemamwe masangano ehurumende, zvakadai soukama pakati pomusoro wenyika nehurumende, zvinosiyana zvikuru pakati pehurumende dzine chiremera, zvichitsamira zvikurukuru pagadziriro chaiyo yehurumende yakasarudzwa, yakahwinwa, kana kuti yakashanduka nokufamba kwenguva. Uku kusiyana kwemasangano evakuru vakuru kunoratidza nhau dzakasiyana, tsika, uye masangano ezvematongerwe enyika izvo zvakaumba mamiriro okutonga enyika.

Mubazu guru, mukuru mukuru wehurumende ndiye mukuru mukuru mukuru kana kuti mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru wapamberi pechipiri wehurumende inotonga, nyika yakanyanyozvitonga, nyika inotsamira, nyika inodzorwa, nyika inozvitonga, kana kuti imwe hurumende inowanzotungamirira pakabhineti, boka ravashumiri kana kuti vanyori vanotungamirira madhipatimendi makurusa. Basa guru rebazi guru rinobatanidza kuita nokuisa mitemo, kutungamirira mutemo wokumwe, uye kutarisira kushanda kwezuva nezuva kwehurumende.

Gadziriro dzaPuerceria: Mitoo Yakananga Neyakananga Yokusarudza

Mugadziriro yapurezidhendi, vavhoti vanosarudza mukuru mukuru wehurumende (anowanzonzi "mutungamiriri"). Iyi gadziriro inomirira imwe yemitoo inozivikanwa zvikurusa yokusarudza nayo vatungamiriri vakuru munyika dzinosarudzwa navanhu, kunyange zvazvo miitiro chaiyo inogona kusiana zvikuru kubva kunyika imwe kuenda kune imwe.

Gadziriro Yapurezidhendi weAmerica Yokusarudza

United States ine nzira yayo isina kunanga yokusarudza purezidhendi, uyo wakasiyana nevamwe munyika: Electoral College. Kunzwisisa gadziriro iyi yakaoma kunokosha pakunzwisisa kuti utungamiriri hwevakuru vakuru hunosarudzwa sei muUnited States.

Muitiro wokuisa zvisarudzo, unobatanidza zvisarudzo zvikuru nekokorodzano dzinobatanidza zvisarudzo, hauna kududzwa muBumbiro remitemo, asi wakakudziridzwa pashure penguva yakati nehurumende namapati ezvematongerwe enyika. Uku kusarudza kukuru kunowanzoitwa pakati paJanuary naJune pamberi pesarudzo yavose muna November, nepo kokorodzano dzinosarudzwa dzinoitwa muzhizha. Iyi mhindumupindu inoratidzira kuti miitiro yedemokrati inochinjika ndokuitika kupfuura mavambo ebumbiro remitemo.

Kusarudza Kunokosha Nokushandisa

Rwendo rwokuenda kuupurezidhendi runotanga kare pamberi pesarudzo yavose. Muitiro wazvino uno uno uno unopinza sarudzo yapurezidhendi weU.S. unoumbwa namativi makuru maviri: nhevedzano yesarudzo huru dzapurezidhendi nezvisarudzo zvinoitirwa muhurumende imwe neimwe, uye kokorodzano dzapurezidhendi dzinoitwa nebato rimwe nerimwe rezvamatongerwe enyika. Uyu muitiro hauna kutongobatanidzwa muBumbiro remitemo, uye nokudaro wakavandutswa nenguva yakati namasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika kuti abvise munda wavadaviri. Sarudzo huru dzinodzo dzinodzorwa nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, nepo zvinorumbidzo dzinorongwa zvakananga namasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Zvichitungamirirwa nehurumende, zvipurichi zvingava zvakananga (vasarudzi vanosarudza mudanho) kana kuti vasina kunanga (nhume dzinosarudzwa kuti dzisarudze muvhoti), dzakavhura (voruzhinji vanosarudza kuti ipi zvikurukuru yavanosarudza) kana kuti kuvhara (kubvumira bedzi mitezo inoziviswa yebato kuti ivhote). Iyi mhatsa mugadziriro huru yezvisarudzo inoratidzira rudzi rwakaisvonaka rwezvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica uye inobvumira masangano kugadziridza magariro avo kumiitiro yomunzvimbomo netsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Iyi mibato yapamusoro neyamaparera inokatyamadzwa kazhinji kazhinji pakati paJanuary naJune pamberi pesarudzo yomubatanidzwa, Iowa neNew Hampshire nenzira yegamuchidzanwa vakabata hurumende yokutanga yapurezidhendi caucus uye zvikurukuru, nenzira inotevedzana.

Electoral College System

Electoral College iboka revareversi vakasarudzwa neBumbiro reMitemo kusarudza purezidhendi uye mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi weUnited States. Nyika 50 imwe neimwe inogoverwa vavhoti vedare ramapurezidhendi vakaenzana nenhamba yavamiriri navakuru vakuru vayo. Kudzorwa kwe 23th Amendment muna 1961 kwakabvumira vagari vomuRepublic yeColumbia kutorawo dare ramapurezidhendi; nguva dzose vakava navasaruri vatatu. Muhwerengedzo, Electoral College inobatanidza mitezo 538.

