Mirayiro yechiremera pakati pezvishandiso zvikurusa zvinovapo zvinova nemuuyo mukurusa purezidhendi weU.S. ane, bva zvinoramba zviri chimwe chezvinhu zvisinganzwisiswi zvikuru zvehurumende yeAmerica. Iyi mirairo, yakapiwa pasina muganhu neWhite House, inotakura simba romutemo ndokubvumira purezidhendi kuumba, masangano ehurumende, uye kuita chimwe chinhu kunjodzi pasina tendero yedare. Vadzidzi navadzidzi vanofunda nhau dzeAmerica nehurumende, vachinzwisisa kuti mirairo yavakuru vakuru inokodzera sei mugadziriro yapamutemo yakafara iri madikanwa inodikanwa (8) kwete bedzi nokuda kwokunzwisisa kudzorwa kwenhau dzekare asi nokuda kwokunzverawo nharo dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzazvino uno.

Ndeipi Iri Nhevedzo Yavatungamiriri?

Nhevedzano yavakuru vakuru inhungamiro yakanyorwa yakabva kuna purezidhendi anotarisira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo risingarondedzeri zvakajeka mirairo yavakuru vakuru, rave richishandiswa chifo chamazuva apakuvamba zvikurusa ehurumende. George Washington akapa murairo wokutanga wehurumende muna 1789, achirairidza vakuru vakuru vakuru kugadzirira mishumo pamusoro pehurumende yedhipatimendi ravo. Chibviro chenguva iyeyo, purezidhendi akabudisa zviuru zvemirairo yakadaro, kuvambira pamirairo yetsika yokudzora kusvikira kuchinjo huru.

Mirairo yechiremera inobudiswa mu `Federal Register uye ine tapuro inobatira yomutemo pamasangano ebazu makuru. Zvisinei, havagoni kutanga mitemo mitsva kana kuti mari yakafanira; chiremera chavo chinobva mumirau iripo kana kuti masimba ebumbiro remitemo rapurezidhendi. Apo purezidhendi anopa murairo unopfuura miganhu iyoyo, matare angairova.

Hwaro Hwebumbiro reMitemo Nokuda Kwemirayiro Inodzora

Hwaro hwapamutemo hwemirairo yavakuru vakuru huri muChikamu II cheChikamu II chesimba rehurumende yeU.S., Chikamu 1 apaumbishi mupurezidhendi, uye Chikamu 3 chinopa purezidhendi basa roku “ngwarira kuti Mitemo ipedzwe nokutendeka.” Pamwe chete, zvikamu izvi zvinopa purezidhendi rusununguko rwakafara kuti atarisire dare rehurumende uye zvinovimbisa kuti vavariro yokuronga dare iitike.

Kushandisa Simba uye Muitiro Wenhau

Bumbiro reMitemo haridudzi zvakajeka zvirango zvehurumende, asi murangariro wemasimba anorehwa . wakatanga kuziviswa [[FLT]MCLOch v. Maryland (1819)] (--kanobvumira purezidhendi kuita zviito zviri madikanwa kuita mitoro yebumbiro remitemo. [19]] [Chengeta redare repamusoro rasimbisa chiremera ichi.] Dare ramakurukota rakaziva kuti purezidhendi ane masimba omuzvarirwo muzvinhu zvokumwe nyika nechengeteko, sezvinoonekwa mu [[FLT] United States v. Culvelth.[5]

Kunzwisisa uku kuoma kwebumbiro remitemo kunokosha: mirairo yavakuru vakuru ine simba asi nguva dzose inozviisa pasi pemiganhu yakagadzwa neBumbiro reMitemo, Congress, uye matare. Nokuda kwenzvero ine udzame ye “Nyanga” chitsama chemashoko, ona Cornell Legin Information Institute yeChikamu II .

Basa Remirayiridzo Yehurumende

Mirayiridzo yehurumende yeUnited States inoshanda mabasa akawanda muhurumende.

Kushandisa Mitemo Yakaitwa Nedare

Pashure pokunge Congress yapa mutemo, purezidhendi anowanzopa murayiro mukuru wokutungamirira kuti masangano ehurumende anofanira kuisa mutemo iwoyo. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokugadzwa kweCeake Air Act, purezidhendi vakabudisa mirairo yokugovera mitoro kuNhungamiro yeNzvimbo nemisi yokugadza miganhu yokuteerera. Iyi mirairo haitsivi mutemo asi inogovera nhungamiro ine udzame inozadza miganhu inosiiwa nomutauro wemitemo.

