Mumibato mikuru yenhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika, unyanzvi hushoma hunonzwisiswa kana kuti hwakavanzwa namaune senzvero. Kusafanana nenzvero dzevoruzhinji dzegamuchidzanwa dzakagadzirirwa kuyera mirangariro, kusunda nzvero dzinoitwa kuti dzive nezvinopesvedzera, dzakarongedzerwa kudzokorora kumhedziso yakafanorongwa panzvimbo pokuunganidza mashoko ekutendeseka. Makambani anonzvera anoashandisa mumiitiro yendangariro yamanomano akavanzika: vanosarudza mifungo, uye vanosarudza maidi okuvapo nawo nokuvhiya. Muuyo chishandiso chekurukurirano chinonzwa senzvero asi chishandiso chakarongwa. Kunzwisisa kuti magadzirirwo iwaiwa aya anoa masangano anoazivisa sei kwete bedzi vagadziri vezvokuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika asi voruzivo rwendangariro mumiitiro yezvokuvhiya.

Nyaya inoburitsa mitoo chaiyo inoshandiswa nenyanzvi dzenhimbe kubudisa mhinduro dzinoshuviwa kupfurikidza nenzvero dzinomanikidzirwa, kunzvera miganhu yetsika nemitemo yavanonzvera, uye kupa zano rinoshanda kuvavhoti vanoda kuziva apo vanenge vachibvunzurudzwa. Kana uchishanda munhimbe, kufunda kurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti kungoda bedzi kuva mugari wemo akaziva zvikuru, kuziva kuti basa rokunzvera rutivi runokosha sei rwokunzwisisa sarudza kwazvino uno.

Basa Rakakodzera Rokushatisa Vanhu Mumishandirapamwe Yemazuva Ano

Kusiyana Kwakaita Kusvibisa Kwakaitwa Nomutemo

Nzvero yechokwadi kuyera murangariro wavose nenzira yakarurama ichishandisa mashoko emibvunzo, mienzaniso isina kusiana, uye mipimo yorumano yemipimo. Masangano akafanana ne American Association for Public Opinion Research (]] APOR[)) akagadza nhungamiro dzenyanzvi kuti ave nechokwadi chokuongorora kuratidzira zvimiro zvechokwadi. Kuvhota, nokupesana, hakuna kugadzirirwa nokuda kwokuyera. Kukurukurirana kunonyengetedza kunonyengetedza. Mugamuchiri angapindura kuti imubvunzo usingatsigiri rutivi, asi mubvunzo wacho umene imotokari yeri yakashata kana kuti yakananga. Chiratiso chapamutemo chinodzivirira perero chematendime; kuongorora kudzivirira kutendeka kwebumbiro.

Zvinangwa Zvinozivikanwa Nevamwe

Nyanzvi dzemakambani dzakashandisa kuongorora kuti dziite zvinangwa zvinoverengeka:

  • Ramba mukurumbira womushori - kupfurikidza nokusuma mashoko akashata kana kuti kuabatanidza kunzvimbo dzisingafarirwi (muchib., “Maiziva here kuti X akavhota mukurwisana nemari yavakarwa nguva nhatu?).
  • Kumanikidza mufananidzo wakananga [ - kupfurikidza nokunyora kukwikwidza kwavakapindwa kupfurikidza nokuisa chitsama bedzi chine mufungo panhau (mutoo, “Unotsigira nhamburiko dzaY dzokuderedza mitero yezvinhu here?”).
  • Nhamo inovhura [ - kupfurikidza nokuita kuti vatsigiri vomushori vanzwe vakaodzwa mwoyo kana kuti nhangemutange yakatosarudzwa (mutoo, “nyanzvi zhinji dzinodavira kuti Candidate Z haisati ichine banza() uchiri kuronga kuvhota here?”).
  • Aigadzira pesvedzero yetsinga [ - kupfurikidza nokukarakadza kuti voruzhinji vanotoda muvhoti chaiye (mutoo, “Anopfuura 60% yavavhoti muruwa rwenyu zvino vanotsigira Candidate A(] ko ko ikoko kunochinja murangariro wako here?”).
  • Kuedza [ – kunyange zvazvo iyi ganhuriro iri mutsetse, mamwe manhimbe anoshandisa nzvero kusunda kuyera kuti iini mitsetse yedenho inonzwika zvikurusa pamberi pokuisa mari mukushambadzira kunobhadharwa.

