Chiratidzo Chakaumbazve Kurwira Zvematongerwe Enyika

Good Frive Augness (GFA), yakasainwa pana 10 April 1998, yakanga isati iri bvumirano yorugare. Yakavakazve kuvakazve kwezvamatongerwe enyika kweNorthern Ireland uye, mukuita kudaro, yakatangazve bhuku remitemo yemibato yezvamatongerwe enyika. Pasati pa 1998, kuvhota kwaiwanzova chiratidzo cheparapatiko yakadzika: mubatanidzwa weboka rinopesana nemubatanidzwa wevhotisms, nenhimbe dzechirongwa chetsika, kuranga kwakananga zvikuru pamusoro petsika dzenhau, zvigumbuso zvenhau, uye ruvimbiko rwemunhu wose. GFA yakagadza gadziriro itsva yesimba rekushandira, uye kubatirana, kumanikidza mapoka kugadziridza kunyora, mazano, uye kuronga kubatana. Nyaya iyi inonzvera kuti kupfuurira sei kuumba mamiriro ezvinhu neInterern Ireland, kuongorora zvinhu zvose, uye kutarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu anodzo dzinoda kudzokerwa.

Nhoroondo: Nei GFA Yakachinja Kushingaira

Kunzwisisa tapuro yeGFA panhimbe, munhu anofanira kutanga kunzwisisa nzvimbo yapamberi pa1988. Kwamakumi amakore, kusarudza kweNorthern Ireland kwakadzorwa nomubvunzo webumbiro remitemo. Paritis akadai seUlster Unionist Party (UP), Democratic Union (DUP), Social Democratic and Labour Party (SSDLP), uye Sin Féin yakava nenhi yaidzosa mativi ose anopesana zvikuru nezviono. Rhetoricric aiwanzova adversarial, dzimwe nguva kurumagaro imwe nzanga. Nguva nhevedzano yekudzoro yaiwedzera rwisano uye yapambwa nguva nenguva.

GFA yakachinja kuti kupfurikidza nokubatira pamwe kwesangano. Chibvumirano chakagadzira mukuru mukuru anobatira simba uyo anoda kuti vose vari vaviri vabatanidzwa navatsigiri vorudzi vatonge pamwe chete. Yakagadzawo gadziriro dzokuvhota dzinodzorwa muGungano, ichivimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvikuru zvinoda tsigiro kumativi ose ari maviri. Uku kutsigira kutsva kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunomanikidzirwa kufunga zvakasiyana. Hakuchinazve boka ringawana voruzhinji ndokuisa kuda kwaro; zvino, kudzora kwakada kukurukurirana nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Somuuyo, mashoko akavamba kubva pakushora kwakachena kwemifungo yehudzano, mutoro unogoverana, uye kudzora kunoshanda.

Kubva Pahondo Dzehondo Dzebumbiro Remitemo Kuenda Kuchinja Kwemitemo

Pamberi pa1998, nhimbe dzakawanda dzakava nechokuita nenhau imwe chete: kutsigira kana kuti kushora Ireland yakabatana neyakaramba iri muUK. GFA haina kubvisa iyi kurukurirano ne(inoramba iri nhau ipenyu) asi yakaibatanidza mugadziriro inodzika miganhu. Nhimbe dzinofanira kukurukura zvino zvino zvinonetsa: basa routano rakamirira, mari yedzidzo, mabasa, mirayiridzo. Chibvumirano chakamutsa nenzira inobudirira kariro yehwaro yokuti mapoka anofanira kupa zviteshi zvemitemo zvinotendwa zvinotendwa panhau dzomumba, kwete panzvimbo dzemitemo chete. Izvi zvakabudirira, zvinoratidzwa nezvirongwa zvino zvakafanana nezviri mune dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa, nyika dzechiNgeki, nemhengeriti yedzidzo, mirayiridzo yedzidzo, mirayiridzo yezvokumusoro yemaredhindiyo.

