Kunzwisisa Zvakakodzera: Hwaro Hwokururama

Muitiro wakafanira unowanzorondedzerwa senheyo yapamutemo inovimbisa kubatwa zvakanaka mugadziriro yedare yenguva dzose. Inobatira sechidziviso chebumbiro remitemo, inodzivirira vanhu pazviito zvokuzvidira nehurumende. Nepo shoko racho richioneka kazhinji kazhinji mumabhuku epamutemo nematare, kushandisirwa kwaro kunosvika kure. Muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, nhau dzinoda kumuka mumiganhu inobvira kubva panharo dzebasa kusvikira kurwisano dzechikoro, uye kufambidzana nemitemo. Kunzwisisa mutoo wakafanira unoreva uye nzira yokuzvisimbisa nayo nenzira inongova nayo unyanzvi hwepamutemo (*) unyanzvi hwoupenyu hunopa vanhu simba rokuda kuzvidavirira nokururamisira.

Pfungwa yacho inodzokera shure kuMagna Carta ya1215, iyo yakasimbisa kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka angagona kunyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu “kunze kwerutongeso rwapamutemo rwevezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika.” Iyi pfungwa yenheyo yakashanduka kuva zvikamu zvapamutemo zvakafanira zvinowanikwa muMitemo yeChishanu neNdengedzero yeMitemo yeNyika yeGenesi yeUnited States. Nhasi, muitiro wakafanira unogamuchirwa munyika yose sechinhu chikuru chomutemo, uchizivisa masangano emitemo munyika yose.

Kunyatsotarisika

Muitiro wakafanira unogona kukamurwa kuva mapoka makuru maviri: muitiro wechakafanira nemuitiro wakafanira. Zvose zviri zviviri zvinokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti kururamisira kunoshanda sei mumashoko apamutemo naanotarisira.

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Gadziriro yetsika inonangidzira ngwariro pamitoo nemiitiro inoshandiswa nehurumende kana kuti mamwe masangano pakuita zvisarudzo zvinotapura maruramiro omunhu. Kunoda kuti vanhu vagamuchire chiziviso chakakwana chechiito chipi nechipi chinorwisana navo, banza rokunzwiwa, uye muiti wechisarudzo nosingasaruri. Somuenzaniso, kana yunivhesiti yavose ikadzinga mudzidzi nokuda kwokusatendeseka kwedzidzo, muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti mudzidzi aziviswe nezvepomero dzakananga uye apiwe mukana wokupa rutivi rwavo pamberi peboka risina kusarura.

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Muitiro wakafanira wakakomba, mukupesana, unodzivirira maruramiro makuru pakudzorwa nehurumende, kunyange apo dziviriro dzamagamuchidzanwa dzinoteverwa nenzira yakafanira. Iro rinovimbisa kuti mitemo imene haidzongonyedzi maruramiro akadai sechivande, roorano, kana kuti udzori hwomuviri. Iri bazi regadziriro yakafanira rinomutsa nharo zvikuru uye rinowanzokurukurwa mumatare, asi rinoramba riri chishandiso chinotsoropodza chokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga mukurwisana navanyengeri.

Pamwe chete, zvimiro zviviri izvi zvinoumba gadziriro huru yokuyera hurumende nezviito zvesangano.

Nei Zvichikosha Kuti Zvinhu Zviitwe Zvakanaka Muupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

Kutaura zvazviri, kuziva zviitiko izvi kunogona kubatsira vanhu kuti vazvidzivirire pakubatwa zvisina kunaka.