Mukuwirirana nounyanzvi, musarudzo yapurezidhendi, vavhoti veU.S. havasarudzi zvakananga mukwikwidzani wapurezidhendi, asi panzvimbo pezvo vhoti ye "vatongi" avo vanopikirwa kuvhota nokuda kwomumwe mudariro. Chiverengero chavavhoti vehurumende imwe neimwe ichiverengero chavaSenator (nguva dzose vaviri) kubatanidza nhamba yavamiriri muNhare yaVamiriri (inogoverwa yakavakirwa pavagari vemo). Uyu mutoo usina kunanga wave uri musoro wekurukurirano inopfuurira pamusoro porumano rwamatomupidhioni noushandisiro.

Mutsigiri wapurezidhendi anofanira kuwina voruzhinji vavavhoti vakasarudzwa vanokandwa kuti vahwine — vanenge 270 kana vavhoti vose vane 538. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa simba rokusarudza nzira yokugadza nayo vavhoti vavo. Ichi chinodikanwa nokuda kwamavhoti mazhinjisa, panzvimbo pokuva akapfava evhoti yakakurumbira, chinosiyanisa tsika yeAmerica kubva kune dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu vakawanda.

Simba Rapurezidhendi Nemabasa

Mukuwedzera kumasimba makuru anorondedzerwa pamusoro apa, purezidhendi anogonawo kuisa mitemo inopfuudzwa nebazu remitemo, iro panguva iyeyo rinowanzoda pesvedzero hurusa (sokufanana namatatu maviri emitezo yose yeteji imwe neimwe), kupfuudza mutemo "pover" purezidhendi churo. Iri simba rinomirira nzvero inokosha pachiremera chemitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti bazu repamusoro rinochengeta pesvedzero huru pamusoro pomuitiro wokugadzira mutemo.

Mukupesana nenyika dzakawanda nezvimiro zveparamende zvehurumende, umo hofisi yapurezidhendi, kana kuti mukuru mukuru wehurumende, zvikurukuru yetsika, muUnited States purezidhendi ane chiremera chikuru uye sezvinooneka ndiye mukuru mukuru akasarudzwa ane simba zvikurusa munyika. Uku kuiswa kwesimba mugadziriro dzapurezidhendi dzakasarudzwa dzavakuru vakuru dzinotsauranisa zvinotsiva paparamende.

Gadziriro Dzapaparamende: Kusarudza Muraudzo Vatungamiriri Vane Simba

Mugadziriro yeparamende, vagari vanosarudza mitezo yebazu rewisogratimende (inowanzonzi "paration"), iyo ipapo inosarudza mukuru mukuru mukuru (anowanzonzi "mushumiri" asi anonongedzerwa kwaari se "muchina wokufambisa mashoko" muGermany). Muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa, bazu rewiso remitemo rine kamuri rimwe bedzi panzvimbo pezviviri. Uyu mutoo usina kunanga wokusarudza utungamiriri hwavakuru vakuru unoparira ukama hwakasiana zvikuru pakati pomuteshi wemitemo namapazu enzvimbo yavakuru vakuru.

Mavambo Nokuparadzirwa Kwenyika Yose

Kugamuchirwa kwakapararira kwegadziriro dzeparamende kunoratidzira pesvedzero yenhau yokudzora kwehurumende yeBritain uye betsero dzinofungidzirwa dzouyu muenzaniso nokuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu akati ezvematongerwe enyika.

Mugadziriro zhinjisa dzeparamende, kubatanidza maminiversity ebumbiro remitemo, mutungamiriri wehurumende mutungamiriri wezvamatongerwe enyika wehurumende, uye anozvidavirira kuinenge kamuri rimwe reimba yomutemo. Uku kuzvidavirira kudare rinopa chiremera kunotanga simba rakasiana resimba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinoenzaniswa negadziriro dzapurezidhendi, umo mapazu ehurumende neanotonga anoshanda nenzira yokuzvimirira zvikuru.

Betsero Dzegadziriro Dzeparamende

Mutungamiriri wePrime kazhinji kazhinji mutezo webato gurusa, uko kunoreva kuti mutemo unopfuudzwa zviri nyore zvikuru; hakubviri kuti bazu guru ridzorwe nebato rimwe uye bazi romutemo rinodzorwa nerimwe, sezvave zvichiitika kazhinji kazhinji muU.S. uku kudzora kwakabatana kunogona kutungamirira kukudzora kwakakwana zvikuru uye mitsetse yakajeka yokuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika, sezvo vavhoti vanogona kuziva zviri nyore zvikuru kuti ipi boka rine mutoro wemitemo yehurumende nemiuyo.