Somuenzaniso, chirongwa cheGFA chakagadzira nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika zvisiri zvesekete. Munguva ino, Dupus naSinn Féin vachiri kutengesa nzvimbo dzavo dzemitemo pakubatanidza vanhu vose, asi vanofanirawo kuratidzira kukwanisa mumadhipatimendi anoshanda.

Musi Wesimba Rinofambisa Simba: Nhimbe Dzakavakwa Nokuda Kwokutenda

Rimwe ramativi akasiana zvikurusa eGFA chinodikanwa chokuti mubatanidzwa mukurusa nomutsigiri worudzi vabatanidze pamwe chete Mushumiri wokutanga nomutevedzeri woMufundisi wokutanga. Ikoku kwakashandura mamirire amapoka amene. Panzvimbo pokurwa kuwina zvigaro zvose, nhimbe zvino dzinovavarira kuwedzera mugove wavo wevhoti dzenzanga yakati kuti vachengete hofisi dzapamusoro. Ikoku kunoparira murairo wakakosha kubatanidza boka romunhu amene nepo kuchifadzawo kuva muvhoti ane mwero unodzorwa wemichinjikwa uyo anogona kupesvedzera gadziriro yezita.

Mumabhuku esarudzo, unoona nongedzero dzakajeka ku “kuchengeta nzvimbo yoMutungamiriri weFoto wokutanga” kana kuti“ kutsigira inzwi rakasimba renyika muhurumende.” Kunyora ikoko mugumisiro wakananga weGFA. Zvibvumiranowo zvinotsigira mano azvo okushanda nerumwe rutivi. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nguva zvakasimbisa basa razvo mukubatanidza Chibvumirano chimene; Sinn Féin anosimbisa kutora rutivi kwazvo musimba rinodzosera mari. Iyi kurukurirano yaizova isingafungidziki pamberi pa 1998, apo shoko rokuti “Gotiation” nerimwe rutivi rwaiwanzova rune chepfu.

Zvikumbiro Zveitiro hanya: Nhau Yenhimbe Muiri Imene

GFA yakatangwa “kupedzisa funganyo,” mutoo unobvumira mitezo 30 yeGungano kukumbira vhoti inodzorwa panhau dzinotapukira. Pakutanga yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira maruramiro evoruzhinji, yazova nhau yerwisano. Mukusarudza kwazvino uno, mapati akafanana neAlliance Party akaedza kuvandudza kana kuti kugumisa gadziriro yokukumbira, kuibatanidza inoshandiswa kumutemo unofambira mberi wakadai seroorano yetendi kana kuti mutemo wokubvisa pamuviri. DUP yakaidzivirira sedziviriro. Naizvozvo GAFA imene inova musoro wenhau yenhau yakananga, inodzivirirwa, uye inodenhwa namasangano akasiyana. Ikoku kunochengeta chibvumirano chiripo muhurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kwete sechibvumirano chorugare asi sechibvumirano chinodzora.

Kushingaira Mumumvuri Womuitiro Worugare

Nhaka yeGFA inotambanudzwa kupfuura vagadziri vesangano kuchimiro chaicho chenhimbe. Nemhaka yokuti nharaunda yakawana makumi amakore amasimba masimba, nhimbe zvino dzinodzorwa nokungwarira zvikuru kudzivisa kusawirirana kunonyandura. Pariti dzinowanzopa mashoko anoshora chiratidzo chipi nechipi chedenho kana kuti tyisidziro. Zviratidzo zveIconstation zviri kumiswa nokuda kwemifananidzo yesekete. Kuronga kwakarongwa kuderedza rwisano yenzanga (somuenzaniso, kudzivisa kufamba munzvimbo dzinobatanidzwa. PSNI (Plice Service of Northern Ireland) uye Electoral Commis ine nhungamiro pa “kutsigira rugare, pfungwa yakavapo chaizvoizvo muma 1980.