  • Kushanda kwavose kwechikamu chavose nemitezo yomubatanidzwa kazhinji kazhinji vane dziviriro dzakafanira mugadziriro pamberi pokuparadza kana kuti chirango. Kunyange vashandi vavanhu vangava namaruramiro ebvumirano kana kuti emitemo kumuitiro wakarurama.
  • Tdzidziso: vadzidzi muzvikoro zvavose vane maruramiro akafanira omuitiro mukati mekudzinga, kudzingwa, kana kuti zvimwe zviito zvokuranga izvo zvinopinza mungozi mikana yavo yedzidzo.
  • Kudzinga: kunofanira kutevera miitiro yapamutemo, kubatanidza ziviso yakafanira nebanza rokukwikwidza kudzingwa mudare. Madzishe haagoni kubvisa pasina nguva kutora vagari pasina muitiro wakafanira.
  • Commentauccess: inomira, kunzvera, uye kusungwa zvinofanira kuvakirwa pachisakiso chinobvira kana kuti nyumwiro ine mufungo. Vanhu vamwe navamwe vane maruramiro okudenha kunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo kana kuti kupfigirwa.
  • Betsero dzeHurumende: vanhu vanogamuchira Rusununguko rwenzanga, urovha, kana kuti dzimwe betsero dzavose hadzigoni kuita kuti betsero idzodzo dzipere pasina ziviso nokunzwa.

Chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe cheizvi chinosanganisira chisarudzo chingatorera munhu chimwe chinhu chinokosha, chinonzi “job, ” dzidzo, pokugara, rusununguko, kana kuti kutsigira mari.

Zviito Zvakakurumbira Pazvinoedzwa

Mashoko Okushanda uye Kurayira

Nepo vashandi vomukamu vasingazivikanwi muUnited States vachishanda mu “zvido" basa (zvichida kuti vanogona kudzingwa nokuda kwechikonzero chipi nechipi chisingarambidzwi nomutemo), vashandi voruzhinji naavo vanofukidzwa nezvibvumirano zvemibatanidzwa kazhinji kazhinji vane dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru. Mudzidzisi, mukuru mukuru wemapurisa, kana kuti mushandi wehurumende anotarisana nokubviswa anofanira kugamuchira mashoko akanyorwa ezvikonzero nebanza rokupindura. Nenyepe kuti, vashandirwi pane dzimwe nguva vanorega matanho aya. Apo izvozvo zvinoitika, mushandi angaisa chigumbu kana kuti kupomera mhaka kuputsa muitiro wakafanira. The American Bar Association inopa zviwiro zvebasa pakodzero dzakafanira dzebasa.

Kurwisa Kwechikoro Nokudzingwa

Vadzidzi muzvikoro zvavose vakaziva maruramiro akafanira ebasa muchisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro-soro reU.S. Gos v. Lopez [1975]. Nokuda kwekusundwa kupfupi (mazuva 10 kana kuti pasi), chikoro chinofanira kugovera mudzidzi chiziviso chinotaurwa kana kuti chakanyorwa chemhesano nebanza rokutsanangura shanduro yavo yezvinoitika. Nokuda kwemisikanzwa mirefu, muitiro wacho unofanira kuva wakarongwa zvikuru, kubatanidza kunzwa. Vadzidzi vazhinji havazivi nezveidzo idzi, kuchitungamirira kumiuyo isina kururama. NYU inogovera maruramiro avadzidzi anobatanidza muitiro wamashoko akafanira .

Kupomerwa Kweutsotsi Nokusungwa

Zvichida nhandare yakarovedzeka zvikurusa nokuda kwomuitiro wakafanira igadziriro yeruramisiro yamatsotsi. Apo mumwe munhu anopomerwa mhaka youtsotsi, ivo vane maruramiro okucherekedza mhaka, kumirira kwapamutemo, kutonga kwokukurumidza nokunoruzhinji, dare risingasaruri, kodzero yokunangana nezvapupu, uye kodzero yokupa ufakazi. Iyi dziviriro yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa zvitendero zvakaipa uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti hurumende inotakura mutoro wayo woufakazi. Kunyange mukati momuitiro webhuku nokusungwa, vanhu vane maruramiro akafanira, kubatanidza maruramiro okuziva chikonzero nei vari kuchengetwa uye kudenha kuva vasungwa kwavo kwapamutemo.

