Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo Yorudzi

Sumo yeUnited States Constitution inomira seimwe yemashoko akavhiringidzwa zvikuru uye ane simba echinangwa chezvamatongerwe enyika munhau yavanhu. Yakadzorwa muzhizha ra1787, yakabuda mungozi yenjodzi. Nyika duku yeAmerica, yaidzorwa neMitemo yeConfederation, yakanga yakadzorwa. Masangano ezvekutengeserana ehurumende akavhunga nokukwikwikwidzana kwevatongi vehurumende. Chikwereti chenyika chakakwidzwa pasina mubatanidzwa wehurumende werevo. Masimba okunzeve, kubatanidza Britain neSpain, akazvidza uchangamire hweAmerica nokusarangwa. Chiteshi chokupedzisira chakanga chiri Shays &ferquo; Chipanduko muna 1786, kumukira kwavakashonge vakashongerwa nechikwereti chavarimi vane zvikwereti muMassachuseti yaiwo chairatidzira hurumende yepakati &squo; kusakwanisa kuchengeta nhevedzano.

Nhume dzakaungana muPhiladelphia kwete kungopedzisa Nhevedzo, asi kudzitsiva chose chose. Muuyo wakanga uri gwaro idzva rinodzora rakagadzirwa pachiremera chehurumende chakasimba zvikuru. Pregedge yakanga isiri chinhu chapashure pekufunga; yakanga iri tsinhiro yebasa rose. Inoshanda sepfupiso yeAmerican Civil Contract — chibvumirano chikuru chinobatanidza hurumende kuvadzorwi nokuronga zvinangwa zvakagoveranwa zveUnion. Kunzwisisa Pregailland kunokosha kunzwisisa mudzimu nechiremera zveAmerica.

Uchangamire Hwakarongeka hwa " Isu Vanhu "

Sumo inovamba nokutaura kwakaputsanya rondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika yakapararira yezana ramakore rechi18: “ Iwe People ”. Uku kwakanga kuri kutaura kwokuchinja. Zvikamu zveConfederation zvakanga zvavamba ne “ Iwe Nhume dzakasarudzwa dzeUnited States, ” kuratidzira mubatanidzwa pakati pehurumende dzehurumende inotonga. Rudzi, nokupesana, zvakadzika chiremera chazvo zvakananga muvagari veUnited States sedare rimwe rorudzi.

Iyi yakanga iri kukwidziridzwa kwakananga kwouchangamire hwakakurumbira. Yakaramba pfungwa yokuti simba raiyerera richibva kumambo, chiremerera, kana kuti kunyange kubva kudzimba dzomutemo dzimene. Panzvimbo pezvo, yakasimbisa kuti kuva pamutemo kwehurumende yehurumende kunotorwa mukubvumira kwevadzorwi. Uku kutaura kunoumba wirirano yeAmerican Civil Contract: vanhu vanopa simba, uye hurumende inorishandisa pasi pemiganhu namadonzo zvinorondedzerwa muBumbiro remitemo.

Ndivanaani Vaibatanidzwa Pakutanga?

Kunokosha kubvuma kunyanduka kukuru kwakasimbiswa mumashoko iwayo apakuvamba. Muna 1787, “ Isu People ” hatina kubatanidza vagari veAfrica vakapinzwa muuranda, MaIndia okuAmerica, vakadzi, kana kuti kusava vachena vakanaka. Bumbiro reMitemo pacharo rakabatanidza kutangwa kwouranda kupfurikidza neFiffth Resvence neFugitive Slave Claus. Mukahahanya uyu pakati pePregegest ’ mutauro wefaiso nechinhu chaichoicho chomutemo weAmerica zvinomirira kurwisanya kwapakati penhau yeAmerica.

Hondo yavagari vemo yakaedza zvakananga rudzi rweUnion nerevo yeChivil Contract. Pashure pehondo Reconstructuss — ye13, ye14, uye ya15th — yakanga iri nhamburiko chaiyo kusvitsa Bumbiro reMitemo mutsinhirano nechipikirwa. Gadziriro ye 14 dzakazivisa dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo yavanhu vose, ichikudza zvinobudirira rondedzero ye “ People ” kubatanidza vanhu vaichimbova varanda. Gamende ye 19 yakawedzera franse kuvakadzi. Chirevo cheChirevo cheChirengo cheNation of 1964 neVogarmential Act of 1965 arces - reState-orvenux. Nhau yeUnited States, murutivi rukuru rwenhau yenhau ye &ucquo; Weld; Ruoko rwechikamu renhau renyika yose.