Iyi miganhu yehurumende yehurumende inotonga padzimwe nguva inobatanidza mambo anobatanidzwa muhurumende, asi kazhinji kazhinji somutungamiriri wemifananidzo ane simba rokufananidzira bedzi (zvichinzi Great Britain, Spain, Netherlands, uye Sweden). aya masangano emitemo anoratidzira kuti masangano egamuchidzanwa anogona sei kuchinjirwa kuubati ushe hwehurumende yazvino uno, nemisoro yetsika yehurumende inowirirana navakuru vakuru vehurumende vanozvidavirira muhurumende.

Semi - Presiteries Nemadhiridha

Mumiitiro isati yamboitwa, mukuru wehurumende angapindura vose vari vaviri mukuru wehurumende nedare remitemo nerondedzero dzinogoverwa nebumbiro remitemo renyika imwe neimwe. Muenzaniso wazvino uno ihurumende yeFrance yazvino uno, yakatanga seFrench Fread 5 Republic muna 1958. Iyi mibatanidzwa inoedza kubatanidza mativi ose ari maviri ehurumende neparamende, ichiita gadziriro dzesimba dzakasiana.

Zvisinei, purezidhendi anofanira kusarudza mumwe munhu anogona kushanda nenzira inobudirira somutungamiriri, asi anofarikanyawo tsigiro yedare remitemo reFrance, National Assembly, kuti agone kubudisa mutemo. Achiva adzore zvikuru kupiwa mari nemitemo yehurumende, purezidhendi anomanikidzirwa kusarudza mutungamiriri mukuru pabato rinoshora kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti mutevedzeri wedare remitemo anoshanda. Muchiitiko ichi, anozivikanwa sekugarisana kwapamutemo, mutungamiriri wehurumende, pamwe chete nekabhinabhii, anodzora mutemo wemhuri, nepesvedzero yapurezidhendi wehurumende, nepesvedzero hurusaidzosero kuzvinhu zvokunzenze.

Mitoo Yokusarudza Yokutsiva Nemhaka Chaidzo

Masangano echiKomonisiti Neboka Rimwe

Muhurumende dzechiKomonisiti, munyori mukuru weKomonisiti Party mutungamiriri mukurusa, anobatira somukuru mukuru wehurumende nehurumende. MuChina, de jure wehurumende ndiPresident. Purezidhendi weChina ibasa retsika pamutemo, asi munyori mukuru weChina communist Party (mutungamiriri mukuru mugadziriro imwe yechikamu) nguva dzose akachengeta iri hofisi kubvira muna 1993 kunze kwemwedzi yokuchinja. Masangano aya anoratidzira kuti kusarudzwa kwoutungamiriri mukuru kunogona sei kubatira kunze kwegadziriro dzehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Gadziriro Dzezvirongwa Zvedhipatimendi

Mumiitiro yemitungamiriri, mitoro yavakuru vakuru vomusoro wehurumende inoparadzirwa pakati peboka ravanhu. Muenzaniso wakatanhamara iSwiss Federal Council, umo mutezo mumwe nomumwe wedare unotungamirira dhipatimendi uyewo mavhoti pazvikarakadzo zvine chokuita namadhipatimendi ose. Uyu muenzaniso woutungamiriri wakabatana unomirira mutoo wechienzi wokudzora mukuru unoparadzira simba rakafara zvikuru kupfuura gadziriro dzegamuchidzanwa dzenhungamiro imwe.

Muitiro WaPurezidhendi Wokugadza muUnited States

Apo vashandi vehurumende vanoshanda vachitungamirirwa navo vanoramba vachitsvakwa neHofisi Yevashandi uye masangano mamwe namamwe, vatungamiriri vacho pachavo vanotorwa neWhite House of Presidential Office of Service, iyo inoumbwazve napurezidhendi mumwe nomumwe.

Kukura Kwokugadzwa kwaPrezidhendi

Nzvimbo umo vaopi vaOPP vanokosha zvikurusa mubazu guru: chiverengero chedare nechesubcabinet, vatungamiriri vamasangano anozvimirira, uye vakuru vakuru vamasangano. Pamwe chete nenhume (185), magweta eU.S. (94), masangano eU.S. (94), uye mamwe, hwerengedzo yenhamba yavarongedzero yapurezidhendi inoda Dare rinosimbisa ndi 1. Simba rakagadzwa guru rinobvumira purezidhendi mumwe nomumwe kuumba bazu rechiremera mukuwirirana nemiitiro yavo yetsika uye uzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mitezo yedare rapurezidhendi inogadzwa napurezidhendi netendero yeDare. Dare reMitemo makumi maviri namashanu rinorondedzera se "vakuru vakuru vemadhipatimendi makuru," asi simba rinokosha rakapinda kumiyamu yapurezidhendi isati iri yeboka ravakuru. Muitiro wekusimbisa Dare unobatira sechenjero inokosha pasimba rapurezidhendi, ichivimbisa kuti vagadziri vawirirane nemipimo mishomanene yeCY uye tsika.

