Kutangwa Kwekodzero Dzevagari Vemo muMasangano Ehurumende Dzechiokomuhomwe

Kodzero dzavagari vemo dzinobatira sehwaro hwapamutemo nedzetsika hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ipi neipi inoshanda. Zvinovimbisa kuti munhu ari wose, pasinei zvapo nemamiriro ezvinhu ekare, anogamuchira kubatwa kwakaenzana mumutemo uye ane mukana wokutora rutivi zvizere muupenyu hwevagari vemo. Pasina gadziriro yakasimba yekodzero dzavagari vemo, nheyo dzeruramisiro, rusununguko, uye uenzani hwehurumende inotonga kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. (8) Vadzidzi, vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vakaroorana, vanonzwisisa kodzero dzevagari vemo hachisi chinhu chedzidzo chete; kudikanwa inoshanda kuti vafambise nzanga yazvino unovapo mazuva ano uye kuchengetedza masangano anodzivirira rusununguko rwedu.

Panzvimbo pazvo, maruramiro avagari vemo ane maruramiro avanhu kugamuchira kubatwa kwakaenzana uye kusununguka pakubatwa kusina kururama kana kuti rusaruro muchiverengero chakati chezvirongwa, kubatanidza dzidzo, basa, pokugara, pokugara, nzvimbo dzavose, uye kuvhota. Akasiana namaruramiro avanhu ose, ayo anogarwa navanhu vose, asi maruramiro avagari vemo akasungirwa zvakananga nemitemo yapamutemo yenyika. [[FLT: 0] muUnited States, aya maruramiro anodzorwa muBumbiro remitemo, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokubviswa kwekodzero dzavo se 13, 14, uye 15 Hurumende inodzorwa, sezvo mutemo unodzorwa sekodzero dzechimubatanidzwa weChibvumirano chavagari vemo chapasi. Vanotonge vachitonge vachitoziva kodzero dzavo. [[FLT] .[FLT] .[FULD]

Nei Tichifanira Kukodzera Vanhu Mumagariro Evanhu: Kushanda Kwechibvumirano uye Kubatsirwa Kwacho

Kodzero dzavagari vemo hadzisi pfungwa dzisiri dzenhando; dzine tapuro dzinooneka paupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwavanhu neutano hwenzanga yose. Dzinogadzira gadziriro yapamutemo inodzivisa zvinhu zvine simba (hwungava hurumende, masangano, kana kuti vanhu voga) kubva pamiitiro yokugadza rusaruraganda. Heino mibato mikuru iyo kodzero dzavagari vemo dzinobatira mugadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende:

  • Kudzivirira rusaruro:[[FLT: 1] mitemo yavagari vemo yekodzero dzinorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, zera, rudzidziso, urema, mavambo orudzi, uye mamwe mavara akadzivirirwa. Iyi dziviriro inotambanukira kuzvisarudzo zvebasa, mikana yedzimba, kusvika kumabasa avose, uye batano nemitemo. Pasina idzi dziviriro, mapoka akaderedzwa aizova anotapurwa netsika nekusaruramisira.
  • Kuratidzirwa kwechitsama cheBasa: Kupfurikidza nokuderedza nzvimbo yokutamba, maruramiro avagari vemo anovimbisa kuti vagari vose vane mukana wakarurama wokubudirira. Ikoku kunoreva kusvika kudzidzo yakanaka, mibayiro yakaisvonaka, dzimba dzakakotsekana, uye kumirira kwapamutemo. Kuenzana kwebanza hakuvimbisi miuyo yakaenzana, asi kunobvisa mhinganidzo dzinodzivisa vanhu kusvika simba ravo rakazara.
  • Simba raVanhu Nenzanga: Apo vanhu vanoziva maruramiro avo, vanopiwa simba rokutaura mukupesana nekusaruramisira nokuraira kuzvidavirira. Kodzero dzavagari vemo dzinogovera mashoko apamutemo uye zvishandiso nokuda kwedzvinyiriro inodenha, kubva kunyunyuto dzinodzorwa neCommult Explority Commission yokutora rutivi mukuramba kune rugare. Uku kusimba kunoparira masangano enzanga uye kunoparira chinjo inofambira mberi.
  • Kuiswa kweDemocratic Legastimacy: Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunongosimba bedzi sechibvumirano chahwo chokudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo vomunyika shomanene. Apo maruramiro avagari vemo anokudzwa, vagari vemo vanovimba kuti tsika inosasarura uye yakarurama. Chivimbo ichi chinokosha nokuda kwokutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kubatira pamwe kwenzanga. Kumwewo, kuputswa kwakapararira kwamaruramiro avagari vemo kunogona kuderedza chivimbo chavanhu uye kutungamirira kukusagadzikana.
  • Sangano renyika nerenzanga: Sangano dzinodzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo dzakatsiga zvikuru uye dzakabudirira. Miitiro yokuparidzira uori inokuvadza kwete bedzi vanhu asiwo upfumi hwakawanda kupfurikidza nokupambadza unyanzvi hwavanhu nokuparira rwisano yenzanga. Somuenzaniso, kunzvera kunoitwa ne National Bureaution of Economic Research[[] kwakaratidza kuti kuderedza rusaruro rwedzinza nehwechikadzi kunogona kusimudzira zvikuru budiriro yemari.