Kutarisira Gadziriro Dzehurumende Nemabasa

Purezidhendi, somukuru webazu guru, anoraira kurongazve masangano, kutanga madare matsva okuronga, kana kuti mavamba mipimo yokubudirira. Gurukuro 12866 (1993), yakabudiswa naPrezidhendi Clinton, inoda kuti masangano ehurumende atange kunzvera kugadziridzwa kwemipimo mikuru. Mirairo yakadaro inoumba basa rezuva riri rose rehurumende uye inogona kuva nemiuyo inooneka pamashandisirwe emari yomuripi.

Kukurukura Nezvokukurumidzira Zvenyika

Kumwe kwokushandiswa kukurusa kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru kuri mukupindura njodzi dzenyika. National Emerdiation Act (1976) inobvumira purezidhendi kuzivisa njodzi yorudzi kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yavakuru vakuru, kuvhura masimba chaiwo ayo Congress yakatenderwa pachine nguva mberi. Chifo cha 1976, purezidhendi akazivisa njodzi dzakawanda panhau dzinovambira paugandanga kusvikira kuutano hwavanhu. Muna 2020, Purezidhendi Trump akashandisa murairo wechiremera kudzosera mari kukuvaka rusvingo rwomuganhu pashure pokunge Congress aderera kukwakafanira chitsama chakakwana chapashure pechipo chamazano gare gare gare mudare.

Kudzora Mitemo Yokumwe uye Nhau Dzemarudzi Ose

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru inzira huru iyo purezidhendi anotungamirira nayo kukurukurirana nokutarisira ukama hwamarudzi ose. Vanogona kuisa zvibvumikiso, kuganhurira kufamba, kana kuti kuvanza zvinhu zvemasangano okumwe. Somuenzaniso, Mutezo Unodzora 13694 (2015), wakasainwa naPrezidhendi Obama, zvirango zvinotenderwa pamunhu anobatanidzwa mumubato weIndaneti wakaipa. Nemhaka yokuti muitiro wokumwe kazhinji kazhinji unoda chiito chokukurumidza, purezidhendi mutsika dzakava nemwaro mukuru zvikuru muiko.[1] Hurumende yeSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reHurumende inogona kupfuudza mutemo kuti ritsinde murayiro.

Miganhu uye Nzvero Pamirayiridzo Yechiremera

Gadziriro yeCunity yecheki nedzikamo zvinovimbisa kuti mamwe mapazu anogona kudzvinyirira simba roupurezidhendi. Miganhu inotevera inokosha zvikuru kuti vadzidzi vehurumende vanzwisise.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Matare eFederal anogona kurova murairo wavakuru vakuru kana ukaputsa Bumbiro remitemo kana kuti kudarika chiremera chomutemo. Zvinetso zvapamutemo kazhinji kazhinji zvinomuka nokukurumidza pashure pokunge murairo unomutsa nharo wapiwa. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Trump’s Eduzed Order 13769 ( “Travel Bal”) yakavharwa nematare akawanda eruwa pamberi pedare reProtobhestive. Nenzira yakafanana, murayiro waPrezidhendi Biden pamirairo yemajekiseni nokuda kwevadhinda wakavharwa zvishoma nezvishoma neDare guru muna 2022. [[FLT: 0] American Bar Association inogovera kupfuurecul rehwiro yehwiro yemikoro yedare rezvokutonga [FLT].

Chiito Chedare

Congress inogona kubudisa nenzira inobudirira murairo mukuru kupfurikidza nokupfuudza mutemo mutsva unoutsiva. Nepo purezidhendi achigona kubvisa zvikwereti zvakadaro, voruzhinji vaviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri vanogona kukurira chikwereti. Congress inogonawo kushandisa simba rayo rechikwama: kana murairo uchida mari iyo vaiti vemitemo vanoramba kuisa, murairo wacho ungava usingamanikidzi. Mukuwedzera, Congregation Review Act inobvumira kuti zviito zvakati zvechiremera zvishanduruke mukati menguva yakaganhurirwa.

Mafungiro Evanhu Nedzvinyiriro Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru inodzorwa nedare revoruzhinji. Chishoro chakapararira chinogona kuparadza dzimbahwe rezvamatongerwe enyika rapurezidhendi negadziridzo. Zviteshi, nzvero, uye nhimbe dzeuswa zvakatungamirira purezidhendi kukuvatsi kana kuti kuchinja mirairo. Somuenzaniso, murairo waPrezidhendi Obama pamusoro pokupinda munyika (Chiito chaMatambudziko nokuda kwavabereki veAmerica, kana kuti DPA) zvakatarisana nokudzorwa kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvokuti haina kutongovakwa chose chose, uye Dare Gurusa redare rakaparadzwa chose chose chose pasimba raro repamutemo muna 2016.