Mhindumupindu Yegadziriro Yokusarudza

Basa rokunyoresa kwapurezidhendi rakachinjwa muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi20 munzira ina. Chokutanga, kuva mukuru mukuru webasa anowedzera anotsiva nzvimbo yebato rezvematongerwe enyika sechinhu chikuru chinotangira vakagadzwa. Chechipiri, basa iri, rakatanga nomunhu mumwe anotungamirira mudare reTruman, rakaumbwa zvishoma nezvishoma sechikamu chenguva dzose cheWhite House Office chine zita repamusoro remubatsiri kuna purezidhendi.

Basa Remasangano Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Mukusarudza Kunotungamirirwa Nehurumende

Sarudzo youtungamiriri inharo yezvamatongerwe enyika inoitwa munyika dzakasiana - siana iyo mitezo yebato rezvamatongerwe enyika inosarudza kuti ndiani achava mutungamiriri webato ravo.

MuAnglosphere, mabato ezvamatongerwe enyika muCanada (Consorvative, Liberal, New Democratic and the Green pat) uye muUnited Kingdom (Mutezo, Mubatanidzwa, Riberal Democrates neGreen) anoita sarudzo dzoutungamiriri apo mitezo yebato inovhota Mutungamiriri. Iyi miitiro yomukati inogona kupesvedzera zvikuru uyo pakupedzisira anova mutezo wenzvimbo yapamusoro, kuita mutezo nerokutora rutivi runokosha nokuda kwebvumirano yehurumende.

Kuongorora uye Kudzikama Pasimba Rine Simba Rine Simba

Hurumende Yakakamukana Mugadziriro Dzapurezidhendi

Pasinei zvapo nokuti purezidhendi anosarudzwa sei, gadziriro yapurezidhendi inogona kuguma nemamiriro ezvinhu apurezidhendi kubva kune rimwe sangano rezvamatongerwe enyika nebazu rewirirano yemitemo rinotungamirira nerimwe dipati. Nemhaka yeiyi "hurumende yakakamukana," vatsoropodzi vanoonesa kuti kwakaoma kuisa muganhu, nepo vamwe vanotaura kuti icherekedzo inokosha pasimba routungamiriri. Uku kuoma kwemibato nerokuzvidavirira kunomirira denho huru mukudzora kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Kuedza Nokuchinja

Imwe nzvero inobvira pasimba ravakuru vakuru mugadziriro yapurezidhendi muitiro wokusaidzira, umo mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kusarudza kubvisa purezidhendi pahofisi nokuda kwomubato woutsotsi. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti kunyange vatungamiriri vakurusa vane simba zvikurusa vanoramba vachizvidavirira kumutemo uye kuvamiriri vavanhu.

Mumiitiro yapurezidhendi uye inoitwa kaviri, mukuru mukuru (Mutungamiriri wehurumende) anogona kubviswa bedzi nomutoo wokusarayira, uyo unogona bedzi kutangwa mumigariro yakati uye nomutoo chaiwo (sezvineiwo unobatanidza kuva mukuru wehurumende, kunzvera kwakaitwa nedare rebumbiro remitemo, kana kuti zvose zviri zviviri), uye kubviswa kunobatanidza kusarudza kwokusarudza kana kuti kutevedzana kwokuzviitikira kunzvimbo nopurezidhendi weSayenzi.

Utungamiriri Hwakaipa Nebudiriro

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi mabasa maviri chete. Chokutanga, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi anobatira sapurezidhendi weDare.Mubasa iri, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi ane simba rokuvhota kana Dare rose raparadzaniswa zvakaenzana panhau. Mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi haafaniri kutaura munharo dzeDare, zvisinei, uye haafaniri kuvhota mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu api naapi.

Rimwe basa romutevedzeri wapurezidhendi pasi peBumbiro reMitemo nderokutsiva purezidhendi anofa, anorega basa, kana kuti anova asingakwanisi kuita basa. Iyi gadziriro yokutevedzana inovimbisa kupfuurira kwoutungamiriri hwavakuru vakuru mukati menjodzi uye inogovera nhevedzano yakajeka yechiremera apo purezidhendi asingagoni kuita mabasa avo.

Purezidhendi anobatira shoko ramakore mana uye anogona kusarudzwa kanopfuura kaviri._Vice purezidhendi (mutevedzeri) anotsigira purezidhendi. Kana purezidhendi asingakwanisi kubatira, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi anova purezidhendi. Mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi anogona kusarudzwa ndokubatira nhamba isina kuganhurirwa yemitemo yamakore mana somutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, kunyange mupurezidhendi akasiana.

Mahofisi Edare Neanotungamirira

Dare rinopa miganhu inoumbwa navakuru vamadhipatimendi 15 anotungamirira. Yakagadzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare, mitezo yeKabhineti kazhinji kazhinji ndidzo vapinguri vaPurezidhendi vavapfupi vapedyosa vaPurezidhendi. Mitezo yeCabinet inoita mabasa maviri ose ari maviri sevarevereri vose vomuitiro kupurezidhendi uye savatarisiri vedhipatimendi makuru ehurumende.

