Kushanduka Kwe Amendeji Yechina Kunodzivirira Munyika Inogadzira Madhigirii

Kodzero yokusununguka pakunzvera kusina mufungo uye kubatwa nehosha dzinomira senheyo yerusununguko rwomunhu, yakaiswa muChinjo yeChina kuUnited States Constitution. Yakasimbiswa muna 1791, rugwaro rwayo runorava, kuti: "Kodzero yavanhu yokuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, kurwisana nokunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha, hazvisati zvichizoputswa, uye hapana Warrics ichaiswa, asi pachisakiso chinobvira, chinotsigirwa neOath kana kuti kusimbiswa, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo yokunzverwa, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvokubatwa. Nemhaka inopfuura mazana maviri amakore, kunzvera uku kwakadzivirirwa vagari vehurumende kupfurikidza nokuda kudzorwa kwomutemo kupfurikidza nokuwana migariro inotevedzerwa. Vava vanotongerwa kupfurikidza nemitemo yemitemo isati yagara iripo zvinobvira. Zvisinei, nguva inoshandutswa zvikuru yezvikamu zvakasiana zvakasiana zvamatongo zvinopfuutswa. Zvipo zvinobvira kupfurikidza nemitemo zvinopfupikisa zvinopfupikisa kugadzirirwa kupfurikidza kunzvera. Zvipo zvino. Zvipotototeveri zvinopfura

Mavambo Enhau Okutsvaka Nedzidziso Yakaoma

Gadziriro yeChina yakatangwa nokuda kwokudzivisa kudzorwa nehurumende kutenderwa kwemitemo yehurumende nemhindu dzebetsero, izvo zvakabvumira zviremera zveBritain kuita kunzvera misha nezvinhu zvisina kuganhurirwa. Chinjo huru ndeyokudzivirira vagari vemo pakuvhozhokera kwehurumende kwokusasarura kupfurikidza nokuraira kuti kunzvera kumwe nokumwe kururamiswe nenyumwiro. Nhoroondo zhinji yeAmerica, kunyoreswa kweGazhesmendime yeChina kwakanga kwakananga: kwakadzora kuvhozhozhokerwa kwomuviri kwomusha womunhu, munhu, mapepa, kana kuti miuyo. Kunzvera kwakaitika apo mukuru mukuru mukuru akapinda muji akapinda mujingano pamutemo munzvimbo yakadzivirirwa nomutemo. uye kubvutwa kwakaitika apo hurumende yakatora zvinhu zvokunyama.

Zvisarudzo zviviri zvenhau zvikuru zvakagadziridzazve kunzvera kweGavhura kweChina muzana ramakore rechi 20. Mu Olstead v. United States (1928), Dare rakaramba kuti kuvhura runhare hakuna kuumba kunzvera kana kuti kubvunda nemhaka yokuti kwakanga kusina kupindira kwomuviri mumusha wemukwiri. Mutongi Brandeis akakurumbira, achipikisa kuti kodzero yokubvumirwa yoga yakanga iri "yakawanda zvikurusa yekodzero neyakarurama inokosheswa zvikurusa navanhu vakabudirira." Makore makumi mana gare gare gare gare gare, Dare rapamusoro panzvimbo inopfuudzwa kuti pa [FLM] mu . [FLT] Katz. United States [FF:] [1967], rinogadza nzvimbo yechine yokudzivirira nzvimbo yemitemo. Harlan rinogadza tarisiro "yokuedza kudarika mwero wakavanzika.]

