Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri inheyo inodzivirira mutemo woutsotsi iyo inodzivirira vanhu pakuedzwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Yakavakirwa muFindromendment yeChinyorwa cheU.S., iyi dziviriro inoraira kuti hakuna munhu acha "va anozviisa pasi poutsotsi humwe chetehwo kuti aitwe kaviri mungozi youpenyu kana kuti makumbo. Dzidziso inobatira senzvero yakakomba pakunyengera vose vari vaviri vapari vemhosva, inodzivisa hurumende kushandisa pfuma dzayo huru kuderedza mupomerwi, uye inovimbisa kuguma kwekutongwa kwoutsotsi. Kunzwisisa kuti dziviriro dzinopetwa kaviri dzinodzorwa nenzvimbo isati iri yomutemo kazhinji kazhinji dzinonzwisiswa netsoropoteswa nedzisiri dzetsono dzinotaridzwa dzose dziri mbiri pamativi ose amatare anoshandisa uye marusaruva akakura mumatare anenge abudirira mumakumi amakore emutemo.

Kunyange zvazvo nheyo yacho ichiratidzika kuva yakananga, yatongerwazve, kusingatongoitwizve. matare anoongorora panhau anenge achikwidziridza haasati ari enhare. Matare anofanira kusanoyera zvinyorwa zvokutonga kuti aone kana kutongwazve kuchaputsa kana rugwaro rwengozi rwakapetwa kaviri, zvikurukuru apo kutenderwa kunodzorwa. Nyaya ino inonzvera pfungwa yengozi yakapetwa kaviri, inonzvera kuti inogombedzerwa sei mukati memiedzo uye kukwidziridza, inokurukura kupesana kukuru sedzidziso youchangamire huviri, uye inosimbisa kubatanidzwa pakati pekuguma neruramisiro. Pamugumo, varavi vanova nedziviriro zvakasimba yemitemo inodzivisa kutongwa kunodzokorokororwa nemigariro yakaganhurirwa muimo umo kutongwa kwechipiri kuchiri kuitika.

Murangariro Wengozi Yakaviri: Mavambo Nenheyo Dzemitemo

Midzi yengozi yakapetwa kaviri inodzokera shure kumutemo wechiGiriki chekare neRoma, asi chimiro chawo chazvino uno chakajekeswa mumutemo weChirungu. Vavambi vakairangarira kuva inokosha kwazvo zvokuti vakaibatanidza muFi5 Amendment, uye Dare Gurusa raibatanidza dziviriro pahurumende kupfurikidza neKinneth Amendment mu Beton v. Maryland [1969]. Pamwoyo mairi, dzidziso yakadzivirira vapomeri vapa mhaka nhatu dzakasiyana-- siyana: mutongo wechipiri nokuda kwemhosva imwe pashure pokuvanzwa, kupomerwa kwechipiri pashure pekutenderwa, uye zvirango zvakawanda nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo.

Kusarudza kana mhosva mbiri dzichiumba "mhosva imwe cheteyo," matare anoshandisa muedzo we “statburger [, unoiswa mu tamburger v. United States [1932]. Muiyi muedzo, kana mutemo mumwe nomumwe uchida chibvumikiso chechinhu icho mumwe asingaitiri, imhaka dzakaparadzana, uye ngozi hadzina kudzika pembedzo dzinotevedzana. Somuenzaniso, chiito chimwe chokutengesa mirimo chingaputsa zvose zviri zviviri mubatanidzwa nomutemo, asi nemhaka yokuti chigaro chimwe nechimwe chine mativi acho chimene, dzidziso inobvumira uchangamire hwamativi ose.

Pfungwa inokosha ndeyokuti apo njodzi inobatanidza. Mukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, njodzi inobatanidza kana vatongi vaiswa panzvimbo yedare uye vapikirwa. Mukutongwa kwebhenji, inobatanidza apo chapupu chokutanga chinopikirwa. Pamberi pepfundo iroro, hurumende ingadzinga mhosva pasina kudzosa zvikanganiso zvepashure. Pashure pokubatanidza, inorevererwa , inorevererwa , inova yakavakirwa pamhoshoo yapamutemo yomutongi, inopedzisira uye haigoni kukwidzwa. Nenzira yakafanana, kupwiswa kunogona kuva kwokupedzisira kutozopedzisira kutoti kukumbira kunobudirira nokupwirira kusingadzorwirwi zvinobudirira (serwa kuuchapupu husina kukwana).

