Nhoroondo uye Kudzikamiswa Kwe Amendeji Yechigumi Negumi

Gemendement ye14th Amendment, yakasimbiswa pana July 9, 1868, yakabuda mumadota eHondo yavagari vemo sorutivi rweReformations paIdconstments ye13 ne15th Amendments. Donzo rayo guru rakanga riri kuvimbisa maruramiro evatema vachangobva kusunungurwa vaAfrica uye kudzoserazve ukama pakati pehurumende nehurumende. Kugadziridza kwakanga kuri mhinduro yakananga ku [[FLT:] Mitemo yeBribhe yakaitwa nemitemo yokuMadokero muna 186561866, iyo yakaganhurira zvakakomba rusununguko rwavaichimbova varanda kunzvimbo yavo vamene, kupinza zvibvumirano, kupupurira mudare, kana kuti kufamba pachena. Iyi mitemo yai kuedza kuchengeta gadziriro yematanda okunze kupfurikidza nemitemo.

Congress, yakatungamirirwa neRadical Republicans, yakaziva kuti muganhu weChibvumirano chekodzero dzavanhu we1866, uyo waipa kuva mugari wemo nedziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo, waigona kuchinjwa neCongress yapashure kana kuti kuparadzwa nematare. Kusimbisa izvi zvinodzivirira zvechigarire, vakanyoresa Indanetith Amendment ndokuiendesa kuhurumende nokuda kwokunatswa. Chikanganiso chacho chakatarisana nechishoro chakakomba muSouth asi pakupedzisira chakatenderwa pashure pokuva hurumende dzeConferatements yaichinomanikidzirwa kuibvumira sechibvumirano chokurava chibvumirano cheUnion. National Revoral Archivers [FLD]] , iyo inochengeta rugwaro rwapakuvamba, runosara pashure pedombo rwomutemo webumbiro remitemo.

Mbiru Nhatu: Ugari, Kushanda Kwadzo, uye Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Kuva Mugari Wemo Claus

Chikamu 1 cheKingnity Amendment ye14th Suption chinovamba neChibvumirano chaMamishinari: "Vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States, uye pasi poudzori hwayo, vagari veUnited States neHurumende mavanogara. Iyi rugwaro rwakabvisa zvakananga kuva nousina kururama Dextop v. Sandford[FL:1] chisarudzo, (1857) umo Chigaro chaManetsi Mukuru Roger Tay akazivisazve kuti vaAmerica veAfrica vakanga vasati vachitongova uye havatongogona kuva vasingagoni kuva. Vagari vomunyika. Kupfurikidza nokutanga udangwe hwedari, igwehesvo inoita kuti munhu upi noupi akaberekerwa paAmerica, dzinza, kana kuti mubereki ane kodzero dzose. Iyi nheyo yakadzokororwazve, uye haina kutongogona kuva vagarikidzwa pamusoro pevana vanobva munyika dzakagara munyika ino. [5]

Kuronga Claus Kunofanira

.[10][FFUM] Nomutoo weHumo inopa muganhu: "nokuti Hurumende ipi neipi ichanyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Pamberi pezvi, Bill of Rights (kugadziriswa kwegumi kwokutanga) bedzi yakaganhurira hurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Iyi purogiramu ye 144th Standard Expremencement's Remoduction React Remodement Cement Clausce [[[FF:][FF3]].[10][10][10]

Kudzivirira Claus Zvakaenzana

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana Claus kunoraira: "Hakuna kuramba kumunhu upi noupi mukati morukuru rwake dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. Iyi mirau yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa nyika kupesana neboka ripi neripi. Zvisinei, kutsanangura kwayo kwapakuvamba kwakanga kuri kutete. Mu[[FLT: 0][FL:1]].[[FLT]][[FLT]][2000] [[FLT]] [186] [186], Dare guru rakatonga kuti dzinza rakanga riri pamutemo kwenguva refusorororo, asi rakaenzana naro, uye rimwe mativi ose edzinza, kupfuurudzi, uye kupfuudzira.[5][5]

