Bazu guru rinomira seinjini yokudzora kwezuva riri rose, kushandura donzo remitemo kuva chiito chinooneka. Rinopomerwa nokusimbisa mitemo, kuitisa ukama hwokumwe, uye kudzora chishandiso chikuru chehurumende yehurumende, rinotapura zvakananga anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hworudzi. Kunzwisisa chimiro charo, mitoro, uye masimba zvinokosha nokuda kwomugari upi noupi anoda kunzwisisa kuti zvisarudzo pamusoro pechengeteko yenyika, muitiro wemari, uye mabasa oruzhinji zvinoitwa ndokuitwa sei.

Mavambo Nenheyo yeBumbiro reMitemo

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. vakaumba bazu guru kuti rive nesimba rakakwana kuita chiito chakasimba chisati chamanikidzwa zvakakwana kudzivisa udzvinyiriri. Kupinda muConvention yeBumbiro reMitemo ra1787, Article II[ akatanga purezidhendi mumwe akasarudzwa kupfurikidza neElectoral College, achiramba zvose zviri zviviri mukuru mukuru mukuru asina simba pasi peZvikamu zveConfederation uye muenzaniso wemisoro. Ichi chirongwa chakaratidzira dzikamo yokungwarira pakati pesimba mukambani uye kuzvidavirira kuvanhu nemamwe mapazu.

Kusafanana nemiitiro yeparamende umo mukuru mukuru anobva mudare, muenzaniso unoparira chiremera chakasiana, chakasarudzwa nakakurumbira mukuru mukuru weU. Uku kuparadzana kwamasimba kunogona kuvimbisa purezidhendi kunzvera Congress nedare, nepo mamwe mapazu achinzvera zvakaenzana chiremera chapurezidhendi. Bumbiro remitemo rinodudza zvakajeka masimba mashomanene bedzi apurezidhendi, akadai segweta nomutungamiriri mukuru mukuru, asi basa rapurezidhendi rakakura zvikuru kupfurikidza nokushandisa, mutemo, uye kududzira kwokutonga.

Zvikamu Zvikuru zveBazu Rinotungamirira

Bazu razvino uno rinotonga igadziriro huru yemahofisi, madhipatimendi, masangano, uye madare. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinoita basa rakasiana mukuita mabasa ebumbiro remitemo rapurezidhendi nerapamutemo.

Purezidhendi

Somutungamiriri wehurumende uye mukuru mukuru wehurumende, purezidhendi anopfeka ngowani dzakawanda. Masimba ehurumende anobatanidza kubatira somutungamiriri mukuru wamauto akashongedzerwa, kupazve kukanganwirwa nokukanganwirwa kwemhaka dzehurumende, kuita zvibvumirano (nezano reDare nemvumo), kugadza nhume, vatongi vehurumende, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru, uye kuvimbisa kuti mitemo inourawa nenzira yokutendeka. Muitiro, purezidhendi anoshandisawo masimba asina kurongwa anokosha, kuronga kwechirongwa, uye zvirango zvoukuru hwehurumende.

Mienzaniso yenhau inoratidzira ukuru hwechiremera chapurezidhendi. Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt akashandisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kuumba masangano eNew Deal, nepo Purezidhendi Harry Truman aibvisa mauto ehondo nenhungamiro yavakuru vakuru. misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, purezidhendi akashandisa zviito zvevakuru vakuru pakutama, kuchinja mamiriro okunze, uye zvikwereti zvavadzidzi kuita apo Congress aiuraya mavhiri. Izvi zvinowanzomutsa zvinetso zvepamutemo negakava rezvamatongerwe enyika, zvichisimbisa gakava riri kupfuurira pamusoro pomugariro wapamutemo wesimba rapurezidhendi.

Mutungamiriri weHurumende Aiva Mutongi

pakuvamba ibasa retsika huru, mutevedzeri woupurezidhendi akachinja kuva mutungamiriri mukuru nenzvimbo yokushanda. Mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi anobatira sapurezidhendi weDare, achivhota zvisarudzo zvechikamu, uye anomira mumutsara wenhevedzano. Mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi wazvino uno anowanzotora dare guru remitemo, mabasa ehurumende, uye mitoro yokutarisira mukati mebazu remukuru mukuru. Amendezi weChi25th Amendment yakaronga muitiro wokuzadza basa roupinderi wapurezidhendi uye nhevedzano youpurezidhendi yechinguvana nemhaka yokuremara.

Kabhineti

Dare rinoumba vakuru vakuru 15 vemadhipatimendi makuru, vakadai seMareki eHurumende, Defense, Treasurer, uye Attorney General. Ava vakuru vakuru vanogadzwa napurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare. Misangano yeCabinet inopa purezidhendi nzvimbo yokuronga mirau kutsinhirana muhurumende. Zvisinei, vakuru vakuru vedare vanobatirawo savatsigiri vemadhipati avo vamene, uye kusawirirana pakati pefariro dzebato nedzenzvimbo dzenzvimbo yeWhite House kwakakurumbira.