Mabasa aya anoratidza kuti kodzero dzevanhu hadzisi chinhu chinofarirwa chaizvo kana kuti nyaya yokusasarura; dzinodiwa nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakanaka, inoshanda. Vadzidzisi, zvikurukuru, vanofanira kupa uku ukoshi kuvadzidzi, vachivabatsira kuona kodzero dzevagari vemo sechinhu chipenyu, gadziriro yokufema yavanogona kushandisa kuvandudza nzanga dzavo nenyika.

Rwendo Rwenhau: Masangano Anokosha Nomutemo

Kunzwisisa nhau iyi inokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti tasvika kure zvakadini uye kuti basa rakawanda sei. Nepo kakawanda vanhu vokuAmerica vachitaura nezvezvakaitika kuAmerica, masangano ekodzero dzevanhu akaitika pasi pose, rimwe nerimwe rine unhu hwaro uye kukunda kwaro zvakasiyana nemamwe.

American Civil Rights Organization (1950s - 1960s)

Nhambo kuvambira pakati pama1950 kusvikira mukupera kwama 1960 inomirira nguva yakanyura mukurwira kuenzana muUnited States. Iri sangano, rakavakirwa mumazana amakore okudzivisa uranda naJim Conrow divration, rakashandisa kutsutsumwa kusina masimba masimba senzira yaro huru. Nhamba huru dzakaumbazve mugariro wetsika nenzanga werudzi:

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Iyi chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosanopfuura zvose chakadzongonyedza iyi "dzidziso yakapesana asi yakaenzana" yakagadzwa muPnelly v. Ferguson (1896). Dare rakazivisa kuti muganhu wedzinza muzvikoro zvavose wakaputsa dziviriro yaMakurusa yePremende ya 14. Iyi yakanga iri mhedziso yapamutemo yakanyandura maruramiro echivomhomwe, kunyange zvazvo kuitwa kwakatarisana nechishoro chinotyisa muzvinyorwa zvizhinji.
  • Montgomery Bus Boycott (555 9556):[[FLT] Yakasungwa naRosa Parks nokuda kwokuramba kupa chigaro chake kumukwiri muchena, uyu mukomana wezuva 381 webhazi reguta akava muenzaniso wokuramba kusina masimba masimba. Akatungamirirwa nomufundisi muduku anonzi Martin Luther King Jr., mukomanacott akaguma neDare gurusa iro raitonga pamabhazi kuti shati akanga asina kudzorwa. Kwakaratidzira simba redzvinyiriro yemari nechiito chavose.
  • Mashiki paWashington (1963): vanhu vanopfuura 250 000 vakaungana paChirangaridzo cheLincoln nokuda kweiyi ratidzirwo yenhau. Kwakanga kuri pano apo Martin Luther King Jr. akapa mufananidzo wake "Ine hope", achiisa muchiono nguva yemberi apo vanhu vaizotongwa nezviri mukati mevara ravo, kwete ruvara rweganda ravo. Kufamba kwakapesvedzera zvakananga kupfuudzwa kweChirevo Choga Act ya1946 neVoting Rights Act ya19562.
  • Mutemo weChibvumirano cheChivil Rights wa 1964: Uyu mutemo mukuru wakarambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi. Wakarambidza kusarura mudzimba dzavose, rusaruro rwakarambidzwa pabasa, uye wakaita Eucle Modefication Obportution Commission (EOC). Act inoramba iri chimwe chezvikamu zvinokosha zvikurusa zvemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu munhau yeAmerica.
  • Mutemo weVoting Rights wa 1965:[[FLT: 1] Kutevera zvinoitika zvamasimba masimba zve "Svondo" muSelma, Alabama, uyu Mutemo wakarambidza kusarura dzinza muvhota. Wakabvisa miganhu mizhinji yakanga yashandiswa kubvisa vaAmerica veAfrica, yakadai sokuedza kurava nokuvhota mitero. Chiratidzo chakanga chiri mhinduro yakananga kumiitiro yeRuswa rwekodzero dzevoruzhinji uye kunyanyowedzera kunyoresa nokutora rutivi kweBlack.