Zvinetso Zvemadhiragi Kudziviriro Kwekuzvidzivirira Pakuva Woga

Kuchinja kwemitemo kwakabudisa katz mafashoni munzira dzakawanda. Chokutanga, mashoko akawanda emunhu oga anoitwa nemakombiyuta anodarika zvikuru chinhu chipi nechipi chingachengetwa mumusha chaiwo. Svetfoni yazvino uno ine kwete bedzi matanda asi maemail, mashoko, mapikicha, nzvimbo, mashoko ezvemari, zvinyorwa zvemari, uye -- kupfurikidza neapps -- chinyorwa chine udzame hweupenyu hwomunhu hwezuva nezuva. Chechipiri, mashoko akawanda eiwo anogara kwete pachishandiswa asi pagore kana pachitatu, vashanyi, anonangidzira mashandiro eDamhiti. Pasi pe "Grafurth-partmentation Reformation, dzidziso" Dare rakanga ragara richirangarira kuti vanhu vanorasikirwa nokuzvironzesa. Somuenzaniso, [FT] [FT]

Zvisinei, mavara akasiyana emichina yemichina akasunda matare kurangarirazve dzidziso yechitatu. Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva kusakwanisa kwegadziriro yekare munhevedzano yenhau dzazvino uno. Muuyo unoshanda ndowokuti masangano anochengeta mutemo zvino ane mano okunzvera asingaenzaniswi, kubatanidza mashoko enzvimbo yesero (CSLI), GPS kunyora mashoko ekero, porogiramu yemametamendi, miunganidzwa yemitemo yemitemo yemakombiyuta. Matururo anobvumira hurumende kuronga mifananidzo ine udzame yemasangano evanhu, masangano, uye miitiro pasina kumboenda panzvimbo yazvo.

Dare Gurusa Rinotonga Kubvisa Kuva Wega Kwemadhigirii

United States v. Jones (202)

Mu United States v. Jones, Dare rakataura kana ichibatanidza shopu inofambisa GPS kumotokari uye ichiongorora mafambiro ayo kwamazuva 28 yakaita kunzvera. Hurumende yakataura kuti hakuna kunzvera kwakaitika nemhaka yokuti mukwirirwo haana kariro ine mufungo yemibato yavose yemotokari. Dare rakasarudza mukudaidzo waJones, asi ruramisiro dzakaparadzaniswa pamitengo. Rusarudzo rweSabata Scalia yairangarira kuti kubatana kwomuviri kwechapachwa chacho kwakanga kuri kudarika zvinhu, uye naizvozvo kunzvera kweChigadziro chechina chechina. Sotomateor anobvuma, kwete kuti "kufambira mberi kworuzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kunobvira uko kunoitwa nedare renguva refu romunhuwo rinoitawo risingabviri rinobvira kuteverwawo kutendwa kupfurikidza nokupanikira kwokusaidzwa kwechinyimira mberi kwechito yechitatu. Chiratichipo chenhau chakateverwa, chinoteverwa chitsa kutongwa chakati, chikanwa chakati, chikambira kuteverwa ku

Riley v. California (2014)

Mu California, Dare rakatarisana nenhau yokuti mapurisa angatsvaka runhare rweserura rwabatwa kuti vasungwe pasina pamutemo. Dare rakabatana rakataura kuti varege. Mutongi mukuru Roberts akanyora kuti "nharefoni dzemazuva ano, seboka, dzinobatanidza zvinhu zvepachivande kupfuura zvinobatanidzwa nokutsvakwa kwepakiti refodya, chikwama, kana kuti chikwama. Murangariro wakasimbisa kuti foni dzeserura hadzisi chimwe chinhuwo zvacho; dzine "chibariso choupenyu" uye dzinogona kuchengeta zvitsamakurusa zvemashoko, izvo zvisati zvichitombova pachishandiswa. Dare rakaramba kutaura kwehurumende kwakanga kuri kunzvera kwechipo nokuda kwechiito chakafanana nechitoko chesimba chakafanana nechinoto.