Madhipatimendi ane mutoro wenharaunda huru dzehurumende mubazu guru. Kusvikira muna 2005, kune madhipatimendi gumi namashanu: Zvemari, zvokutengeserana, Defense, Energy, Health & Human Services, Homeland Security, Homeland, Homeland, Hommes; Urban Development, Information, Justice, State, Treasure, Treasure, Veterans Affairs. Madhipatimendi aya anoshanda mamiriyoni avanhu uye anoshandisa pfuma yakawanda, achiita kuti utungamiriri hwavo huve hunokosha pakutonga zvakanaka.

Mapurezidhendi anonzvera madare avo nokuda kwemashoko uye mazano pamusoro penhau dzinokosha dzemitemo nezvisarudzo. Zvisinei, kazhinji kazhinji, mapurezidhendi haasangani nekabati yose panguva imwe cheteyo. Panzvimbo pezvo, anobvunza mitezo yedare somunhu mumwe nomumwe kana kuti anoita misangano nemitezo inogona kubetsera nenhau yakati. Uku kunzvera kwakasiana kunobvumira mapurezidhendi kuwana unyanzvi hunokosha apo anoramba achibudirira mukuita zvisarudzo.

Kuronga Mari Nezviwanikwa

Mativi ezvemari okusarudza utungamiriri hwavakuru vakuru azova anokosha nenzira inowedzera muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzazvino uno. Kuwina kunokosha. Mari yakawanda nokuda kwenhimbe yapurezidhendi inowanzobva mumatare ezviito ezvematongerwe enyika (PAC), mipiro, uye masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika amene, mabhirioni amadhora akapedzerwa munhau yose pakusarudza kwapurezidhendi. Iyi zvokwadi inomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pepesvedzero yemari mune zvamatongerwe enyika nokusvika kwehofisi yapamusoro kuvadaviri pasina tsigiro huru yemari.

Nemhaka yechinjo kumitemo yemari yehurumende chifo cha 1970 pamusoro pokuziviswa kwemipiro yenhimbe dzehurumende, vakwikwidzani vanobva kumasangano makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika vanowanzozivisa vavariro dzavo dzokukurumidza kupfuurira sechirimo chekarenda gore rakapfuura pamberi pesarudzo (inenge mwedzi 21 pamberi poKupera Kwezuva).

Kunetsa Vagari Vokumaruwa Nokutora Rutivi Rwehurumende

Simba Remisikanzwa

Vagari veAmerica vane maruramiro okuvhota nokuda kwapurezidhendi nomutevedzeri wapurezidhendi kupfurikidza namavorate akavanzika. Irori guru rinomirira rutivi rukuru rwehurumende yedemocracy uye mutoo wokutanga uyo vagari vanoshandisa nawo kudzora utungamiriri hwavakuru vakuru. Kunzwisisa nzira yokushandisa nayo inobudirira iyi maruramiro kunoda zivo yetsika yavasaruri, nzvimbo dzavada kurondwa, uye mamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika makuru.

Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanosarudzwa navanhu uye vanobatira kwenguva yakati inonzi shoko rehofisi. Zvichitsamira pamitemo yehurumende, mukuru mukuru angamhanyira nokuda kwokusarudzwazve kana shoko racho rapera. Gadziriro yedu yehurumende inonzi democracy inomirira. Uku kumirira kunoreva kuti vagari vemo vanofanira kusanorangarira kwete zvipikirwa zvekurumidziro bedzi asi kuita kwavo kungabvira pamusoro penguva yose yehofisi.

Kubatanidzwa Kwebic Kunopfuura Kupiwa

Kunyange zvazvo kuvhota kuchimirira rudzi rwakananga zvikurusa rwokutora rutivi muchisarudzo chavakuru vakuru, kuronga kwehurumende kwehurumende kunopfuura zvikuru bhokisi revhota.Vagari vemo vanogona kupesvedzera muitiro wokusarudza kupfurikidza nemitoo yakasiana - siana, kubatanidza kutora rutivi musarudzo huru, kupinda macoucuse, kuzvipira nokuda kwemibato, kuita mipiro yemari, uye kupinda mukuita umbavha hwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kunzwisisa muitiro wokusarudza vatungamiriri kunopa simba vagari vemo kuti vasarudze vatungamiriri vose muhofisi. Kupfurikidza nokuziva kuti vatungamiriri vakasarudzwa sei uye masimbai avanawo, vavhoti vanogona kuyera zviri nani kana vakuru vakasarudzwa vari kuita zvipikirwa zvavo zvenhimbe uye vachibatira fariro yavose. Iyi zivo inobetserawo kuziva vagari vemo apo simba ravakuru riri kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kana kuti apo nzvero nedzikamo zviri kukundikana kushanda nenzira yakafanira.