Masangano Ane Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Munyika Yose

Kurwisa kwamaruramiro avagari vemo hakuna kusiiwa kuUnited States. Kupota nyika, masangano akadenha udzvinyiriri uye akaraira kubatwa kwakaenzana mumutemo. Somuenzaniso, sangano rinorwisana neapplitheid muSouth Africa rakarwa hondo yamakumi amakore mukurwisana netsika yedzinza nerusaruro iyo yakanga yakatooma zvikuru kupfuura mitemo yeAmerica. Vatungamiriri vakaita seNelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu, uye Steve Biko vakatungamirira kubatana kwemibatanidzwa yavashandi, masangano evashandi, uye vatsigiri vamarudzi ose kubvisa rusarura ganda, nenzira yakafanana nechisarudzo rwedemocracy yedemocratic ye 1994. Njoto dzeIndia pasi peMahat Gandhi Gampson dzinonyandura kushandiswa kusateerera kusateerera mutemo kwavagari vemonea, uko kwakapesvedzera zvakananga kuva nekodzero dzavagari venyika dzenyika yose. Understatisi urongwa hwokunzwisisa kuonga kodzero dzavanhu vose. [Mas Jorcelson Conclation: [10]

Denho Dzekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Dzazvino Uno

Pasinei zvapo nerukundo rwenhau dzakapfuura, kurwira kodzero dzevanhu kuchiri kure. Munzira dzakawanda, nzvimbo yehondo yachinja, uye zvinhu zvitsva zvakatanga. Nhau dzekodzero dzavanhu dzanhasi dzinowanzova dzegadziriro, dzamanomano, uye dzakadzika midzi zvikuru muzvivako. Kunzwisiswa kwakadzama kweidzi denho kunokosha nokuda kwokurera vagari vemo vanoziva uye vanonzwira tsitsi.

Kusaruramisira Kwedzinza Nokusaenzana Kwegadziriro

Rusaruraganda runopfuurira nenzira dzakawanda. Mugadziriro yeruramisiro yeutsotsi, nzvero dzinoramba dzichiratidza kuti vanhu vane ruvara, zvikurukuru vaBlack neLatino, sezvingabvira zvikuru vachamiswa, kusechwa, kusungwa, uye kutongerwa zvirango zvine utsinye kupfuura zvavachena nokuda kwemhosva dzakafanana. Chinjo yokusungwa kwavazhinji yakarondedzerwa se "Jim mutsva Choro" nenyanzvi dzakadai saMichelles Alekthro, dzinosimbisa kuti tsika yeruramisiro yeutsotsi inotsigira sei dzinza ravanhu. Mudzimba nebasa, mwero yetsarudzo inoramba iri huru, uye mikahasha pakati pamapoka edzinza inoramba ichikura. Mitemo yezviito yezviito yakakomba, yakagadzirirwa kutarisana nedenho dzapamutemo nekurukurirano yavose. Black Lives Math Matter, yakatanga sei mukuita nokuuraya mapurisa, yakaunza ngwariro kukugadziridzwazve kunhau idzi uye kurumukira kurukurirano pamusoro pedzinza renyika yose pamusoro pekurukurirano pamusoro penhevedzano yedzinza.