Masangano Esangano Neamahofisi Ehurumende

Kunyange mukati mebazu guru, mirairo inogona kudziviswa navashandi vebasa vehurumende avo vanganonoka kuita kana kuti kukumbira nhungamiro inojekesa. Kubudirira kwenhevedzano kazhinji kazhinji kunotsamira pakubatira pamwe kwevakuru vesangano navashandi, vazhinji vavo vanobatira muyambuko yavatarisiri. Mirayiro yaPrezidhendi Trump “mumadhaka”, somuenzaniso, yakavhenganiswa namagweta esangano aiadudzira zvishoma.

Mienzaniso Yenhau Yenhevedzano Yaitungamirira

Kuti tinzwisise kuti mirayiridzo yevakuru vakuru yakaumba sei nhau yeAmerica, zvinobatsira kuongorora nhungamiro dzakananga dzakava nemigumisiro inogara.

Gadziriro Yakapiwa Chinzvimbo 906: Kupindira kweAmerica kweJapan

Yakabudiswa naPurezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt muna February 1942, Group Order 9066 yakabvumira mauto kugadza “nharaunda dzokuparadza” uye kuisazve vaJapan vanogara muWest Coast. Vanhu vanopfuura 120 000, vanhu vaviri mutatu vavo vakanga vari vagari veU.S., vakatumirwa kumisasa yokubhadharwa. Murairo wacho gare gare wakashurikidzwa sechishamiso cherusununguko rwavagari vemo, uye Congress yakapfudza Civil Liberéties Act ya 1988 kukumbira ruregerero nohuvara. [[FLT:] National Archivesss unoita chinyorwa chapakuvamba ndokugovera mibato yedzidzo pauyu murayiro .

Murairo Wavatungamiriri 9981: Kusarudzwa Kwemauto Ane Zvombo

Purezidhendi Harry Truman akabudisa Urard Providecidence 9981 muna July 1948, achizivisa “kuenzana kwokubatwa kwakaenzana nebanza nokuda kwavanhu vose vari mumauto ane zvombo pasina pamusoro pedzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso kana kuti mavambo orudzi.” Iyi murairo wakabvisa U.S. uye wakaratidzira nhambo inokosha musangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo. Yakatarisana nechishoro chinotyisa chakabva kuvatungamiriri vehondo navatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika veSouthern, asi musengwariro waTruman kuchiito chapamusoro (*) kupfuura kumirira mutemo. [[FLTrut:0] Truman Library inopa mibato mikuru yezvidzidzo zvevadzidzi nokuda kwouyu murayiro [FLD:1]

Ruramisiro 13769: “Travel Ban”

Yakasainwa naPurezidhendi Donald Trump muna January 2017, Group Order 13769 yakamiswa kwechinguvana kupinda muUnited States nokuda kwenyika dzenyika nomwe dzine miMuslim. Murairo wacho wakamutsa kutsutsumwa kwapakarepo panhandare dzendege munyika yose uye wakadenhwa nokukurumidza mudare. Pashure pokunge gadziridzwa kwakawanda, Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira kudzorwa kwechitatu mu [FLT: 0]Trump v. Hawaii (2088), ichiwana kuti purezidhendi aiva nechiremera chikuru chokupinda munyika pasi peImmigration neNational Act Act. Mhaka iyi inoramba iri muenzaniso webasa wezvokukurukurirana kwezvirevo nejasimendero.

Murairo Wavatungamiriri 14008: Kuderedza Dambudziko Romugariro Wekunze

Purezidhendi Joe Biden, pazuva rake rokutanga muhofisi muna January 2021, akasainwa Urairo Ukuru hweMitemo 14008, uyo akaraira masangano kuhwirudzura nokushandura yakawanda yemitemo yehurumende yekare yemhoteredzo. Yakagadzazve Council yePurezidhendi yeSayenzi neTechnology. Iyi nhungamiro yakaisvonaka inoenzanisira kuti purezidhendi mutsva anogona sei kushandisa zvirango zvokuchinja nokukurumidza pasina kumirira Chibvumirano cheU.