Uyezve, purezidhendi anogadza zvinzvimbo senzvimbo yedare rehurumende pasina kutungamirira dhipatimendi, zvakadai soMutungamiriri weHofisi Yokutarisira uye Dhavhima, Mumiririri weTrade, uye White House of Staff. Mabasa aya anogovera kubatana kwemiitiro inodzorwa.

Hofisi Yakananga yaPurezidhendi (EOP)

Yakasikwa muna 1939, EOP ine masangano anotsigira purezidhendi zvakananga.

  • Office of Management and Bactal (OMB) - inogadzirira bhajeti yehurumende, inoyera kushanda kwesangano, uye mirau.
  • Dare reNjaka reRugare reNSC - Anonatsiridza purezidhendi pamuitiro wokumwe nowokuzvidzivirira, uye anotsinhiranisa mhinduro dzinowirirana.
  • [[[FT:0] Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) – Inogovera kunzvera kwemari nokudeya kutaura.
  • Office yeUnited States Trade Messagement (USTR) – Inotungamirira kurukurirano dzebhizimisi uye inoronga muitiro wokutengesa.
  • [ Hofisi Yedzimba Dzevachena [[FLT: 1] - Inobatanidza vakuru vevashandi, munyori anodhinda, timu yekurukurirano, uye vamwe vanachipangamazano vakuru.

Kukura uye simba reEOP zvawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, zvichiratidza kuwedzera kuoma kunzwisisa kwokutonga kwapurezidhendi.

Kurayira Kwemasangano Nokutungamirira

Kupfuura madhipatimendi 15 edare, masangano akawanda anozvimirira uye masangano anotonga anoshanda nemwero yakasiyana - siyana yezvigaro. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Federal Reserve, Securies and Exchange Commission, Environmental Protection Agency (Kunyange zvazvo iri sangano rinozvimirira), uye Federal Commissions Commission. Misoro yavo inogadzwa napurezidhendi uye inosimbiswa neDare, asi inowanzobatira mashoko anokatyamadzwa uye inogona kubviswa bedzi nokuda kwechisakiso, ichivadzivirira padzvinyiriro yakananga yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Guru Rehurumende Rinodzora

Mamirioni avashandi vehurumende vanoshanda pabazu ravakuru vakuru, vanoshandisa mitemo, mitemo yokunyora, kupa mabasa, uye kunzvera. Gurukota rehurumende rakarongwa kuva madhipatimendi, masangano, mabhituti, uye mahofisi, rimwe nerimwe rine mabasa chaiwo. Nheyo ye [[FLT: 0]] inobata kuti vashandi vamabasa vanofanira kushandisa muitiro pasina rusaruro, kunyange zvazvo vakagadzwa vezvamatongerwe enyika panhungamiro yapamusoro yakagadzwa.

Mitoro Yako

Mabasa ebazi guru anopinzwa mumapoka akafara anoverengeka, rimwe nerimwe rinokosha kukudzora kunobudirira.

Kuitwa Kwemitemo Nokutendeka

Basa rapurezidhendi rebumbiro remitemo ku "Tarisisa kuti mitemo iitwe nokutendeka" ndiyo fandesheni yesimba guru. Ikoku kunobatanidza kutarisira kuitwa kwemirau kwezuva nezuva kunoitwa neCongress. Masangano anoshandura mirairo yemitemo yakafara kuva mirau yakananga kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokugadza mitemo, unobatanidza kuzivisa kwavose netsinhiro. Kushanda nesimba kunopawo pesvedzero huru yehurumende inodzorwa netyhesvoidzo, iyo kudzodzo yokuisa, uye inhungamiroi yokubudisa inogona kuumba miuyo.

Mufambiro Wenhau Dzokumwe

Purezidhendi mukuru wenyika, anomirira United States iri kunze kwenyika, anotaurirana zvibvumirano (zvinodzorwa neDare rinotenderwa), uye kuita zvibvumirano zvokutonga zvisingadi tendero yeDare. Kupfurikidza neBato reHurumende namasangano ehurumende, bazu guru rinotarisira ukama hwezvikamu, masangano enyika dzakawanda, uye chengeteko yenyika yose. Purezidhendi anorairawo nzanga yakangwara, kubatanidza CIA neNSA, izvo zvinopa mashoko anotsoropodza nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvemiitiro yokumwe nyika.