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzapamusorosoro dzeDare Netapuro Yaro

Pepa rinotevera rinosimbisa nyaya dzinokosha kupfuura dzakanyorwa munyaya yokutanga, zvichiratidza kukwirira kwezvinenge zvaitwa:

Nhau Dzisingawirirani

  • [FLT]GUTY v. New York (1925) – Inobatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura mukurwisana nenyika kupfurikidza neProject Claus yeChiitiko cheGenetic Claus, kuzarura suo nokuda kwokubatanidza zvinotevera zvinenge Bill yose yekodzero.
  • [FLT] Mapp v. Ohio (1761])[FLT] – Yanzaniswe Hurumende yeGwena (humwe uchapupu hungawanwa mudare rehurumende) kunyika, kusimbisa muitiro wakarurama.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) - nyika dzinodikanwa kugovera zano kuvakwirirwi vanopara mhosva vasingagoni kubhadhara gweta, kuvimbisa maruramiro kukutonga kwakarurama.
  • Mira v. Arizona (1966] - - yadziridza chinodikanwa icho mapurisa anonyumwira kodzero dzavo (kodzero yokuramba vakanyarara, maruramiro egweta) pamberi pebvunzurudzo yekodzero yekodzero yedare, yakavakirwa paGandmer Amendment yakananga mukurwisana neIndaneti.

Nhau Dzedziviriro Dzakaenzana

  • [FLT]BN v. Board of Education (1954) - Uroma nokupfupikisa zvakaparadza dzinza muzvikoro zvavose, kuramba "dzidziso yakapesana asi yakaenzana". Iyi chisarudzo chakava hwaro hwapamutemo hweChivilini Rights Movement.
  • Lovev. Virginia [1967]] – mitemo yehurumende yakashaikwa inorambidza roorano yemarudzi, inorangarira kuti ganhuriro dzakadaro dzinoputsa zvose zviri zviviri Dziviriro Yakaenzana neCurvection Classicaes. Chisarudzo chakasimbisa kuti ukama hwomunhu oga hunodzivirirwa padzongonyedzo dzehurumende.
  • . Reed [[[FLT]] - Chiratidzo nguva yokutanga Dare Gurusa rakaputsa mutemo wakavakirwa parusaruro rwevatano pasi peSuperstance Protection Claus, inogadzirira nzira nokuda kwenhau dzinotevera zerariro.
  • San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez [773] - - - Yakadzo kuti Nhandaro Yakaenzana Claus haidi kuva yakaenzana chose chose mumari inotambirwa chikoro, asi inobvumira nyika kutaura zvisakafanira mumutemo.
  • bergefell v. Hodges (2015) - - Yakawana maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuroorano imwe cheteyo youhuhure muChiitiso cheCHESC naF Exametic Claus Explorect, kuchitambanudzira maruramiro makuru ku LGBTQ+ varoorani munyika yose.

Matanho Akakodzera Kuitwa

  • [FLT]Griswold v. Connecticut (65) – yakasimbisa maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuvandika, kuderedza mutemo unorambidza kudzivisa kudzivisa kudzivisa kudzivisa. Mhaka iyi yakaisa hwaro nokuda kwekodzero dzokubereka dzapashure.
  • [FLT] . .[[FLT]] [773] - - Shandisa Chirongwa cheChiitiko chavakadzi kuziva kodzero yokusarudza kubvisa pamuviri mukati mechirungamidzo chokutanga. (Note: Dare ratonga Roe mu ] Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [[[FLT:]]] (2022), kudzorera kudzora kubvisa mimba kumashoko.)
  • [FLT]Lawrence v. Texas [2003] – Tsvene mirau yehurumende, inosimbisa rusununguko rwavakuru kupinda mumufambiro wevatano wepachivande pasi peGumbidzo Claus.