Kugadzirwa Kwenyika

Kubvisa munhu mujere chimwe chezvinoitika zvinotambudza zvikurusa munhu anogona kutarisana nazvo. Muitiro unotarisirwa mukudzingwa unoda muridzi wenzvimbo kuti ape chiziviso chakanyorwa (kazhinji kazhinji mazuva 30 kana kuti kupfuura) ataure chikonzero chokudzinga. Mutengi ipapo ane maruramiro okupindura mudare nazvino uno, zvakadai semigariro isingagariki kana kuti kutsiva. Mumaganhu mazhinji, vagari vemo vanokodzerwa kugweta mugweta wakagadzwa wedare kana vasingagoni kuwana chimwe. Kubvisa iyi miitiro, kupfurikidza nokuchinja makioki kana kuti kuvha mugwagwa pasina murairo wedare uye kungaguma nechirango chapamutemo nokuda kwomuridzi wemuri wedzimba.

Kuronga Kwaungaita Nhau Dzinofanira Kuitwa: Nhungamiro Inoshanda

Apo unofungidzira kuti kodzero dzako kumuitiro wakafanira dziri kufuratirwa, kuita nhano dzakarurama kunogona kuita musiano wose.Pazasi inzira yakarongeka yokubata nayo zvinetso zvakafanira zvinozivikanwa navose.

Ziva Kodzero Dzako Chaidzo

Kodzero dzebasa dzakaenzana mumugariro uri wose. Dziviriro dzomushandi wavose dzakasiana nedzemudzidzi, uye kodzero dzomushandi dzinosiana nomutemo wehurumende. Tanga kupfurikidza nokunzvera mitemo inoshanda, mirau, kana kuti miitiro. Somuenzaniso, kana uri mudzidzi wechikoro chavose, hwirudzudza bumbiro remitemo rechikoro rako romufambiro negadziriro dzokuranga. Kana uri kutarisana nokudzingwa, nzvera mawebsite ehurumende yako ane mitemo. Indaneti yeyamuro yapamutemo se [[FLT: 0]

2 Tsvaka Zvose

Tsala manyoro emashoko ose ane chokuita negakava. Chengeta maemail, tsamba, mameseji, uye manzwi. Nyora pasi misi, nguva, uye zvirimo pakufona kana kuti kukurukurirana. Kana ukagamuchira chiziviso chakanyorwa chokugumisa, kubvisa, kana kuti kuisa mashoko pasi, chengetai mashoko apakuvamba. Mashoko anobatira soufakazi kana muda kudenha chisarudzo mudare kana kuti mudare.

3. Kumbira Tsananguro Yakajeka

Kana usina chokwadi kuti nei chisarudzo chakaitwa, kumbira tsananguro ine udzame. Somuenzaniso, kana ukadzingwa, kumbira tsamba inotaura zvikonzero chaizvo. Kana waregwa, kumbira mutemo wawakanzi unoputsa uye ufakazi hunopesana newe. Masangano akawanda anodikanirwa kupa ikoku mukuwirirana nemitemo yawo amene kana kuti mutemo unoshanda.

4 Shandisa Zvinodhaka Zvepamwoyo Kana Kuti Zvinoita Kuti Ufarire

Zvinenge zvikoro zvose, masangano ehurumende, uye vashandirwi vakuru vane muitiro wakarongeka wechisarudzo chakaipa. Tsvaka dare rokunyunyuta, boka ravadzidzi vanokwidza, kana kuti chiteshi chemari chomunhu chokuhwirudzura. Faira inokwidza murugwaro rwako, kubatanidza mapepa anotsigira, uye kukumbira kutongwa. Iva nechokwadi chokusvitsa nhambo dzose dzinotarwa. Kunyange kana muitiro womukati usina kukwana, kazhinji kazhinji inodikanwa usati wagona kuita chiito chapamutemo.

5. Tsvaka Mazano Epamutemo Pazvinenge Zvichidiwa

Zviitiko zvinoda kuitwa zvinogona kuva zvakaoma zviri pamutemo, zvikurukuru apo kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dziri pangozi. Kana ukadavira kuti kodzero dzako dzakatyorwa zvakakomba (Somuenzaniso, kana ukadzingwa pasina chiziviso kana kunzwa kupi nokupi) gweta. Masangano mazhinji epamutemo anopa kubvunza kwapachena kana kuti kwakaderera kwemari. Nokuda kwenhau dzebasa, onai Accompate Broumplication Commission (EOC) kana kuti dhipatimendi rebasa rehurumende yako. Nokuda kwenhau dzevadzidzi, Dhipatimendi reDhipatimendi reDzedzidzo reHofisi yePolitiki yeH reHwerosation Rekodzero dzechionioni muZvikoro zvinogamuchira kubhadharo kwehurumende.