Chinhu chakafanana ndechokuti “Dombo” harisi chishandiso chisingatori rutivi asi kupindira kwakaitirwa kuti achinje pfungwa, kwete kudziyera.

Mazano Okugadzira Zvinhu Aiva Nezvaakataura

Nyanzvi dzezvirongwa dzinoongorora kwemakumi emakore mukuongorora ruzivo rwepfungwa, mitauro, uye magariro evanhu kuti dziite zvokunzveresa mibvunzo inoita kuti vanhu vafunge kuti vagara vachiona zvinhu sezvazviri asi vachitungamirira vazvione nenzira yakafanorongwa.

Mibvunzo Inotungamirira Nomutauro Wakaoma

Mibvunzo yakananga zvikurusa mibvunzo inosunda kunzvera. Panzvimbo pokubvunza kuti “Chii chiri murangariro wako waCandidate Smith?” Nzvero yokumanikidzira ingabvunza kuti“ Ko iwe unobvuma here kuti mitemo yaSmith yakakuvadza mabhizimisi omunzvimbomo namabasa anodhura?” Mubvunzo wacho unorangarira donzo (kuti mirau ya Smith yakuvadza mabhizimisi) uye ipapo kukumbira bvumirano. Mhinduro inomanikidzirwa nenzira yamanomano kusimbisa kana kuti kubuda munhano nevoruzhinji. Kuisa murati uyu muuyo. Mashoko akafanana ne “corpt,” “asina kukuvara,” uye“ inodzivisa,” uye “kurovanya. Kurema kwomurangariro. Apo vaviri vanogadzirwa nezita ravanhu vazhinji vanoparira muboka.

Mashoko Anosarudza Nedzidziso Dzenhema

Nzvero dzinopfuudzira kazhinji kazhinji dzinoshanda panheyo ye inosarudza .

Kuumba Consensus Yenhema Kana Kuti Muuyo Wechibharo

Vanhu mhuka dzenzanga, uye mirangariro yedu inopesvedzerwa neizvo tinorangarira kuva murangariro mukuru. Nzvero dzamabhasikoro dzinoshandisa ikoku kupfurikidza nezvinowirirana. Mubvunzo ungavamba: “Nzvero yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yakawana kuti 7 mu 10 vavhoti muruwa rwenyu vanodavira kuti X haana ruzivo zvikuru zvokugona kubata nenjodzi. Unobvuma here?” Kunyange kana “nzvero yapamberi” yakajeka kana kuti yakashata, mutendi angagadziridza murangariro wavo vamene kuti uwirirane nevoruzhinji vanotaurwa. Muuyo wacho unowedzerwa apo mibvunzo yakawanda inodzokorora bvumirano yakafanana. Iyi inzira inonyanya kuva ine simba nokuda kwechiito chisina kunyorwa kana kuti chivhoti chakaderera here? Ko iwe unovimba paufakazi hwenzanga sechisarudzo.

Kupaza Nokunamira Zvisizvo

Kushambadza kunoshanda kupfurikidza nokuronga ndangariro dzakananga pamberi pechisarudzo chaitwa. Kunzvera kwokusunda kungabvunza nhevedzano yemibvunzo pamusoro pemwero youtsotsi, tyisidziro dzougandanga, kana kuti kusagadzikana kwezvemari usati wabvunza pamusoro pekukwanisa kwomubhadhari. Mamiriro endangariro asina kunaka anofambira mberi, zvichiita kuti vapinduri vave nebviro huru yokuyera nayo. Kuchovha, mutoo une chokuita nawo, kusuma nhamba yakanyanyisa kana kuti inokarakadza mukunzvera. Somuenzaniso: “Kudai wakadzidza kuti Candida Smith akagamuchira $50 000 mumipiro kubva kumakambani anotora mafuta, ikoko kungapesvedzera here purodziro dzako?” Chitsamatsoro chikurusa chemari yemhomwero yemipiro kunyange kana mipiro yacho chaiyo yakanga yakaderera zvikuru. Kukuvadza kwakaitwa munhamba yacho ichiri kusimwa.