Kutsigirwa Mukati Memiedzo Yeutsotsi

Dziviriro mbiri dzengozi dzinotanga kumanikidzirwa pamwero wokutonga. Magweta edziviriro anogona kumutsa zvirambidzo kana hurumende ichiedza kupomera mukwiridziridziri kechipiri nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo. Kana mhaka yehurumende isina simba kwazvo zvokuti hapana dare rinokwanisa kuisa mhaka mutongo, mukwirirwi angapfuudzira [ kutongwa kweTShomboro pa pasi poMutongi weCriminCristial Procedrea 29. Kana akabvumirwa pashure pokunge mutongi adzoresa mhaka yemhosva, kuti mutongi apedzere mhaka ipi neipi. Nenzira yakafanana, kana mutongi akawana kuti ufakazi hwedare hauna kukwana pamutemo mukati mokutonga, mutongo unotungamirirwa wemuparatiko wemhosva anoparirawo njodzi.

Kudzikamiswa kukurusa kunoitika apo vatongi vanozivisa vanodzosa chisarudzo chisina kururama. Muchuchisi haagoni kukwirira mutongo iwoyo, pasinei zvapo nokuti chisarudzo chedare rinobetsera sei. Iyi danda rakakwana rinoratidzira nheyo yokuti mukwiridziridziri haafaniri kumanikidzwa kutsungirira muedzo wechipiri pashure pomukana mumwe wakazara wokudzivirira. Kunyange kana mutongi akarairidza vatongi nenzira isiri yapamutemo, mutongi angamira (hwuri , kana kuti kurambwa kuhurumende kungakwidza mibvunzo yomutemo, kuti kukwirira kudare hakugoni kutungamirira kutongwazve kana mutongi arvotseripo wokupedzisira. Zvisinei, kana mutongi akarambira mhaka panzvimbo dzapamutemo pamberi pomutongo wapamutemo akashandurwa (g., nokuda kwomurayiro wakashatadzira), hurumende inogona kukwidza kuidzira ikoko pasina kuputsa mutemo, nemhaka yokuti hapana kukanganisa.

Kukanganisa Nokuva Nengozi Dziviri

Mitongo inopa njodzi yechienzi. Kana dare rikasakafanira rikaziviswa nemhaka ye "chinodikanwa" (824) yakadai sedare rinobetsera dare risati rafa rakakurumbira ( "hung jaji") kana kuti chinoitika chengozi chakamwe kamwe) mukwiridzwa angaparirwazve pasina kuputsa ngozi mbiri. Dare Gurusa mu United States v. Perezi[[FLT] [[FL:1] [1824] rakasimbisa kuti mutongi ane uchenjeri hwokuzivisa utsotsi husina kufanira, uye revo yomukwikwidziridziridzo haidiwi nokuda kwokuvandurirwa kwapamutemo. Zvisinei, kana kukanganisa kuchibva kumuchuchitoridziro kana kuti kusazvibata kuvava kuronga, kukanganisa kuviri mudare kupfurikidza nomuedzo wechipiri pasi po [FOgrone] [2]

Kumanikidza Munguva Yokukwirira Kwoutsotsi: Kudzivirira Kunoita Matare Okubvunzurudza

Kana mukwirirwi angowanirwa mhaka, vangakwirira. Pamwero wedare, nhau dzengozi dzakapetwa kaviri dzinomuka mumativi matatu: apo hurumende inokumbira kudzingwa kwapamberi pemhosva, apo mukwirirwi anokwidza mhaka ndokuhwina mvumo, uye apo hurumende inoedza kudzorera pashure pokuchinja. Nheyo huru ndeyokuti matare anotonga anoremekedza kupera kwevaregeredzi uye haasati achiedzazve maidi. Panzvimbo pezvo, anohwirudzura mhaka dzapamutemo.

Kukwirira Kwehurumende Kunobva Kukuzvipembedza

Gadziriro yeshanu inorambidza hurumende kufadza kusunungurwa. Uyu mutemo wekuregeredza. Zvisinei, hurumende inogona kukumbira kusunungurwa [ kwapamberi pemhosva kwakavakirwa pazvikonzero zvepamutemo (g., kutongwa kunokundikana kuisa mhaka) nemhaka yokuti hapana njodzi yakaiswa. Nenzira yakafanana, hurumende ingakwirira mutongo wainyanya kuregeredza, chero kukumbira kwacho kusingabatanidzi kuva nemhaka kana kuti kusava nemhaka. Asi kana mutongi akarega mhosva, kana mutongi akatonga mhaka pashure pomutongo wemhosva wakavakirwa paufakazi husina kukwana, hurumende ingarambidzwa chose chose chose chose pakufadza.

Kukwirira Kwakadzivirira uye Kuzviwanirazve Zvigaro Zvehurumende

Apo mukwirirwi anosvika nenzira inobudirira kupwiswa, chitsama chengozi chakapetwa kaviri hachisati chichingodzivisa dare. Chinjo huru i chikonzero chokuchinja [. Kana dare redare redare rapanhau richichinja nemhaka yokuti ufakazi hwokutonga hwakanga husina kukwana pamutemo kutsigira kupwiswa, kuti kudzorwa kwakaenzana nokuregeredzwa kwapaduku, mhaka yapera, uye ngozi yakapetwa kaviri. Mhaka yechiratidzo ndeye Burks v. United States[FLT][FF:3] (178]), uko Dare rapamusoro rakava nepo apo kutenderwa kwapa mhaka yakashatiswa nokuda kwoukwa kusina kukwana, hurumende haigoni kudzoserazve kutongwazve. Iyi imhaka yakaita mukana wayo wakazara wokuva nemhaka yokuva nemhaka yemhosva.