Mbiru Nhanhatu Dzenzvimbo Yavose yeAmerica

Pregage inoronga nharidzano nhanhatu dzakajeka, dzakabatanidzwa idzo Bumbiro reMitemo rakarongedzerwa kuita. Idzi hadzisati dziri nharidzanowo zvadzo dzokuda kupindura; idzo ivavariro duku dzehurumende. Dzinoumba mirau yapakati pechibvumirano pakati pehurumende navagari vayo.

Kuumba Mubatanidzwa Wakakwana

Shoko “ More ” rinokosha. Vamiriri havana kutaura kuva vari kuumba mubatanidzwa wakakwana. Vakabvuma kuti mubatanidzwa wakanga uripo pasi peMitemo yeConfederation wakanga wakakanganisika uye unodikanwa kuvandudziko. Nharidzano yakanga iri yokuenda kurudzi rwakasimba, runowirirana zvikuru.

Ichi chinangwa chakasunda chinjo dzourongwa hweBumbiro remitemo. Yakatanga gadziriro yezvokutengeserana umo hurumende yenyika yakaisa ukuru pamusoro penharaunda dzakati dzakarongwa. Supremacy Clause muChikamu VI yakaita Bumbiro reMitemo, mitemo yehurumende, uye bvumirano mutemo mukurusa wenyika, unosungisa vatongi vose. Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadzira musika wakabatana wezvokutengeserana, mari imwe, uye muitiro mumwe wokumwe. Vavariro yakanga iri yokudzivisa kunyorwa kwemitemo yakanga yodokuparadza nyika yacho mumakore ayo gumi okutanga.

Hondo yavagari vemo yakanga iri muedzo wokupedzisira weichi chitsama. Kubatana kweMadokero enyika kwakadenha zvakananga pfungwa yeUnion isingagumi. Abraham Lincoln, muhurukuro yake yokutanga yokutanga, akakumbira Permanence yeUnion, achiramba kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rakaitwa kuti riumbe mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru ” uye kuti hakuna nyika inogona kuusiya pasina munhu anozvidzora. Union ’ rukundo muna 1865 rwakasimbisa pfungwa yerudzi rusingachinjiki.

2. Kugadza Ruramisiro

Vamiriri vanodavira kuti republic yakatsiga yaida gadziriro yeruramisiro yakanga yakafanana uye yakaparadzana nefungira mano akaipa dzomunzvimbomo kana kuti nemitemo. MuPession of Confederation, hakuna kunyengera. matare ehurumende akanga ari vatongi vokupedzisira vomutemo, kunyange panhau dzenyika. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kunyongano, namasangano akasiyana - siyana anodudzira zvibvumirano nemitemo munzira dzinopokanidzana.

Bumbiro reMitemo rakataura ikoku kupfurikidza nokugadza Dare Gurusa uye kupa simba Congress kuti ive matare akaderera. Chikamu III chakavimbisa kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose kwavatongi vehurumende (mukushandisa mufambiro wakanaka), kuvadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuumbwa kwedare rehurumende kwakanga kuchikosha kusimbisa ukuru hwomutemo wenyika. Mufungo wokutonga, wakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison [183], akapa matare kumisazve mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo, achisimbisazve mutemo.

Kurondwa kweruramisiro kwave kuri kurwisa kunopfuurira. Garamende ye14 &FLD ’ vimbiso ye “ dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo ” yave iri hwaro nokuda kwedzimwe hondo dzapamutemo dzinokosha zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica, kubva Brown v. Board of Education [54] [54]) iyo yakaguma chikoro, Obergefell v. Hodges [20] [20]

Kupedza Kusununguka Mumhuri

Rugare rwemhuri runoreva rugare mukati memiganhu yenyika. Mutyairi mukuru wenhau weichi chitsama wakanga uri Shays ’ Rupanduko. Apo boka ravarimi vane chikwereti muMassachusetts rakatora zvombo kudzimba dzokuvhara uye kudzivirira vamiririri, hurumende yenyika pasi peMitemo yeConfederation yakanga isina simba rokuzvimisa. Hurumende yeMassachusetts yaifanira kusimudza mauto ayo imene, uye kupandukira kwakangodzorwa bedzi nehondo inotsigirwa pachivande.

Ichi chinoitika chakatyisa vakatanhamara vaikudzwa ndokupwisa vazhinji, kubatanidza George Washington naJames Madison, nezvekudikanwa kwokukurumidzira kwehurumende yapakati yakasimba zvikuru. Bumbiro reMitemo rakapa hurumende simba rokudzivisa kumukirana namasimba masimba omumba.Chikamu IV, Chikamu 4 chinovimbisa rudzi rwuri rwose rwehurumende yeparabhuriki uye chinopikira dziviriro yehurumende mukurwisana nemasimba masimba omumba.