Nzvimbo Dzavachena Nevachena Nedzine Mutemo

Tsika dzokumanikidzira kunzvera dzinokurukurwa zvikuru.Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti nemhaka yokuti kunzvera kwokumanikidzira kunonyengedza vavariro yavo yokunyengetedza, vanonyengera vavhoti ndokushatisa mhoteredzo yamashoko. Vatsigiri (vanowanzoshanda munhimbe) vanotaura kuti chinongova chimiro che “kuedza mashoko” kana kuti“ dzidzo yezvokubetsera” yakadzivirirwa kupfurikidza nokutaura kwakasununguka. Zvomene inoratidzirwa zvikuru, uye kutungamirirazve iduku.

Kugadzirwazve Kwenzvimbo

MuUnited States, kunzvera kunomanikidzira kunodzorwa zvishoma pamwero wehurumende. Federal Evolution Community Commission (FEC) hairangariri nzvero zhinjisa kuva “kudzvinyirira kushambadza kwapaburi hwemari” kana kuti“ ndyiko dzakarongwa,” naizvozvo dzinowa kunze kwemiraudzo yemari. Kunyange zvakadaro, dzimwe nyika dzine mitemo inoda kuziviswa kwemari inomanikidzirwa. Somuenzaniso, [[FLT: 0]] Karifornia uye [[FLT:] uye [FLT] New York [FL:] [FFFF:3] inoraira kuti pave nomutemo unoratidza mufambiro.

Kuona Zviri Nani uye Kunyengera

Kunyange kunzvera kwapamutemo, kunokurudzira kunopanikirika mutsika nemhaka yokuti vanotsausa vapinduri pamusoro pedonzo renzvero. Munzvero wapamutemo anofanira kuzivisa kuti idikanwo nokuda kwokunzvera uye kuti mhinduro hadzizivikanwi. Vanzveri vanovhota vanowanzosiya aya mashoko kana kuti vanotaura kuva vari kuitisa “kunzvera kwepayunivhesiti” apo vanenge vari kushanda chaizvoizvo nokuda kwenhimbe. American Association of Political Concationstutions[ ndandanda yetsika dzinorambidza miitiro inonyengera, asi kuchengetwa ndekwokuzvidira. Muuyo ndewokuti vavhokeri vashati vanosiiwa vasina chokwadi kana nzvero ipi neipi yorunhare iri yechokwadi, iyo inoshatisa mukusaidza yose.

Kuyera Kunoita Maitiro Ezvitoro

Kuziva zvinonyatsoitika pakunzverwa kwenzvero dzinomanikidzirwa kwakaoma nemhaka yokuti nhimbe hadziwanzozivikanwi kushandiswa kwadzo, uye kuedza kunodzora hakuwanzoitiki musarudzo chaidzoidzo dzenyika. Zvisinei, nzvero dziripo nezvinoitika zvinokarakadza kuti kumanikidza kunzvera kunogona kuchinja mirangariro mumadzinza apedyo.

Nzvero yechiratidzo yakabudiswa mu American Journal of Political Science yakawana kuti mashoko asina kunaka akapiwa muforoma akafanana nenzvero akava netapuro inogara nguva refu panzvero dzinoda kubvumwa, zvikurukuru apo vavhoti vakanga vane mashoko mashoma asati aitika. Mumamwe mashoko, kumanikidza kunzvera kunoshanda zvikurusa munhangemutange kana kuti mapareji apo zita rakaderera. Somuenzaniso, mukati ma 2016 Republican primeries, boka risingapinduri mari rakaitwa muIowaowa rinokurudzira kuti Senator Ted Cruz akatsigira kusunungurwa nokuda kwavatamikia, achitaura kuti kupesana asi kunyange zvakadaro kungava kwakapesvedzera muboka rechikoro kana kuti madzinza, muboka rimwe reruwa rweguta, rinogona kurondedzera mukana wokuwana.

Kuongorora Nyaya Neuchapupu

Mienzaniso yenhau yawanda. 1992 New Hampshire Democratic posts yaipomerwa kuti vabvunzi vabvunzi vaipesana naBill Clinton panguva iyeyo, neshanyo dzinokarakadza kuti akanga adzivisa basa rehondo. Muna 2004, Swift Boat Veterans yeZvokwadi yakashandiswa kusunda nzira dzokuvhota nadzo kudenha nayo chinyorwa chehondo chaJohn Kerry, kunyange zvazvo idzo dzakaitwa zvakanyanyisa nokukwidziridza nokushambadza uye zvinoitika. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, mujambwa kwapresidenti 20,2020, mabhinaridhio anoshanda muMichigan nePennsylvania aishandisa kuparadzira mibvunzo yokuvhotera kuti aparadzirwe pamusoro penhau inovhotera muvhotera. Nepo zvakananga kuvhotera kwakaoma kubvumikisa, kudzokororwazverwa kwekuratidzirwazverwa kwekushamba kushatsatsa shatiko kupfurikidza nezvidiso zviviri kupfuutsa kupfuudzira kupfuunuro.