Kuenzana Kwevanhu Vane Musiyano Wevakomana Nevarume Nevakadzi

Nepo fambiro mberi huru yakaitwa mukodzero dzavakadzi chifo chamasangano avakadzi ezana ramakore rechi 20, kusaenzana kwechikadzi kunoramba kuripo. Kuganhura kwechikadzi, kunyange zvazvo kuri kutetepa, kuchiri kuona vakadzi vachiwana anenge masendi 82 nokuda kwemadhora ose anowanwa navarume, kunyange zvazvo vane paradzano huru zvikuru nokuda kwavakadzi vemavara. Zvinetso zvenetsi nedenho dzevatano, zvinosimbiswa ne #MeToo musangano, zvinofumura kuva chishandiswa chakapararira chomufambiro wakashata webasa nekusawirirana nesimba zvinokuzvibvumira kupfuurira. Aundrective toowetation recurection, kubatanidza kubvisa pamuviri nokubvisa pamuviri, inhau inorwisana zvikuru nekodzero dzavagari vemo, nedzinopfuurira paruwa. Umutwe weResmetic Reformationstionstions of 1972 unopfuurira kuva chishandiso chinotsoropodza nokuda kwokurwisa vatano mukurwisana nedzidzo mumasangano edzidzo, asi unoramba kupfuurira.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero Nekugamuchirwa Nenzanga

Kurwira LGBTQ+ kodzero kwakawana rukundo runoshamisa, kubatanidza kuzivikanwa kwedare reSaundi repamusorosoro muObergefell v. Hodges (2015) uye dziviriro yekodzero dzebasa pasi peTitle VII yeChirevo chaMagariro eBanganwa eChirevo. Kutendeuka, kunoshurikidzwa nesangano rezvokurapa, kunoramba kuri pamutemo. Masimba masimba anorwisana naLGTBQ+, zvikurukuru vakadzi vanoramba vachiratidzira ruvara rwakakwirira, zvinoramba zvichityisa. Masangano akawanda akaisa kana kuti anokarakadza mitemo inodzosa kukura pwere, achiganhurira kusvika kukutarisirwa kwoutano uye kutora rutivi mumitambo yechikoro. Kurapa, kunoshurikidzwa kwakafara nesangano rezvokuraparapa, kunoramba kuri kwapamutemo. Masimba anorwisana neLGTQ, zvikurukuru vakadzi vanopfuudzana mavara akakwirira.

Kuzivisa Kodzero Nekuwana

Kupa chibvumirano ndicho chinokosha zvikurusa mukodzero yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, bva kusvika kubhokisi rekodzero dzevagari vemo kunoramba iri nhau yekodzero dzechikakava. Kutevera chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa re 2013 muShelby County v. Holler, iyo yakabudisa gadziriro huru yeVoting Rights Act ya1965, hurumende dzakawanda dzakapa mitemo inoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuvhota. Iyi inosanganisira zvinodikanwa zvikuru, zvinoderedza kuvhota nokukurumidza, kubvisa mavhota, uye kuvharwa kwenzvimbo dzinovhota munzanga shoma. Vatsoropote vanoramba kuti matanho aya anokanganisa zvikuru vanhu vashoma, kutora zvinhu zvishoma, uye kuvhotera vaduku. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kuedza kuvhotera nokunyoresa, kunyora posi, uye kunyoresa paInda yevhotiodha kupfuurira kutarisana nehondo yehondo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Vatsoropotese vanovimbisa kutsigira kodzero dzehurumende kuti vatongedzei hurumende dzose.

Kudzidzisa: Kudzidzisa Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokuda Kwehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu Yakasimba Zvikuru

Dzidzo chinhu chine simba zvikurusa chokusimudzira kuziva kodzero dzevanhu uye kuita chiito. Kupfurikidza nokupinza dzidzo yekodzero dzevanhu muzvidzidzo, zvikoro zvinogona kushongedzera vadzidzi nezivo, unyanzvi, uye mipimo yazvinoda kuva vagari vemo vanozvipinza, vanozvitsoropodza avo vanogona kudzivirira utongi hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kupinza Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Mudare

Dzidzo yebic inofanira kupeta nomusoro misi nezvinyorwa. Kudzidza kwakasimba kwekodzero dzavagari vemo kunofanira kubatanidza nhau dzekufambiswa kwouswa, basa ravanhuwo zvavo mukuchinja, uye kushanda kunopfuurira kwenhau idzi nhasi. Vadzidzisi vanogona kunzvera manyuko makuru akadai sehurukuro, tsamba, nhau dzedare, uye dzidzo yenhau kuti dzidzore nhau. Kunokoshawo kubatanidza zvinoitika zvamapoka akachekererwa pasi, African America, Latinos, Asian America, Ivocrigian, Vakadzi, LGBTQ+ .Choose kuti vadzidzi vazvionere vamene varatidzirwa murondedzero uye kunzwisisa kurwisana kweruramisiro. Somuenzaniso, kufunda Chican Movement, American Movement, uye Divation Revolutionsmotions Transvial Revotions Movements.