Iyi mhoteredzo inokurudzira kutaura kwakananga. Kunyange mapoka akasimba anowanzobatanidza zvinodikanwa zvavo zvebumbiro remitemo pamusoro pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kodzero, uye kuenzana panzvimbo pezvigumbu zvenhau. Nheyo yeGFA yebvumirano nejeri reGrain yokuNorthern Ireland (kuti mugariro webumbiro remitemo unogona kuchinja bedzi nevoruzhinji) inopa vatsigiri chirongwa chokuitira nharo nokuda kwechiono chavo pasina kuisa delegitumis murumwe rutivi. Makwikwi anongo anoisa chikwaniriso chechishuvo, asi kariro huru ndeyokuti haafaniri kupfuudzira kupinda mukuita. Chinjo yetsika ndechimwe chezviitwa zvikuru zveGA.

Zvinobudisa Nhau Nezvenzanga: Zviteshi Zvitsva, Basa Rakafanana

Mapepanhau ekwazvagara muNorthern Ireland, akadai seBBC, UTV, uye mapepanhau omunzvimbomo, zvakashanda kwenguva refu nefetos ine basa guru revoruzhinji pamusoro perugare. Zvinopa tsinhirano yakadzikama kumirangariro yemasangano neyamagariro enyika uye kudzivisa kunyandura. GFA yakasimbisa ikoku kupfurikidza nokutanga tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika umo kunyange terevhizheni dzine basa mukusimbisa kurukurirano. Zvenzanga, zvisinei, zvakatanga denho itsva. Mutepfekero weInternet unogona kukudza manzwi okushambadza mashoko okunyanyisa uye kupfupikisa “kushambadza kusinganzwisisiki". Zvibvumirano zvino zvino zvino zvino zvino zvino zvinovesapira zvikuru mumitengo yemitezo yemibatanidzwa kana kuti yezvokutsigira nyika yeFacean, asi masangano ose anoramba aripo kuzivisa kuti zvishamise kudzora pamwe chete.

Muna 2022, nzvero yakaitwa neUniversity of Liverpool yakawana kuti mapato mazhinjisa ezvamatongerwe enyika eNorthern Ireland anoshandisa mashoko enzanga kusimudzira mashoko akanaka pamusoro pokubatira simba nebatira pamwe, kunyange apo anodenha vashori pamaitiro. Ikoku kunopesana zvikuru nehurukuro yepaIndaneti inowanzova ine chepfu mudzimwe nzanga dzakakamukana. Mipimo yeGFA, kusvikira kumwero wakati, yakagadzirwa navatsigiri vemichina yemichina yemagetsi (pamwe rutivi nemhaka yokuti kutsiva kunoonekwa seinoderedza rugare.)

Nzvero Dzenhau: Nzira Iyo Nhimbe Dzinoratidzira Nayo Chibvumirano

Kurwisa Kwokudzorerwa Kwa1998

Nhimbe yokutanga yakaumbwa neGFA yakanga iri shopu yechisimba paChibvumirano chimene. Pro-Agreementpatition (UP, SDLP, Sinn Féin, Alliance) yakaumba mubatanidzwa womuchinjikwa wainzi “Hungu nokuda kwoRugare.” Nhimbedzo yavo yakasimbisa nguva yemberi yakajeka, kutengeserana mari, uye kuguma kwechisimba. Anti-Agreement dission (UP, vamwe vaUP) yakanyevera kuti yaizokanganisa majerijariti ounitis aioctiveritiveity uye yaizonetesa Union. Crucily, mativi ose ari maviri akaisa nharo dzavo mukati ndangariro yeGFA nemutsigiriyo yezvo. Iyi yakagadza tendefandero yebvumirano yezvikamu zvenguva yemberi:

Kusarudza Magungano Pakapera gore ra19998

Muchisarudzo chokutanga cheGungano muna 1998, masangano akasimbisa basa ravo mukupa rugare. UUP yakatsigira kutaura kwokuti “Rugare neProfesfes,” nepo SDLP yakasimudzira kuti“ Kushandira Munhu Wose.” Sinn Féin akashandisa “Kutsvaka Nhetembo neBritain” asi akasimbisawo kuzvipira kwayo kumasangano matsva. Dup, akanga ashora GFA, akanga achiri kufanira kuzvimisa amene saakagadzirira kushanda mukati meGas. Pakazotevera, DIP yakagamuchira masangano eGFA (kunyange kwakaramba kwainetsa mamwe mativi), ichivabvumira kuva varwisimu varwi vavo vachibva “mukusadairwa. ”