Fundo Chaiyoiyo Yechaiyo yeCase Ose: Kudzidza Muchinoitika

Kuongorora kupokanidzana chaikoiko kwakakodzera kunotibatsira kuona kuti chokwadi chacho chinoshanda sei.

Fundo Yenhau 1: Kunzwa Kwakaipa Pasina Kunzwa

Mudzidzisi wechikoro chavose akatenderwa muOhio akapomerwa mufambiro usina kufanira nomudzidzi. Boka rechikoro rakakurumidza kumisa mudzidzisi pasina muripo uye kutanga zviitiko. Mudzidzisi akakumbira kutongwa kwetsika, asi dare rakanonoka radzokororazve kwemwedzi mitanhatu. Mukati menguva iyoyo, mudzidzisi akanga asingakwanisi kushanda uye kutarisana nenhamo huru yemari. Apo kutonga kwakazovapo pakupedzisira, ufakazi hunorwisana nomudzidzisi hwakaonekwa kuva husina simba, uye pomero dzakabviswa. Zvisinei, mudzidzisi akakwidza ruwa rwechikoro nokuda kwokuputsa muitiro wakafanira kupfurikidza nokukundikana kugovera kunzwa kwokukurumidza. dare rakabvuma, kudzoka, uye nharaunda yakarayira kuhwirudzura mitemo yaronge yakomba, chiitiko chacho chakasimbiswa kuti apo kupomero yacho yakakomba, kukutonga kwacho kwapa nguva yakafanira.

Fundo Yenhau 2: Mudzidzi Asina Kushata Akavhurika

Mudzidzi wechikoro chapamusoro wemakore 16 muCalifornia akamiswa kwamazuva 20 pashure pehondo muCamera. Mukuru wechikoro akadana mudzidzi kupinda muhofisi uye, pasina kunzvera kupi nokupi, akaudza mudzidzi kuti vakanga varegwa. Hapana chiziviso chakanyorwa chakapiwa, uye mudzidzi haana kupiwa mukana wokutsanangura kuti mumwe mudzidzi akanga atanga kurwa. Vabereki vomudzidzi vakakurukura sangano repamutemo, iro rakatumira tsamba yaidiwa kunyora basa rechikoro pasi pe Gos v. Lopez. Chikoro chacho chakahwirudzura mufambiro, chaziva chikanga chakanganisa chikanganiso charo, uye chakaderedza kukanganisa kwacho mazuva matatu apo chinyorwa chacho. Muiyi nhau, zivo yavabereki yekodzero yomutemo pachinyorwa chomudzidzi.

Fundo Yenhau 3: Kuzivisa Pasina Nzwisiso Yakafanira

Mugari muNew York City akawira shure mwedzi miviri parendi. Muridzi wemba, akavhiringidzwa nokunonoka, akaisa chiziviso pasuo rairaira mufekitari mukati mamaawa 48. Muridzi ipapo akachinja kiyi apo aishandira akanga ari kubasa. Muridzi wemba akawana gweta reyamuro repamutemo, uyo akaisa chiito chekurumidziro chekudzivisa nhevedzano yechinguvana. Dare rakatonga kuti muridzi weimba akanga aputsa maruramiro akafanira kupfurikidza nokukundikana kutevera muitiro wekudzimakwa kwapamutemo, unoda chiziviso chezuva 30 uye dare rinoenderera mberi. Chiringi chakadzorerwa, uye chikiyi chakabvumirwa kugara apo mhaka yokudzingwa yaipfuurira nomukoto wapamutemo. Iyi mhaka inoenzanisira kuti apo muridziri wekodharo, muridzi wedare haagoni kukundikana kutevera muitiro wapamutemo.