Kubatanidzwa Kwokufunga Kwokutsoropodza Nekubatana Kwechikwata

Dzidzo yekodzero dzevanhu haifaniri kuva yokupa imwe, nhauro. Panzvimbo pezvo, inofanira kukurudzira vadzidzi kubvunza mibvunzo yakakomba: Nei dzimwe kodzero dzakatora nguva yakareba kwazvo kuti dzichengeteke? Mazano api anoshanda zvikuru nhasi? Tinoenzanisa sei kodzero dzinokwikwidzana? Nokubatanidzwa munharo, rondedzero, uye zvirongwa zvokunzvera, vadzidzi vanokudziridza unyanzvi hunodiwa kuti vashande munzanga nemumasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvikoro zvinogonawo kusimudzira kuvimbisa kwevoruzhinji kupfurikidza nokuita mabanza evadzidzi okutora rutivi muhurumende yavadzidzi, basa renzanga, uye zvirongwa zvokuva vanhu. Kuumba kirasi inoremekedza mirangariro yakasiyana - siyana uye kuremekedza kukurukurirana kunokosha nokuda kwemipimo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Vashandi Munzanga Nechiito Chomudzidzi

Zvikoro hazvigoni kuita iri basa mukuparadzana. Vachibatirana namasangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo, masangano enhau, mamiziyamu, uye mapoka okudzidza vanogona kupfumisa ruzivo rwokudzidza. Vakurukuri vanoenda, nzendo dzomumunda, uye mabasa okudzidzira basa zvinobatanidza mirangariro yemifungo yenhau chaidzoiwo. Kupfuurirazve, vadzidzi vanofanira kutsigira zvirongwa zvevadzidzi zvakaitirwa kutsigira kodzero dzavagari vemo, kana kuti kuronga kuronga kushandira zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinotengwa, kuvhota, kana kuti kukwidziridza kuziva pamusoro penhau dzomunzvimbomo. Nhau inoratidza kuti vanhu vaduku vave vari pamberi pechinjo yenzanga, kubva kuma1960s anogara kumibato yezvokunze neruramisiro yedzinza. Vadzidzi nhasi vanochinja madonzo ebasa edzidzo. [FGrealmes]

Mugumisiro: Kurwisa Kunopfuurira uye Basa Redu Rokuunganidza

Kunzwisisa maruramiro avagari vemo hakusati kuri bedzi muitiro wenhau kana kuti wedzidzo; iko kuraira kuchiito. Zviitwa zvomunguva yakapfuura zvakawanwa kupfurikidza nechibairo chikuru, asi hazvisati zviri zvechigarire. Chizvarwa chiri chose chinofanira kudzidza, kudzivirira, uye kukudza maruramiro ayo anoumba hwaro hwenzanga yakarurama nedemokrase. Sezvatinonangana nezvinetso zvazvino uno (kubva paurudzi hwavanhu uye kusaenzana kwemari kutyisidziro pakodzero dzokuvhota namasangano ehurumende yehurumende yavanhu) zvidzidzo zvekodzero dzavagari vemo zvakakodzera kupfuura nakare kose. Dzidzo ndiyo musi mukuru wokuvimbisa kuti izvi zvinokosha zvinopfuunzwa uye kuti vanhu vaduku vakagadzirira kuva vagari vemo.

Kupfurikidza nokudzidzisa nhau, uzivi, uye chokwadi chazvino chekodzero dzavagari vemo, tinoshongedzera zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi nekambasi yetsika nounyanzvi hunoshanda kuvaka nyika inowirirana zvikuru. Rwisano nokuda kwamaruramiro avagari vemo rwendo runopfuurira, uye runoraira kutora rutivi kwedu tose. Hakusati kuri kwakakwana kungobvuma bedzi ukoshi hwekodzero; tinofanira kudzitsigira nokushingaira munzanga dzedu, mitemo yedu, uye mwoyo yedu. Democracy inobudirira apo vagari vayo vayo vanoziviswa, vanopinzwa, uye vanozvipira kunheyo dzeruramisiro neuenzani nokuda kwomunhu ari wose.