Kusarudza kwa2017: Brexit neGFA

Sarudzo yeGungano ya2017 yakapesvedzerwa zvikuru nokuputsika kwesimba rinopa simba paruzvidzo rwesimba rinomutsidzirwa. Asi nhau huru yakanga iri dzvinyiriro pakati pegadziriro yeBRFA yeBrotit , uye mativi makuru eBretits. Zvirongwa zvakatenderera paingakwanisa zvakanakisisa kutarisira ukama neLondon neDublin, dzivirira Belfast (Goverday), Chibvumirano cherugare. Sarudzo yakawana kuwedzera mukutsigira kwechikamu chemuchinjikwa cheRwanda, uko kwairatidza kuti magaba makuru maviri akanga achikundikana kudzora nenzira inobudirira. Iyi dare rakaratidzira kuti GFA inoramba iri nhau ichiripo, kwete pfundo renhau renhau.

Matambudziko: Kuvimba, Kubvisa Marasha, uye Breet

Pasinei zvapo nebudiriro yeGFA mukuderedza masimba masimba, nhimbe yezvamatongerwe enyika ichiri kutarisana nemhinganidzo dzakakomba. Kuvimbana pakati pavabatanidzwa navarwi venyika kunoramba kuri kwakakwirira, zvikurukuru pashure pezvinoitika zvakadai serwisano dzeR2021 Northern Ireland Tragnow. Chibvumirano, rutivi rweBrexit rebvumirano, chakagadzira muganhu mutsva muIrish Sea, iyo masangano anoona seanoderedza nheyo yeGFA pamusoro penzvimbo yeNorthern Ireland muUK. Kubvira 2020 yakadzorwa nenhau dzemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende: mapoka anoraira kubviswa kwayo, nepo mapoka ezvokubatana anorwisana anoramba kuti ashande GFA. Ikoku kwadzokororwazve panhau dzeGeneral, kudzokorodza donzo rapakuvamba reGAF.

Kuwedzera kunoonekwawo mukumuka kwemasangano evasingabvumiki kumativi ose ari maviri. Dupu naSin Féin vanodzora mapoka avo akasiyana, vachisiya mapoka maduku achitamburira oxygen. Gadziriro yeGFA yed’Hondt nokuda kwemitengi youshumiri inokurudzira mapoka kukwikwikwidzana nokunyanyisa nokuda kwenzvimbo dzapamusoro, pane dzimwe nguva kutungamirira kukuva mutezo unotevedzerwa mumubato unoparira kukwikwikwidza. Kunyange muiyi mhoteredzo inopisa, hapana nhimberi huru dzekudzora kudzora kutsika kana kuti kuparadzwa kweGFA’Ga’s colustration inogamuchirwa senzvimbo dzapamusoro, idzo dzinoparira muganhuro pamusoro pokunyanyisa.

Matambudziko Enzanga Nezvemari

Nhimbe dzinobatawo nechipikirwa cheGFA che “nguva yemberi yakagoverwa.” Nhau dzakafanana nedzidzo yakabatana, shamhu dzedzimba, uye makakatanwa anotsiva anoramba achikakavara. Chibvumirano chakagadzira mhatsa yemitumbi (Ikomishoni yeSangano reHsebenziso, Komisheni yeHuru, Parades Commission) kukurukura nhau idzi, asi kazhinji kazhinji vanotsoropodzwa nenhimbedzo sevapindiri zvikuru kana kuti vasina simba zvikuru. Zvibvumirano zvinofanira kunzvera iyi misoro inotanhangana. Somuenzaniso, mukati nhambo dzomunzvimbomo, vapangi vanovimbisa kazhinji kazhinji kutsigira zvirongwa zvedzimba kana kuti zviitiko zvenzanga, asi vanodzivirirawo kuzvizivisa nzanga. GFA’s rediation rerukuremekedza rakaenzana namagamuchidzanwa ose ari maviri, asi zvinoda kuti zvive zvakaenzana.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi: Chibvumirano Chinoramba Chichiitwa