Kutapura Kudzora uye Kudzora

Nzira iyo vatungamiriri vakuru vanosarudzwa nayo ine revo huru nokuda kwemarudzi emitemo inorondwa neanoshanda nayo hurumende. Gadziriro dzapurezidhendi, nokuparadzana kwadzo masimba nebviro yehurumende dzakakamukana, dzingaparira chinjo dzegadziriro dzeenderero mberi zvikuru uye dzinoda kubvumirana kukuru pakati pamapazu. Miitiro yeParamende, nokubatanidzwa kwayo kwesimba roukuru neromutemo, zvingagonesa chinjo dzinokurumidza zvikuru nedzine udzame apo hurumende dzinochinja.

Simba rakaenda nenzira inowedzera kuBazu reGuru reUniversity, rinoguma nesimba rapurezidhendi rinorondedzerwa kwete neBumbiro reMitemo setsika dzakasikwa mukati mamazana maviri amakore akapfuura. Pakasvika pakati pezana ramakore rechi20, mugariro unowedzera wokutonga uye chiito chokukurumidza chesimba remitemo rinopfuudza raitsigira purezidhendi. Uku kushanduka kwesimba rechiremera kunosimbisa ukoshi hwokungwarira nokubatanidzwa mukuchengeta kuzvidavirira kwehurumende.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino uye Magakava

Misangano yeElectoral College

MuUnited States, purezidhendi anosarudzwa kwete nevhoti yakakurumbira yenyika asi neElectoral College — gadziriro yechinyakare neyakaoma inopa miuyo inopesana nechisarudzo choruzhinji chavavhoti veAmerica. Panhambo shanu, kubatanidza mumbiri dzesarudzo nhanhatu dzokupedzisira, vada kutora vakahwina Electoral College, uye nokudaro mutungamiriri, pasinei zvapo nokurasikirwa nevhoti yakakurumbira yenyika yose. Uku kubvisa pakati pezvido zvakakurumbira nezvisarudzo zvinosarudzwa kwakanyandura gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pechinjo dzinosarudzwa.

Electoral College ine mavambo ourudzi — apo yakatangwa, yakashandisa chitsama chamashoko chamatatu, icho chakapa betsero yenhambo refu yezvisarudzo kuhurumende dzavaranda kuMaodzanyemba — uye chinopfuurira kupfavisa simba rezvamatongerwe enyika ravavhoti vemavara. Inoita kuti nhimbe dzapurezidhendi dzinangirire pachiverengero chiduku zvikuru che "nyika dzinofamba". Pamwe chete, idzi dzinopesvedzera dzakanyandura kurukurirano pamusoro poukuru hwegadziriro yedemocracy.

Zvikarakadzo Zvokuchinja

Kuti United States ive hurumende inomiririra zvikuru inosarudzwa navanhu, vachinji vari kuvavarira kuti purezidhendi wacho asarudzwe panzvimbo pezvo nevhoti yakakurumbira yenyika, uko kungabetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti muvhoti ari wose anokosha zvakaenzana. zvikarakadzo zvakasiyana - siyana zvokuchinja zvakafambira mberi, kubatanidza National Popular Vote Intertate Convention Convention, izvo zvaizoshandisa nenzira inobudirira vhoti yakakurumbira yenyika pasina kuda kuti pamutemo ugadziridze.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemiitiro yevhoti nedzoudzori hwedemokrase, zviwanikwa zvakadai se Brennan Center yeRuramisiri zvinogovera nzvero huru nenzvero pakodzero dzokuvhota nokutungamirira shoo. USA.gov inopa mashoko akakwana pamusoro pemibato yehurumende nemikana yokutora rutivi kwevagari vemo.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzakawanda uye Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa Nawo

Kunzvera kuti nyika dzakasiana - siana dzinosarudza sei vatungamiriri vadzo vakuru vanopa nzwisiso inokosha musimba noutera hwegadziriro dzakasiana - siana. nepo United States inoshandisa gadziriro yayo yeElectoral College, hurumende dzakawanda dzinotonga hurumende dzinoshandisa vhoti yakakurumbira yakananga nokuda kwapurezidhendi kana kuti kusarudzwa kwavakuru vakuru vehurumende. Mamwe marudzi akaedza gadziriro dzemibatanidzwa inoedza kubatanidza betsero dzezvose zviri zviviri.

Rudzi rwakaisvonaka rwesarudzo rweAmerica rwakasiana nemimwe mizhinji inosarudzwa navanhu. Sarudzo yapurezidhendi weU.S., kufanana nedzimwe sarudzo dzose muUnited States, igadziriro yakaisvonaka zvikuru. Nepo Bumbiro remitemo reU.S. rinogadza miganhu nokuda kwesarudzo yapurezidhendi navamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende, mutemo woruwa, kwete wehurumende, unodzora mativi mazhinjisarudzo muU.S., kubatanidza kuva napanzvimbo pezvisarudzo, kujeka kwevoruzhinji (pamberi perondedzero huru yemitemo yehurumende), uye udzame hwakajeka hwokuita dare renyika imwe neimwe. Sarudzo dzose, kubatanidza hurumende, dzinodzorwa, dzinodzorwa nehurumende imwe neimwe. Nokudaro, sarudzo yapurezidhendi inodzoro idika chaizvoizvo kubatanidzwa kwehurumende yenyika imwe neimwe inodzorwa nehurumende inodzorongedzerwa nehurumende imwe chete.