Gakava razvino uno pamusoro peIndurrection Act, kushandiswa kweNational Guard, uye mhinduro yehurumende kukusagadzikana kwavagari vemo zvose zvinodzokera shure kuuyu musengwa wehwaro. dzikamo pakati pokuchengeta nhevedzano nokudzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo inoramba iri yakakomba, asi Dare rehurumende ’ musengwa wokuita kuti rugare ruvepo unonyorwa zvakajeka muCivil Contract.

4. Kudzivirira Vanhu Vose

Hurumende yepakati yaisagona kusimudza mauto kana kuti ngarava dzehondo; yaifanira kukumbira hurumende kuti iwane mauto nemari. Izvi zvakaita kuti United States ive isingatani kuiswa pangozi nemasimba eEurope.

Bumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo rakabvisa simba rokusimudza nokutsigira mauto, kugovera nokuchengeta murwi wegungwa, uye kuzivisa hondo kuDare rehurumende. Rakaita kuti Mutungamiriri weSangano reMutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo. Ikoku kwakaparira chivako chakabatana chorudzi chokudzivirira chinokwanisa kuratidzira simba nokudzivirira fariro dzeAmerica kune dzimwe nyika.

Vagadziri vainyumwira zvikuru mauto akamira. Ndicho chikonzero nei simba rokutsigira hondo rakaganhurirwa kutsauriro dzegore maviri muChikamu I, Chikamu 8, vachivimbisa kuti Congress yaizova necherekedzo yenguva dzose pasimba rehondo. Dzikamo pakati pokudzora kwechiuto navarwi vanosimba yave iri musoro wenguva dzose munhau yeAmerica. Kugovera nokuda kwedziviriro yavose kwakabva kuhondo duku yemuganhu nehondo yezvitima zvehondo dzinomhanya- ntiyasimba kuenda kugadziriro yenyika yose yezvivako nebvumirano, asi nheyo yemitemo yemitemo inoramba iripo.

5. Kusimudzira Rubudiriro Rukuru

Iyi zvichida ndiyo tsinhiro inokakavadzana zvikurusa muPregedge. Pamusoro payo, inotaura kuti hurumende iripo kuti ibatire garikano yavagari vose, kwete bedzi vapfumi, mapoka ane simba, kana kuti anoitira hanya chaiko.

Pakanga pane tsananguro mbiri dzinokwikwidzana kubva pakutanga. Alexander Hamilton akataura kuti chitsama chamashoko chakapa Congress chiremera chakafara kumutero uye kupedza nokuda kwedonzo ripi neripi raizobetsera rudzi rwose. James Madison, uyo akanyoresa Virginia Plan, akatsigira dudziro yakaganhurirwa zvikuru: kuti &lquo; general garance ” chitsama chakabatanidzwa chose chose chose namamwe masimba anodudzwa muChikamu I, Chikamu 8.

Murangariro weHamilton wakapararira zvikuru, zvikurukuru kubva muNew Deal zera zvichienda mberi. New Deart yaFranklin D. Roosevelt yakamirira kukura kukuru kwesimba rehurumende mureza wokusimudzira garikano yose zvayo pakati poKuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi. Social Security Act ya 1935, kuumbwa kwaMedicare naMedicaid muna 1965, uye Affordcable Care Act ya2010 ose mashoko ose azvino anorevererwa eichibvumirano chebumbiro remitemo. Gakavanwa pamusoro poukoshinano yakafanira yehurumende yokubatanidzwa mugarikano yenzanga, gadziriro, uye tarisiro youtano zvinopfuurira kurondedzera matongerwe enyika eAmerica nhasi.

6. Kuchengeta Zvikomborero Zvorusununguko

Nharidzano yokupedzisira yesumo ndeyokuita kuti rusununguko &mdash ruve rwakachengeteka; kwete bedzi nokuda kwechizvarwa chazvino, asi nokuda kwe “ vazukuru. ” Ichochi chinoisa Bumbiro reMitemo nomutoro wokutarira mberi, worudzi rumwe. VaFrames vainyatsoziva kuti rusununguko rwaigona kurasika nyore nyore sei, vachiva vachangobva kurwisana nechinjo mukurwisana nomudzvinyiriri anozivikanwa.

Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba raiva nedziviriro dzinoverengeka nokuda kworusununguko, dzakadai serambidzo pamabhiri evabhadhari nemitemo yapashure pepo, uye vimbiso yehabeas corpus. Zvisinei, kubatanidzwa kweBill of Rights kwakamutsa nharo.Federalists dzakawanda dzakataura kuti kwakanga kusiri madikanwa nemhaka yokuti hurumende yakanga iri imwe yemasimba akaganhurirwa, akaverengwa. Vatsoropodzi veAnti-Federalist vakaomerera padziviriro dzakajeka nokuda kwekodzero dzavo.