Carpbate v. United States (208)

Chisarudzo chakatanhamara zvikurusa chemipimo yokuziva chinenge chiri che Kamber v. United States. Hurumende yawana mazuva 127 enzvimbo yenzvimbo yesero kubva kuSprint, ichifukidza kufamba kwomukwiridzi, pasina murairo. Nhau yakanga iri yokuti hurumende inoita kuti kuwanikwa kweCSSLI yenhau yenhau yechitatu yePGPT. Mutongo wePremendeteji inoumba mashoko enzvimbo yesero. Muchisarudzo, Dare rairangarira kuti inoita. Chiratidzoro charo charo, zvakare kunyora nokuda kwevoruzhinji, inozivikanwa kuti vanhu "va nekariro ine mufungo yezviito zvavose zvemuviri wavo wose." Dare rinotsaura mativi matatu edzidziso, senhau [FLT:]

Kuedza Kudzivirira Mitemo Yemunhu Woga

Nepo matare akaita nhano dzinokosha, Dare rehurumende rakaitawo kuvandudza dziviriro dzakavanzika dzenhambo yemitemo. ZVIREVERWA ZVENHAU] ya 1986 yakanga iri kuedza kwapakuvamba kutambanudzira dziviriro dzechakavanzika chemagetsi, asi gadziriro dzayo dzakava dzechinyakare. Somuenzaniso, ECPA inobvumira hurumende kuvhura maemail anochengetwa mazuva anopfuura 180 bedzi nesiri yepa, kwete chibvumirano. [[FLT:] USCONDURAS [[FFFF:3] [muss] yagara] panzvimbo yezvirongwa zvakawanda zvemasangano ouchenjeri asi mazati asara mazasitiki. [mu adzoro akawanda]

Chivil Liberties Union yeAmerican yave iri mutsigiri anotungamirira nokuda kwokuvandudza dziviriro dzeGadziro Yechina, ichitaura kuti dzidziso yechitatu inofanira kugadziridzwa kuziva kuti mashoko emichina akasiana zvikurukuru nezvinyorwa zvebhizimisi zviri muchinyorwa [[FLT:]SMT][[FLT]]].

Nyika Inobatanidza: Kunyora Mashoko Akarurama, Kuvhara, uye Kuziva Mitemo Yezvinhu Zvipenyu

Kuedza kuongorora kunopa denho huru zvikuru. Kukakavadzana pamusoro pe kuisa mutemo kwaipesana kwaida kuteererwa nokuda kwe "kusvika kwomutemo" mukurwisana nokuchengeteka uye kuvandika kwavashandisi vose. FBI' 2016 inoedza kumanikidza kuti apedze pepanhau reSan Bernardo reProfter' revhoast's reconfy pamusoro pekuti hurumende inogona kukumbira makambani okudzivirira. Hapana dare rakatonga zvakasimba pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvemitemo zvePrefectionment. Panguva ino, [[FLT]] kuvhurasa bhini renyika yeSandroult' kana kuti zvimwe zviito zvehondo kuti zvisarudzo kuti zvishake, kana zvichiumba kunzvera, kana zvichidiwa.

Kuongorora kwomuviri, kubatanidza kuziva chiso, kuongorora mashandisiro echiso, uye kuongorora maminwe, kunopa mumwe mupendero wakaoma kunzwisisa. Matare anowanzotaura kuti munhu haana kariro ine mufungo yezvakavanzika muchitarisiko chake paruzhinji, asi kudzorwa kwemajekerwe ezvinhu zvipenyu kunoita kuti kuzivikanwa nokuzivikanwa kwechiso nemitemo, dzimwe nguva kubatanidzwa nemanyuko makuru erezinesi omutyairi, kwakatungamirira kumatare kutaura kuti kuputsa mutemo weRemendement yeChina. [[FLT:LYN]. Hurumende ye[FLT] inoita kuti kuzivikanwa nokuzivikanwa kupfuuridzwa nomutemo womutemo, dzimwe nguva kuchivakwa kunenge kuchivakwa kwemapepa anoisa kubvumira kunyorwa kwemajeredhi anopesana nejekero.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzose Kutsvaka Madhigirii uye Kushaya Zvokushandisa

United States haisati iri yoga mukurwisana nenhau idzi. European Union's General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) inogovera dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwemitemo yomunhu oga, uye Dare reEurope rekodzero dzevanhu rakaziva kuti kuongorora kwemagetsi kunogona kuputsa Chikamu 8 cheEurope Convention on Human Rights, chinovimbisa kodzero yokuremekedza upenyu hwemunhu oga. Munhau yechiratidzo Hama Watch v. United Kingdom[FLT:] [20] [20], Dare reEurope rakaramba kuti UK's joctum inoputsa kodzero dzavanhu. Panguva ino, kufanana neUnited States yakapfuudza mitemo inoda kupiwa mitemo yokukurukurirana yapamutemo, kana kuti inoita kuti idzokororongedzeke pamutemo.