Kubatsira Kunoita Hurukuro Yezvinobudisa Mashoko Neyavose

Miitiro yokusarudza vatungamiriri vemazuva ano inopesvedzerwa zvikuru nokupa hurukuro yavose. Kukakavadzana kwaPrezidhendi, kushambadzira, kuzivisa nhau, uye kuwedzera kwemanyuko anobudisa nhau zvose zvinoumba kuti vanoda kutendwa vanorangarirwa sei uye kuti vavhoti vanoitei sei zvisarudzo. Basa rezvinobudisa nhau mukutsvaka vanoda kutsiva, kutaura kweidi, uye kugovera nzvimbo dzekurukurirano yavose zvazova zvinokosha kumuitiro wokusarudza.

Kukurumidza kubuda kwamabato ezvamatongerwe enyika kwakatungamirira kunzvimbo yekokorodzano dzechimurenga, sarudzo huru, uye kuzivisa mashoko mukusarudza mukwikwidzani webato. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinobudisa nhau rwakavamba, naizvozvo ivawo namazano enhimbe uye nzira dzinokurukura nadzo navavhoti. Kunzwisisa kurava nokunyora nokunzvera mashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika kwazova unyanzvi hunokosha nokuda kwougari hunozivikanwa.

Miganhu Yemashoko uye Kuchinja Kwevatungamiriri

Mapurezidhendi anosarudzwa kunhambo yebasa yamakore mana. Purezidhendi wokutanga wenyika, George Washington (1 732-1799; akabatira 1789-97), anogadza muenzaniso wemativi maviri kupfurikidza nokuramba kumhanya nokuda kwenhambo yechitatu yebasa. Iyi gamuchidzanwa gare gare yakasimbiswa muChinjo yeChinjo yeChinjo yeChipiri, iyo inoganhurira pamutemo purezidhendi kumashoko maviri. Mitemo inovimbisa kuchinjwa kwenguva dzose kwevatungamiriri ndokudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba kunogona kuuya nokuwedzerwa kwechikamu chikuru.

Kutamisirwa kune rugare kwesimba pakati pevatungamiriri kunomirira chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvikuru zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Ipapo Congress inosimbisa miuyo mukuvamba kwaJanuary, uye shoko rapurezidhendi rinovamba paZuva Rokupengedzerwa, iro chibviro chokupfuura kweEpremitement yechigumi naMazana Ane Chikamu cheMitemo yakagadzwa pana January 20. Iyi muitiro wokuchinja kwakarongeka, nemitemo yayo yemitemo uye tsika, zvinosimbisa nheyo yokuti simba rechiremera rinowanwa navanhu panzvimbo pemunhu mumwe nomumwe.

Nguva Yemberi Yokusarudza Kune Chiremera

Sezvo hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzichipfuurirawo kuva migariro iyo vatungamiriri vakuru vanosarudzwa nayo. Tsitsiro dzemiitiro dzingagonesa zvimiro zvitsva zvokutora rutivi, kuvambira paindaneti kuvhota kusvikira kuhoro dzemichina yemataundi. Chinjo dzemadokotera uye zvibvumirano zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinochinja sezvingabvira zvichapesvedzera vose vari vaviri vanomhanyira kunzvimbo uye kuti nhimbe dzinoitwa. Chinjo yenzvimbo, kusaenzana kwemari, uye zvimwe zvinetso zvenyika yose zvingava zveva nezvinoiswa pakutanga nemavara anotsvaka mutungamiriri vapamusoro.

Gakava riri kupfuurira pamusoro pegadziriro dzezvirongwa zvokusarudza rinoratidzira mibvunzo yakadzama pamusoro pemipimo yedemocracy nezvinoiswa pakutanga. Ko gadziriro dzinofanira kuisa mipimo yakaenzana kana kuti mhatsa yapasi? Dzinofanira kutsigira dzikamo nokupfuurira kana kuti kudavira kupfurikidza nokuchinja murangariro wavanhu here?

Matanho Anoshanda Okuziva Ugari Hwomunyika

Kunzwisisa kuti vatungamiriri vanotungamirira vanosarudzwa sei kunongova danho rokutanga rokuita basa rehurumende yeruzhinji.