Chipikirwa chokuwedzera Bhili rekodzero chakashandiswa mukuchengetedza kukanganiswa kweBumbiro reMitemo. Kugadziriswa kwegumi kwokutanga kwakagamuchirwa muna 1791. Vakadzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura, rwokubudisa, rwechitendero, rwegungano, uye rwokukumbira (Kutanga) kodzero yokutakura zvombo (Second), kudzivirira mauto (Third), kudzivirira pakutsvaka kusina musoro uye kubatwa nehosha (Fourth), uye kodzero dzevanopomerwa (Feff, 6th, Senth, Senth, Senth).

Kusimbisa zvikomborero zvorusununguko zvaida zvinopfuura kungoronga kodzero. Kurwisa kwave kuri pamusoro pokutambanudzira zvikomborero izvozvo kumunhu ari wose. Hurumende yeChivilini yeHondo, Penduzhe yeChinetso cheChinetso, uye Civil Rights Strandment zvakanga zviri zvose nhamburiko dzokuzadzika Pregegery ’s vimbiso. Rusunungu ndimugariro wakabatana asi nheyo mhenyu inofanira kudzivirirwa nokuwedzerwa.

Sumo Sechibvumirano Chepamutemo Nechezvamatongerwe Enyika

Nepo Pregage imene isingapi masimba api naapi kana kuti kodzero — Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakatonga mu Jacobson v. Massachusetts (06) (05) kuti Pregation haisi manyuko esimba rehurumende reP amdash rehurumende —i inobatira basa rinodenha. Iro rinoumba mudzimu nedonzo reBumbiro-mitemo. Dare rave richinongedzera nguva dzose kukusuma paridziro hurusapo pakududzira zvinangwa zvehurumende.

Mu McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akadudza dzidziso yamasimba anorehwa kuti ataure nokuda kwedudziro yakafara yamasimba ehurumende. Iye akacherekedza kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rakanga rakaitirwa kutsungirira kwamazera anouya, uye kuti mutoo waro waifanira kugadziridzwa kusvikira kumigumo yaro mikuru, sezvinorondedzerwa muPreggedge. Iyi yakavamba dzidziso yamasimba anorehwa, iyo inotsamira pakunzwisisa kuti hurumende inofanira kuva nezvishandiso zvakaiswa mumitsetse mikuru yebumbiro remitemo.

Sumowo inoshandawo sechinhu chemhiko yezvamatongerwe enyika nechinopa mhinduro. Mapurezidhendi kubva kuLincoln kusvikira kuObama akakumbira mutauro waro kuumba zvinetso zvenyika. Lincoln akakumbira kunheyo dzeGangeri muGainwa reChivil-Murwi yaiedza kana rudzi rwe “ rwakapinzwa muLiberty, uye rwakatsaurirwa kuchisarudzo chokuti vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana ne” rwaigona kutsungirira kwenguva refu. Mutauro wePregeget unogovera mashoko akagoveranwa nokuda kwekurukurirano yorudzi pamusoro pedonzo rehurumende.

Chirongwa Chisina Kubviswa Choutongi Hwose hweAmerica

American Civil Contract, seyakaratidzwa muGavhura, haisati iri chinyorwa chakabatana. Ibasa rinopfuurira. Shoko “ more ” mu “ mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru ” rinopa kuti basa risati richitongokwana. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinogara nhaka mutoro wokutsigira nokufambisira mberi nheyo dzeruramisiro, runyararo, dziviriro, garikano, uye rusununguko.

Apo vaAmerica vanokakavadzana muitiro wokupinda munyika, kodzero dzokuvhota, kusaenzana kwezvemari, chengeteko yorudzi, kana kuti rusununguko rwevagari vemo, vari kuitisana nharo dzakakwana nezverevo yehove. Vari kubvunza kuti: Tiri kuzadzika chibvumirano chacho here? Tiri kutanga mubatanidzwa wakakwana here?

Sumo yenhau nhasi nemhaka yokuti inoisa kudzora kweAmerica mugadziriro yemisengwa yetsika yakagoveranwa. Inokurudzira kurukurirano mukati megadziriro yedonzo rimwe chetero. Munhambo yemapoka makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika, kudzokera kunheyo dzePregage kungabatira sechiyeuchidzo cheicho chinobatanidza rudzi. Ndiyo nheyo yeAmerican Civil Contract, mubatanidzwa unobatanidza vagari vemo vose uye nenguva yemberi yerepublic.

Kunzwisisa Sumo inokosha kuti tinzwisise kuva mugari weAmerica. Chiziviso chokuti hurumende haisati iri mugumo mairi imene, asi mutoo wokuwana nawo ruramisiro, rugare, chengeteko, budiriro, uye rusununguko. Izvozvi ndizvo zvibvumirano. Kuzvitsigira musengwa usingaperi wa “ Isu Vanhu. ”