Kuenzanisira muitiro wendangariro, rangarira Center yePrecurence kunzvera kwokuita chisarudzo. Kwakawana kuti vavhoti vakashuma kugamuchira mashoko akaipa pamusoro pomubhadhari vaiva nebviro huru zvikuru yokuva nemurangariro wakaipa, kunyange apo mashoko akabva kumanyuko asingazivikanwi. Pulls anoshandisa ikoku kupfurikidza nokuita nzvero yokubvunza kusina revo nepo vachipa shoko rakashata radzokororwazve kuzviuru zvedzimba.

Maziviro Angaita Michina Yokufambisa Mashoko

Nyanzvi dzezvirongwa dzingavimba neidi rokuti vavhoti vazhinjisa havazivi kuti kuvhota kwapamutemo kunoratidzika sei. Dzidzo ndiyo dziviriro yakanakisisa. Heino mireza mitsvuku yakajeka:

  • danidzo yacho inoshandisa mutauro wemirangariro yakakwirira kana kuti unosarura. Vavhozheri vechokwadi vanodzivisa mashoko akadai se “makara,” kana kuti“ marara” nemhaka yokuti anonaya. Kana mubvunzo wacho uchitungamirira zvakajeka, ibvunzo inomanikidzira.
  • Muridzi worunhare anoramba kuziva ari kubhadhara nokuda kwenzvero. Mafemu okuvhota anobvumira kuvhota achagovera zita resangano kana kuti mutengi. Kana mushanyi anyepera kana kuti anotaura kuva anobva ku “boka rokunzvera,” iva anonyumwira.
  • [ Mibvunzo kana kuti kudzivirira yadzokororwazve. Nzvero yapamutemo ingabvunza pamusoro pavanoda kupiwa zvakawanda nenhau. Kunzverwa kwokusunda kunowanzopedza maminiti anoverengeka kurongedza musoro mumwe kana kuti munhu.
  • [ Nhamba yacho inobatanidza kutaura kwenhema kana kuti kusina kujekeswa. Kana ukanzwa kutaura kwaunoziva kuti hakusi kwechokwadi, kunzvera kungangoitirwa kuparadzira mashoko asiri iwo panzvimbo pokuunganidza mirangariro.
  • Kushaikwa kwemibvunzo yetsika. Nzvero chaidzoidzo dzinobvunza pamusoro pezera, dzidzo, wirirano dzebato, uye vamwe vanhu vanosvika pamiuyo youremu. Kunzvera kwokumanikidza kunokurira izvozvi nemhaka yokuti kune hanya pamusoro pokukupesvedzera, kwete kukuyera.

Kana ukafungidzira kuti uri mukunzverwa kwokumanikidzirwa, unogona kungomira bedzi.

mhedziso

Nzvero dzokumanikidza dzinomirira unyanzvi hune rima mupesvedzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika,(a chishandiso chinoshandisa kugadzira chigadziko chenzvero kuti chiparadzire shoko rinooneka risingabviri munhimbe. Nokunzwisisa unyanzvi hwokugadzira (kutungamirira mibvunzo, mutauro unotakurirwa, mashoko anosarudza, bvumirano dzenhema, uye prining) dzinogona kutanga kuziva apo vari kushandiswa panzvimbo pokuyerwa. Masangano echirongwa echirongwa achapfuurira kuchenesa mitoo iyi chero bedzi anoramba ari omutemo uye achibudirira. Nokuda kwokushanda kwehurumende yegutsa madhimonizimu semagadziro, vagari vemo vamo vanofanira kukwanisa kutsaura pakati pokuedza kwechokwadi nokuedza kuiumba. Nguva inotevera unopindura nzve zvamatongerwe enyika, teerera nokungwarira. Kana mibvunzo yakafanana neyavanokusunda kupindura, zvimwe vanozviziva kuti vanozvidzivirira.