Mitemo yenyika yose inogoverana zvirongwa, zvakadai seUS-K Data Access Acception pasi peCLOUD Act, bvumira kuchengetwa kwomutemo mune imwe nyika kukumbira mashoko emagetsi kuvaridzi mune imwe nyika. Zvibvumirano izvi zvinomutsa mibvunzo yeGaramende Yechina pamusoro pemichinjikwa uye kana zvibvumidzo zvakabudiswa nematare okumwe zvinogutsa chinodikanwa cheTYNUD. [FLT: 0] United States v. Microsoft Corp. [2017], Congress Comment yakatakura nenzira inobudirira mhaka yacho kupfurikidza nokupfuudza CLOUD Act, inobvumira US kusimbisa chiremera kuti uwane mashoko akachengetwa kune kunze kwenyika.

Mugumo: Kudzikamisa Chengeteko Norusununguko Muzera Ramadhigirii

Kodzero yokusununguka mukunzvera kusina mufungo yakabvumikisa kuva inochinjika nenzira inoshamisa, asi nhano yechinjo yeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu inopfuurira kudarika mutemo. Chirango chinobva Katz ku Karperent[ inoratidza kuti Dare rapamusoro riri kuziva zvishoma nezvishoma kuti mashoko emichina anoda chivako chitsva, -- uyo anosiya miedzo yakavakirwa pachinhu nedzidziso yechitatu yakaregeredzwa. Zvisinei, Dare rakapfuurira nokungwarira, richisiya mibvunzo mizhinji isina kupindurwa. Ko hurumende inoda here maruramiro okuwana nhau dzepamusha dzokunzvera??

Chiito chapamutemo chinoramba chiri chinokosha. Congress inofanira kuvandudza ECPA kuti idine zvibvumikiso zvekurukurirano dzose dzamagetsi namashoko akachengetwa, pasinei zvapo nezera kana kuti nzvimbo. Inofanirawo kupfuudza mutemo wehurumende wemunhu oga unoisa dziviriro dzezvisakiso zvomunhu oga pazvose zviri zviviri hurumende nesangano. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunodikanwa kwapamutemo kunzvera utsotsi ndokudzivirira chengeteko yorudzi kunofanira kuiswa kupfurikidza nemiitiro inoratidzirwa zvakajeka, kutungamirira kwedare, uye kunyura kwezuva pazviremera zvokunzvera. Gadziro yeChina haisati iri gadziriro yokuzvibhadharira kuzviisa pasi. Munhambo yemitengo ino mufungo, denho kurondedzera icho "ne mufungo" apo hurumende ine mano okuona, kunzwa, uye rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwedu.

Seizvo Justice Brandeis akanyevera mu Olmstead, "Njodzi hurusa kurusununguko rwakavanda munhambo dzamanomano dzinopinda muvanhu veshingairo, dzinoshanda zvakanaka asi dzisina nzwisiso. Kukura kwekodzero yokusununguka mukunzvera kusina mufungo munhambo yemitengo kuchatsamira pakupedzisira pakunzwisisa kwose kwematare, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vanhu vose kuti kuvandika hakusati kuri musara wenhau yepepa nenhau asi mugariro unokosha worusununguko munyika yakabatana. Chizvarwa chinotevera chedzidziso yeRendexhement reDrudzo kunofanira kuvimbisa kuti ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoshanda navanhu, kwete kudzokera shure. [FL.F.2]