Kuramba Mirangariro Inozivikanwa Navose Isiri Yakarurama Pamusoro Pechinoitika Chakafanira

Ngano dzakawanda dzinotaura nezvemaitiro akakodzera dzinogona kuita kuti vanhu vawedzere kukoshesa kana kuti vaderedze zvavanodzivirira.

  • Myth: Muitiro wakafanira unoshanda bedzi kunhau dzoutsotsi. Chaizvoizvo, muitiro wakafanira unodzivirira chiito chipi nechipi chehurumende chinonyima munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu (kubatanidza basa ravose, dzidzo, uye betsero.)
  • Myth: Makambani epachivande haafaniri kugovera muitiro wakafanira. Kunyange vashandirwi vavanhu vanowanzoshanda pasi pemirau inoda, vanofanira kutevera misengwa ipi neipi yebvumirano kana kuti zvinodikanwa zvemitemo. Somuenzaniso, kana ukasaina bhuku remirayiridzo rinovimbisa chirango chinofambira mberi, kambani ingasungwa nechipikirwa ichocho.
  • Myth: Muitiro unoreva kutongwa kunodhura. Muzvinoitika zvizhinji, muitiro wakafanira unogona kugutswa nokunzwa kwakapfava kana kuti tsananguro yakanyorwa. Mwero wetsika unotsamira paukombi hwekushaiwa. Kudzivira kwezuva gumi kunoda muitiro muduku kupfuura kurasikirwa nebasa kwechigarire.
  • Myth: Kana ukawina muitiro wakafanira unotaurwa, unowana tsaona huru. Dare parinogona kubhadhara mubhadharo, kudzorerwa, kana kuti mitero yegweta, chirango hachiwanzoitiki munhau dzinotemwa. Nharidzano inowanzova kudzorera munhu wacho kunzvimbo yaangadai akava ari mumugariro wakarurama.

Zvinodiwa Kupfuura United States

Kunyange zvazvo muitiro wakafanira wakakurumbira zvikurusa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzine dziviriro dzakafanana mumitemo yadzo dzimene kana kuti zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose. Chikamu 6 cheEuropean Convention on Human Rights chinovimbisa maruramiro kutongwa kwakarurama, uko kunobatanidza zvakawanda zvezvinhu zvakafanana somuitiro wakafanira. Charter of Rights and Freedoms yeCanada inodzivirirawo ruramisiro inokosha. Mumarudzi asina gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakasimba, muitiro wakafanira unogona kuva usina kusimba zvikuru, kuchichiita kuti chive chinotonyanya kutsoropodza vagari vemo kuti vanzwisise kodzero dzavo uye masangano enyika yose kusimudzira kutonga kwomutemo. Nokuda kwomumwe munhu anofambira kana kuti aenda kunze kwenyika, kunzvera gadziriro inotaviridzwa munyika iyoyo inogona kuva inokosha.

Mifungo Yokupedzisira: Kutsigira Ururami

Muitiro wakakodzera haisi dzidziso yapamutemo inochengeterwa magweta navatongi. Icho chishandiso chinoshanda chokuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vari kubatwa nechiremera, kunyange apo vanopomerwa mhaka yechakaipa. Kana uri mudzidzi, mushandi, mugari wemo, anoziva nzira yokutungamirira nayo nhau dzapamutemo dzinogona kukubetsera kumira iwe umene munguva dzokuva nomugariro wakaipa. Paunocherekedza kuti nhano dzakafanira dziri kusundwa (8) apo pasina munhu anokuudza chikonzero nei uri kudzingwa, apo mwana anenge aregwa asina mukana wokutaura, apo muridzi wepaimba anokukiya kunze kwenhevedzano yedare (h) uko kuri nguva yokuita chiito. Chibvumirano, kubvunza, kukumbira, uye, kana kuri madikanwa, tsvaka betsero yapamutemo. Kupfurikidza nokuita kudaro, haungodziviridziri mirangariro yako umene unofanira kutevera mira mitengo yavose.