Ruramisiro 12866: Kuhwirudzura Kutungamirira

Kunyange zvazvo zvisinganyanyi kushamisa, Hurukuro 12866 (Clinton, 1993) yakava netapuro huru pamuitiro wokuisa mitemo. Yaida kuti masangano aongorore ndyiko nebetsero dzemirau inokosha ndokuzviisa kuHofisi yeInformation and Regatoriation Affairs (OIRA) kuti adzokorore. Purezidhendi mumwe nomumwe chifo chaapo akachengeta kana kuti kugadziridza iyi gadziriro. Kuronga kwakarongwa kwakaita mutoo wendyiko yemari inoramba iri pakati pemitemo yenyika nhasi.

Gadziriro Dzine Vatungamiriri Munzvimbo Yazvino Uno Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kushandiswa kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru kwakawedzera, kuchisundwa nokuoma kwehurumende kuri kuwedzera. Mapurezidhendi amativi ose ari maviri akatendeukira kuchiito chisina kubatana apo vasingagoni kuwana mutemo.

Kutanga Kwechiito Chisiri Chomushure

Kubva kuna Franklin Roosevelt mazuva 100 okutanga, ayo akaona zvirango zvakawanda zvevakuru vakuru, ku “Taisagona kumirira” nhimbe yokuchinja vatami, nhevedzano yavakuru vakuru yazova chishandiso chinopimo chokudzivisa kubviswa kwemitemo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti uyu muitiro unosekesa kuparadza masimba; vatsigiri vanopokanidza kuti unongoratidzira zvomene yebumbiro remitemo yokuti purezidhendi anofanira kuita apo Constantion inokundikana.

Nhengo inobva kuAmerican Presadency Project inoratidza kuti nhamba yemirairo yavakuru vakuru pagore yachinja zvikuru, asi revo yemirairo yomunhu mumwe nomumwe yakura. Mapurezidhendi azvino uno sezvingabvira zvikuru anopa mirairo inoita chinjo huru dzemiitiro yenhau(w, recureal counter, transmission, uye maruramiro avagari vemo kupfuura miraudzo yokudzora yakakwana.

Kukakavadzana Kwemisi Ichangobva Kupfuura Nehondo Dzapamatare

Vatarisiri veTrump vakaona chiverengero chakakurumbira chedenho dzapamutemo kumirairo yavakuru vakuru. Mukuwirirana nenzvero yakaitwa neInstitute for Constitutional Advocacy and Protection paGeorgetown Law, inodokusvika 40% yezviito zvakakwirira zvaTrump zvakapomerwa, zvichienzaniswa ne 10% nokuda kweObama naBush. Vatarisiri vaBiden vakatarisanawo nedzinopomerwa pamusoro pemirairo yejekiseni, kanganwiro yavadzidzi, uye murairo wemhoteredzo. Nhamba idzi dzinokarakadza kuti jadhicary iri kuva nzvero yokudenha inowedzera pasimba roukuru.

Nokuda kwendaza yakakwana yezviratidzo zvevakuru vakuru kubva kuna George Washington kusvikira kunguva yazvino, shanyira [[FLT: 0] American Project’s database yezvokutungamirira bhizimisi[[FLT: 1].

Mupedzi: Kunzwisisa Nhevedzo Yavatungamiriri Mundima

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru haisati iri chiteshi kana kuti nzvimbo yokutsigira udzvinyiriri; ichishandiswa chine pamutemo icho purezidhendi akashandisa chifo chokuvambwa kweRepublic. Simba ravo rinobva kwete mumashoko api naapi asi mukupa chiremera chakafara muChikamu II uye kudikanwa kunoshanda kwokutarisira kunobudirira. Bva simba iroro nguva dzose rinodzorwa namamwe mapazu matare, Congress, uye pakupedzisira vanhu vose.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, chinhu chikuru ndechokuti maodha makuru avakuru vakuru anogara pamhatsa yomutemo, zvamatongerwe enyika, uye nhau. Idzo dzisingagoni kufundwa mukuparadzaniswa. Dzidzo yakakwana yavagari vemo inofanira kunzvera kwete bedzi izvo mirairo inotaura asiwo nzira yainoshandiswa nayo, inodenhwa, uye inochinjwa. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera mienzaniso chaiyoiyo yeJapanese kusvikira kumigove yazvino uno yerwendo.

Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo yevakuru vakuru inokodzera sei kuumba hurumende kunokosha kupfuura kare kwose, kunoita kuti vagari vemo vakwanise kunyatsoongorora zvinoitwa napurezidhendi uye kuti vafunge nezvehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.