Kuchengeteka Kwenyika Yose Nokuzvidzivirira

Somutungamiriri mukuru, purezidhendi ane chiremera chikurusa pamauto ane zvombo. Iri simba rinobatanidza kutuma mauto, kuraira hondo, uye kugadza dzidziso yezvombo. Zvisinei, War Powers Resolution ya1973 inoda kuti purezidhendi azivise Congress mukati memaawa 48 okuita mauto ane zvombo uye kubvisa masimba pashure pamazuva 60 kutoti Congress ikabvumira chiito chinopfuurira. Ikoku kunoparira kusawirirana kwenguva dzose pakati pechiito chapurezidhendi nedare.

Kutarisirwa Kwezvirongwa zveHurumende

Bazu guru rinotarisira purogiramu dzakawanda dzinofukidza betsero dzeSocial Security, Medicare, nyanzvi dzezvirongwa, mari yedzidzo, zvikwereti zvedzidzo, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye zvakawanda. Zvirongwa zvakafanana neSocial Security Administration ne Department of Veterans Affairs zvinofanira kuronga mamirioni ezvikumbiro nokuripira gore rimwe nerimwe nokubudirira nokururamisira. Chikarakadzo chemari yapurezidhendi chikarakadzo chemari chinotungamirira kutsigira zvinhu zvokutanga zvemari, asi Congress pakupedzisira chinodzora kurukurirano dzechirongwa cheSocial Security Administration.

Nhevedzo Dzine Varairidzi Nemirairidzo

Mapurezidhendi anopa zvirairidzo zvevakuru vakuru napurezidhendi basa rokutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende. Izvi zviridzwa zvinotakura simba romutemo wemasangano anotungamirira uye zvinogona kushandiswa kushandisa muitiro, kurongazve mahofisi, kana kuti kuisa zvokutanga zvokudzikamisa. Zvinorayira zvine chiremera zvinodzorwa nedare uye zvinogona kuchinjwa neCongress kupfurikidza nomutemo. Zvave zvichishandiswa nokuda kwezviito zvikuru zvakadai seEMankiption Proclation, kubatanidzwa kwevaAmerica veJapan mukati meHondo Yenyika II, uye kusikwa kweChivivi.

Simba Rebumbiro remitemo Riri Kudzika

Kupfuura mitoro yezuva riri rose, Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa purezidhendi masimba chaiwo anobatira seanobetsera mugadziriro yokuparadzana yamasimba.

Simba reVeto

Purezidhendi angapa mari yezvikwereti yapfuudzwa neCongress, achiidzosera nokuramba. Congress inogona kudzora chiwiriso nevoruzhinji vaviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri, asi ikoku hakuwanzoitika (kungova 7% yezvikwereti munhau yeAmerica yave isina kuvhura. Kutyisidzira kweveto kupa purezidhendi simba rokutaurirana mumuitiro wemitemo. Pocketvetoes anoitika apo purezidhendi asingatoreri chiito papepa neCongress mumazuva 10 okuuraya chiyero.

Kugadzwa uye Masimba Okubviswa

Sangano Claus rinobvumira purezidhendi kuzivisa nhume, vatongi vehurumende, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vanoisa zvigaro zvakakwirira, vachipiwa rumbidzo yeDare. Iri simba rinobvumira purezidhendi kuumba dare redare redare. Simba rokubvisa harina kujeka zvikuru. Dare Gurusa retende rakati purezidhendi anogona kubvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru pasina mavambo asi masangano anozvimirira angaisa dziviriro kudzivirira mabasa avo (ona [[FLT: 0][FLT]][FLT]]

Chiremera Chomukuru

Sechiremera chapamusorosoro chehondo, purezidhendi anoraira kuronga kwounyanzvi, anobvumira kushanda kwokuvhara, uye anoraira vatungamiriri venzvimbo yemitambo. Iri simba rakakura kupfurikidza nemvumo dzokushandiswa kweuto (AMF), zvakadai se 2001 AUMF yakashandiswa kururamisa chiito chehondo mukurwisana nougandanga muvatungamiriri vakawanda. Kukwanisa kwapurezidhendi kutuma mauto pasina kuzivisa kwepamutemo kwehondo kunoramba kuri rimwe ramativi anokakavadzana zvikurusa esimba guru.

Simba rePardon

Chiremera chapurezidhendi chokupa pembedzo nokuda kwemhosva dzehurumende chinodokuva chakakwana, chichishanda pamberi kana pashure pepwiswa. Pardons anogona kudzorera maruramiro avagari vemo ndokubvisa miuyo yapamutemo, kunyange zvazvo isingagoni kushandiswa kudzivisa kupiwa kana kuti miuyo yayo. Kukanganwira kukuru, kwakadai saGerald Ford's regerera Richard Nixon kana kuti Donald Trump, kazhinji kazhinji kunoparira gakava rezvamatongerwe enyika ndokumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuzvidavirira.