  • Bvumira kuvhota uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mashoko okunyoresa achiripo
  • Zvinzvimbo zvevatsvakurudzi, mamiriro ezvinhu, uye zvinyorwa pamberi pesarudzo
  • Kubatanidzwa musarudzo huru negadziriro kuti upesvedzere kusarudzwa kwebato
  • Vanopinda mahoro, horo dzemataundi, uye kurukurirano kuti vanzwe zvakananga kubva kuvanoda kupinda
  • Kuzvipira nokuda kwenhimbe kana kuti masangano ezvematongerwe enyika anowirirana nemipimo yomunhu oga
  • Kuonana nevakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kuti vataure mirangariro panhau dzinokosha
  • Uzive nezvezviitiko zviri kuitika uchishandisa nhau dzakasiyana - siyana, dzakavimbika
  • Kurukura nhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika nemitezo yeshamwari, mhuri, uye nzanga
  • Tsigira zvirongwa zvedzidzo yevanhu vomunyika yacho zvinobatsira vamwe kunzwisisa maitiro ehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu
  • Vape mhosva kuvakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kupfurikidza nokuongorora basa ravo munzvimbo

Masangano akadai se Nhevedzano yavakadzi inogovera zviteshi zvedzidzo zvisingavhoti uye mikana yebvumirano yehurumende. Vate.org website inogovera zvishandiso zvokunyoresa, zvikumbiro zvokubhadharira, uye kuvhota mashoko.

Zviri Mukati Poutongi Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Nehurumende

Miitiro yokusarudza yakananga haisati iripo mukuparadzaniswa asi panzvimbo pezvo inoumba rutivi rwegadziriro hurusa dzehurumende inotonga. Ukama pakati pevatungamiriri, vatongi, uye vatongi; basa ramapati ezvamatongerwe enyika namasangano enzanga; dziviriro yekodzero dzevanhu nefariro shomanene; uye miitiro yerwisano ine rugare inobatana kuumba kushanda kwehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu vose.

Bumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States rinokamura hurumende yehurumende kuva mapazi matatu kuti rive nechokwadi chokuti hakuna munhu mumwe kana kuti boka richava nesimba rakanyanyowanda: Legistrative(Genestigati) Rinoita mitemo (Dare, inoumbwa neImba Yavamiririri neDare) Inodzorwa neSangano), inoronga mitemo (mutungamiriri, muteveri wapurezidhendi, Cabinette, masangano ehurumende) Justial / Evaluvaluateates (Dare redare nemamwe matare). Uku kuparadzana kwemasimba, kwakabatanidzwa nechenjero dzakasiana - simbiso, kunoparira tsika yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa udzvinyiriri apo inoita kuti pave nokudzora kunobudirira.

Mupeto: Basa Rinopfuurira Roubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunodzora

Kusarudzwa kwevatungamiriri vakuru kunomirira kuratidzwa kukuru kwouchangamire hwakakurumbira uye kuzvitonga kwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji. Kungava kupfurikidza nesarudzo yakananga yapurezidhendi, kusarudzwa kwehurumende yehurumende, kana kuti gadziriro dzemibatanidzwa inobatanidza zvinhu zvezvose zviri zviviri, muitiro uyo vagari vanosarudza nawo vatungamiriri vavo unoumba zvikuru hunhu hwehurumende uye rudzi rwoupenyu hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kunzwisisa iyi miitiro kunosimbisa vagari vemo kutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira zvikuru mukudzora kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kunoita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavirire, uye vanoshanda kukuchinja kunosimbisa masangano ehurumende yehurumende. sezvo gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinopfuurira kushanduka mukupindura zvinetso zvitsva nemikana, vagari vemo vanoziva uye vakagadzwa vanoramba vachikosha kuti vasimbise kuti kusarudzwa kwehurumende kunobetsera mipimo yavose uye inoratidzira ubati ushe hwehurumende.

Utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hunotsamira kwete bedzi pagadziriro dzakarongwa nemiitiro izvo vatungamiriri vanosarudzwa kupfurikidza nazvo asiwo pakutora rutivi kwokushingaira kwavagari vemo vanonzwisisa iyi miitiro ndokushandisa zivo yavo kuumba miuyo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nokuda kwamashoko okuwedzera pamusoro pemarongerwo ehurumende uye kutora rutivi munzanga, Nhevedzo yeNational Archives inogovera kusvika kukuvamba zvinyorwa nezviwanikwa zvenhau, nepo masangano akafanana ne Center yeProgramu yeCUP inopa mapurogiramu edzidzo nezvishandiso zvedzidzo nokuda kwavagari vemo vemazera ose. Izvi zviwiro zvinogona kubetsera kukudza kunzwisisa miitiro yedemocraticism uye kuparira kuvimbisana kushingaira zvikuru kwehurumende.

Kana vanhu vakagara vachiudzwa, vachishingaira, uye vachishanda kuti vasimbise masangano ehurumende yegutsaruzhinji, vagari vemo vanogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti masangano aya anoramba achibvuma zvinodiwa nevanhu uye kuti akwanise kuva noutungamiriri hunobudirira, hunoda kuzvidavirira kuzvizvarwa zvichauya.