Mutezo Wechigumi Negumi Negumi Neboka Ramaruramiro Avagari Vemo

During the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, the Fourteenth Amendment served as both a legal sword and shield. Activists and lawyers from the NAACP Legal Defense Fund—most notably Thurgood Marshall—used the Equal Protection Clause to dismantle segregation in public schools, transportation, and public accommodations. The strategy was deliberate: chipping away at Plessy by proving that segregated facilities were inherently unequal. Brown v. Board of Education was the crowning achievement, but it was preceded by cases like Missouri ex rel.Games v. Canada (1938) uye [[FLT]] Sweatt v. Painter (1950).

Kugadziridzwa kwakatsigirawo rukundo rukuru rwemitemo yesangano racho. Civil Rights Act ya 1964 yaivimba neChongedzero yeClaus neProjecte Fractal Externet Claus kurambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose nebasa. [[FLT:]] Kuisa maruramiro ekodzero [[FLT] Act ye 1965[[FLT]], yakabvisa kuedza kunyora nokunyora nokumwe kurambidza kuvhota, yakavakirwa muFiregi yeFileth Amendment asi yakasimbisawo Indaneti inovimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana. [FFF][5]

Kuramba kusina masimba masimba . Kwakadai seMontgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956), magaro panzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvokudya zvemasikati paGreensboro (1960), uye Selma kuMontgomery nokufamba (65) kwakamanikidza nyika kutarisana nomukaha pakati pezvipikirwa zvekugadziriswa uye kurarama. Gadziriro ye1458 yakanga isati iri chishandiso chapamutemo; yakanga iri danda retsika raikumbirwa naMartin Luther King Jr. mu "Leter anobva Birming Jail" uye mu "Ine hope" yake. King akataura kuti igwemate yakamirira pepanhau "proschory" iro America yakanga yaita kuti ishaitwe pairi, uye sangano rakananga mari.

Zvirongwa zveProgramu Zvazvino Uno uye Nharo Dzinopfuurira

Mubatanidzwa weKinaith Amendment unoramba uri gwaro benyu, rinoshandiswa muinenge gakava guru riri rose rekodzero dzavagari vemo muzana ramakore rechi 21.

Chiito Chinosimbisa

Kubvira kuma 1970, Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwave kuri pakati penharo pamusoro pokubvuma chiito mudzidzo nebasa. Mu [FLT]] .Regeta dzeUniversity yeCalifornia v. Bakke[[FLT]][[FLT]][12] [10] [10], Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira kurangarirwa kwedzinza sechinhu chimwe mukubvuma asi kudzika mipimo yedzinza. Zvisarudzo zvakafanana [[FLT:][FLT]][5] v.[FLT][FL:][FLT]] [FFLT]] [FFF:6] [3].[10]

Kupa Kodzero

Chibvumirano che 14th Expandment Applicance Department Claus yakashandiswa kudenha mitemo yokuvhota, kubatanidza zvinodikanwa zvevoti, gerrymanning, uye felony dicencence. Mu [FLT]]] Shelby County v. Ranger[FLT]] [[FLT]] [2020:3] , Dare rakabvisa gadziriro huru yeKofiti yeKofiticment Act, richipikisa kuti nzira yokubhadharira yakavakirwa padata 1960 yakanga iri yachinyakare. Chiratiso chinobvumirwa kuita ganhuriro itsva pasina kunyorwa nehurumende, kutungamirira kuwedzero yeidziko pasi pePregmentmentment. Case [FTFF][5]

LGBTQ+ Kodzero

Gadziriro yegumi namana yave iri nheyo yokuwedzera maruramiro kuLGBTQ+ vanhu. [FLT] Obergefell v. Hoddell [20] (20] roorano imwe cheteyo inonyorerwa, asi kugadziriswa kunodzivirirawo parusarura (sezvinosimbiswa na [[FLT:]][5]][FLT]]BHOSV. County[[FLT:][25]]][FLT]]] [2020]) pasi peTit:) uye ingatambanuro nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakadai sedzimba noutano. Zvizhinji zvakaedza kudarika mitemo inodzosera mumitambo kana kuti igove vatano ipo, uye kuidzo dzinopinzwa pasi pemitemo yetsika yetsika dzamatomuto.[FUFU]