Ropafadzo Yakananga

Kuvimbisa zano rokutendeseka mukati mebazu rinotungamirira, mapurezidhendi akataura ropafadzo yavakuru vakuru (] kodzero yokunyima mashoko kuDare kana kuti matare. Iri harisi simba rakakwana; Dare Rapamusorosoro mu United States v. Nixon[FLT]]]] akaziva ropafadzo asi aidikanwa kuziviswa kwezvinhu zvakati mukunzvera utsotsi.

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Zvinoshanda

Bazi racho riri pasi pemabumbiro akawanda anochengetedza mitemo.

Kutarisira Kunoitwa Nevarwi

Matare muImba neDare anotonga nyaya, anopa nyaya, uye kukumbira magwaro okutarisira mibato yebazu guru. Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwakawanda kwapurezidhendi nemirairo yerafy. Dare rinodzorawo bhajeti yemari(simba rechikwama(//ndipo rinogona kubvisa kana kuganhurira zviito zvevakuru vakuru. Kuongorora ichekedzo yokupedzisira: Imba inogona kushayisa purezidhendi nokuda kwe "chipo, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye utsotsi husina kururama," uye Dare rinotonga dare nevhoti mbiri dzinodikanwa nokuda kwokubviswa.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Macimeno , judicary yave iri mudzori wezvirevo zvebumbiro remitemo. Sezvo [FLT] [FLT] .V. Sayer [[FLT], judicary yave iri mudzori wezvirevo zvepamutemo. Zviitiko zvikuru zvakafanana ne [[FLT:] [FLT]] .

Mafungiro Ezvinobudisa Nhau Neevanhu

Chinobudisa nhau chakazvimirira uye muvhoti ane ruzivo zvinobatira senzvero dzisina kurongwa. Kushuma, kunzvera, uye kunzvera kwavose zvinogona kufumura kubatwa zvisina kufanira, dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye pakupedzisira zvinotapura sarudzo. Zviverengero zvetendero yaPrezidhendi zvinopesvedzera kuda kutsigira kana kuti kushora zvirongwa zvavakuru vakuru.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Nezvinhu Zvine Simba Zvinochinja

Bazu ravakuru rinotarisana nedzvinyiriro dzisingazivikanwi kuvagadziri vemibato. Kumuka kwehurumende yokutarisira, umo Congress inotumira chiremera chakafara kumasangano, kwakawedzera uchenjeri hwamasangano. Dzidziso ye [FLT]]CHEVron[ Kunonoka[[FLT]] [zvino] (zvino yakachinjwa nezvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi) vatongi vakaraidzwa kureverera kurondedzero dzemitemo isina kujeka, kukudza simba resangano. Kukura kwemirairo yehurumende, zviziviso zvekurumidziro, uye chengeteko yamarudzi akaparira gadziriso.

Kuparadzana kwemari kunoparira kuoma uko mapurezidhendi anotendeukira kuchiito chimwe chete apo kubvumirana kwemitemo kunokundikana. Panguva imwe cheteyo, Congress pane dzimwe nguva akapa masimba makuru, sezvinooneka mumikana yemari nemigariro youtano yavose. Kuoma pakati pokubudirira kwevakuru vakuru nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende kunoramba kuri nhau huru yokutonga kweAmerica.

Vagari nevanoronga mitemo vanobetserwa zvakafanana nokunzwisisa zvivako izvi nenharo. Bazu ravakuru vakuru harisi nzvimbo iri kure asi chirongwa chine miganhu, chinochinja, chine zviito zvinotapura mhoteredzo, upfumi, rusununguko rwevagari vemo, uye rugare rwamarudzi ose. Kuramba vane ruzivo runopa simba vavhoti kuraira zvose zviri zviviri kukwanisa nokuzvidzora kuna avo vanoshandisa simba ravakuru.

mhedziso

Bazu guru rinopfuura zvikuru hofisi imwe chete yavanhu, igadziriro yakakomba, inoshanda yakarongwa kushandura mutemo kuti ishande. Kuvambira papurani yebumbiro remitemo yeChikamu II kusvikira kuurongwa hwehurumende hunowanda hwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri rokutanga, mitoro yevakuru vakuru namasimba zvakakura mukupindura zvinetso zvenyika. Kunyange zvakadaro nzvero dzapakuvamba dzinosara: Congress inodzora chikwama uye inogona kunzvera; vatongi vanohwirudzura nokudzivisa; uye vanhu pakupedzisira vanosarudza kuti ndiani anoshanda paOval Office. Kunzwisisa kuti bazi iri rinoshanda sei hakusiriwo dzidzo bedzi yedzidzo yevhuro.