Sezvo Northern Ireland inoswedera pedyo nokuchengetwa kwayo kwegore negore kwe30 yeGFA, pesvedzero yayo pakutsigira inoratidzira kuti haisati iri chiratidzo chokuderera. Zvinokosha zvasara: kubatira pamwe kwesimba, kubvumirana, uye kubatana kwepakati pemibatanidzwa imbiru dzinovakwa nenhimbe dzose huru. Nhimbe dzenguva yemberi dzine bviro dzokuona kushandiswa kwamashandisiro emichina kuti asvike muzvikamu zvakatarwa, asi mashoko acho achada kunzwika mukati memitengo yeGFA. Kubatanidza nhau dzakafanana nokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kodzero dzemitengo, uye kuchinja kwokuwedzera (ne mwero unokura wechiverengero chavagari vemo sechidiviti kana kuti chizivikanchino chenyika) kuchasunda mapoka kuwedzera kukumbira kwavo. Kukwirira kwechipazaruso kunoramba kuri kukura zvishoma nezvishoma, uko kugona kugona kushandura pakupedzisira kuchinjwa kwesimba reGFA.

Zvisinei, GFA pachayo ingatarisana nedzvinyiriro yokuchinja. Vamwe vanotaura kuti chikumbiro cheitiro hanya ndechechinyakare, vamwe kuti mubatanidzwa wechibvumirano unodzivisa chishoro chinobudirira. Nhimbe ipi neipi yokuchinja icharwiwa pasina kudziviswa mukati meChibvumirano, ichishandisa mutauro wacho nenheyo. Vadzidzi navacherekedzi vezvamatongerwe enyika zveNorthern Ireland vanofanira kutarira kuti iyi kurukurirano dzenharo dzinoramba sei. Chibvumirano chacho hachisati chichitongorehwa kuva chakaregwa; i “chinyorwa chipenyu.” Misangano inotsigira chinjo asi inoramba iri murugare nekurukurirano iufakazi hwakanakisisa hwokuti Dare rakaisvonaka reChishanu chinopfuurira kuita basa rayo.

Mugumo: Kuchinja Nzvimbo Kwemushandirapamwe

Chibvumirano cheGood Wearth Agreement hachina kugumisa makwikwi ezvamatongerwe enyika muNorthern Ireland(it) yakadzoserwazve. Zvirongwa zvinova nyanzvi zvikuru, zvakanangidzirwa zvikuru pamuitiro, uye kurangarira zvikuru kudikanwa kwokuchengeta tsigiro inodzorwa. Chimiro chapfava, mapango haasati achiri mapere-svumu. Asi denho dzechaunga chakakamuraniswa chavanhu chinoramba chiripo, uye makwikwi okushanda nawo. Vadzidzisi navadzidzi vanofanira kuva vanofanira kuvatungamirira zuva nezuva. Varidzi, vachifunda nhau iyi muenzaniso wakasimba wenzira kuti chibvumirano chorugare chinogona sei kusava bedzi masangano asiwo tsika dzimene dzemakwikwikwi. GFA inhau yezvamatongerwe enyika inooneka nguva iri yose pamusoro pokugoverana, nguva iri yose inoratidzirwa nokuda kwe “basa ravanhu vose, Nogarokumusoro kweNorthern uye kusarudza nguva dzose kuti vasarudzeidzei kupinda mukuita chibvumirano chavo chapamusoro panzvimbo pokuzvibvumirano chikuru. Chibvumirano chezvamatongerwedzo chinoitirwa chinoitwa pakurukurirano chezvamatongerw enyika. Chibvumirano chikuru chinoitwa chinoitwa pakurukurirano chezvamatongerw enyika.

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