Kutama Uye Kuberekwa Nenguva Yakakwana

Chigarikanwa chavana Claus chinoramba chiri nzvimbo inotarwa panharo dzokubuda. Vamwe vezvamatongerwe enyika vakaraira kugumisa ugaro hwekodzero yavana vavatami vasina kunyorwa, vachiramba kuti mashoko okuti "kuzviisa pasi pehurumende yaro" anobvisa avo vasati vari pasi pehurumende yeU.S. zvisinei, kududzira kwapamutemo kwakapararira, kwakatsigirwa mu [FLT][1] United States v. Wong Kim Ark [18], inosimbisa kuti munhu upi noupi akaberekerwa U.S...

Zvinetso Zvinoramba Zvichimuka uye Nharo Dzokududzira

Pasinei zvapo nerevo yayo inogara kwenguva refu, Ivhu reMitemo rechigumi namana harina gakava. Nyanzvi dzedigriyo dzinopikisa kuti revo yekugadziridza inofanira kugadziridzwa kunzwisiswa kwevaratifi muna 1868, ingagona kuganhurira kushanda kwayo kunhau dzazvino uno seroorano yevatano kana kuti kubvumwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, vatsigiri vemitemo yemitemo vanogona kutaura kuti kugadziridzwa kwomutauro wakafara(*"berty," "kuvamba,"" kunofanira kuvambira pakunzwisisa kwenzanga kuenzana. Chimiro cheDare Gurusarudzo chinoreva kuti kudzivirirwa kwedare kunogona kuwedzera kana kuti kuwirirana paruvarame rweDare.

Imwe kurukurirano ine chokuita nechiito chehurumende. Iwenath Amendment inodzivisa bedzi tate rusaruro [[FLT]], kwete rusaruro rwapachivande. Uku kusiyana kwakava kunotambudza mu [[FLT]] shelley v. Kraemer[FLT] [1948], uko kwairangarira kuti matare aisagona kumanikidza sungano dzedzimba dzinoganhurira rudzi nemhaka yokuti izvozvo zvaizobatanidza chiito chehurumende. Asi mutsetse pakati pavose napachivandeicho unoramba usingadi kunzwika, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakafanana nedzimba dzavose nedzidzo.

Kupfuurirazve, chipikirwa chekugadziridzwa chemitengo hachina kutongozadzikwa zvizere. Kusaenzana kwemari, kuiswa muboka guru, uye kusawirirana muupfumi noutano zvinopfuurira mumitezo yedzinza. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti matare ave achizengurira zvikuru kurova mitemo inopesana mutsika idzo dzinopesana nenzira isingaenzaniswi kutoti pane ufakazi hwakajeka hwedonzo rediscrinition. Rondedzero yezvemari, iyo ingabvumira zvinetso zvakavakirwa pamiganhuro yezvikamu, yave yakaganhurirwa neDare munhau dzakafanana ne [FLT]]..[FLT][12][12][7][7][7]

mhedziso

Dare reMitemo rechi 14 rinopa maruramiro anokosha zvikurusa ebumbiro remitemo rokudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo muUnited States. Kubva pamavambo aro mukugadziridzazve kusvikira kubasa raro muCivil Rights Movement nokushanda kwayo kunhau dzapanguva ino dzakadai LGBTQ+ kuenzana, ichokwadi, uye maruramiro okuvhota, kugadziriswa kwave kuri simba gurusa reruramisiro. Zvikamu zvaro nerondedzero zvamasangano azvo, Batective Procement, naMotement / Qual inopfuurira kuumba nzvimbo yepamutemo, uye chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kurwisana nerevo. Nepo kusarura kwacho kusina kubvisa zvimiro zvose zvekusaruramisira, kunogovera simba renhau yacho inodenha. Kunzwisisa nhau yacho nokududzira kunokosha nokuda kwokurwisa kuenzana mumutemo.