Nenzira yakapesana, kana kuchinjwa kwacho kwakavakirwa pamhosho yemuitiro . yakadai sokubvuma kusina kufanira ufakazi, miraidzo yedare redare redare, kana kuti kusazvibata kwemuchuchisi . Nhau yacho inodzoserwa nokuda kwokutongwa kutsva. Mumiriro wemigariro yakadaro, mukwirirwi "wad" dziviriro yakapetwa kaviri kupfurikidza nokufadza, uye hurumende inobvumirwa kuedza zvakare. Nzwisiso ndeyokuti mukwiridziridziri akasarudza kudenha kutendwa, uye anobvumira mamiriro ezvinhu kuva nerimwe banza rokupa mhaka yacho zvakarurama, chero bedzi chikanganiso chacho chisina kubatanidza ufakazi.

Kuongorora Kukwirira Kunokonzerwa neKutapurwa

Kana kutongwazve kwabvumirwa, matare anofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti kutonga kutsva imhaka imwe cheteyo nepomero yapakuvamba. Kana hurumende ikaedza kuwedzera pomero itsva idzo dzakanga dzisati dziri rutivi rwekupomera kwapakuvamba asi dzinomuka mubvumirano imwe cheteyo, blockberger asting inoshanda. Somuenzaniso, kana pomero yapakuvamba yakanga iri yokutanga kuponda uye kutenderwa kwakachinjwa nemhaka yemhosho yetsika, hurumende haigoni gare gare gare kupomera mhaka yokuponda kwechipiri kana ikoko kuchibatanidza mhaka yapakuvamba, kutoti mukwirirwi akabvumiranwa. Zvisinei, hurumende kazhinji kazhinji kacho ingava inobatanidzwa nokuda kwemhosva imwe kana kuti mhaka ipi neipi yakaderera yaipomerwa pakuvamba.

Zviratidzo Nenhau Chaidzo

Pasinei zvapo nesimba rayo, chitsama chengozi chakapetwa kaviri hachina kukwana.

Dzidziso Youchangamire Huviri

Zvichida kusiiwa kukuru zvikurusa idzidziso mbiri youchangamire. Nemhaka yokuti hurumende yehurumende nehurumende imwe neimwe izviremera zvakasiana, chiito chimwe chetechi chinogona kupiwa mhaka navose vari vaviri pasina kuputsa ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri. Somuenzaniso, munhu anobira bhangi rakavakwa nomutemo anogona kuidzwa nehurumende nokuda kwokuba uye nehurumende yehurumende nokuda kwokubirwa kwebhangi, zvose zviri zviviri zvinoparirwa mumufambiro mumwe chetewo. Kumwe uku kwave kuchitsigirwa kwareverwazve, zvikurukuru mu Haath v. [FLT:] [85] [1985]), apo Dare gurusairo rakasimbisa kuti kurovererwa kunotevedzana nokuda kwehurumende imwe cheteyo hakuna kuputsa njodzi mbiri nemhaka yokuti mugariro mumwe nomumwe wakanga uri wakaparadzana. Vatsoropotendi inoramba dziviriro, asi inoramba mutemo unogadzika.

Kupomerwa Nemhaka Nechirango Chevanhu Vasina Kubvira Pachena

Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri inoshanda bedzi kukuita utsotsi. Zviito zvevagari vemo. (nokuti hurumende inotora zvinhu zvinoshandiswa muutsotsi) haiwanzorangarirwa sechirango nokuda kwezvinangwa zvengozi zvakapetwa kaviri, kunyange kana kurasikirwa kuchibatanidzwa nomufambiro woutsotsi. Zvisinei, kana kurasikirwa kwavagari vemo kuri kuranga kwazvo mumhoteredzo zvokuti kunoguma nechirango chetsono, chitsama chacho chingashandisa. Dare Rapamusorosoro rinotaura izvi mu United States v. Ursery (1996], rina kurasikirwa nechinhu chevagari vemo havasati vari "Chirango" nokuda kwokunzvera kuviri kana vachibatira chinangwa chokurapisa. Kunyange zvakadaro, miitiro ichangobva kushatiswa yomutemo inopfuurira kumukakanwa.

Collateral Estopel (Kuzviparadzanisa)

Yakabatanidzwa nengozi mbiri idzidziso yeLiteranual estopel, iyo inodzivisa kudzorwa kwenhau dzechokwadi idzo dzakatosarudzwa munyasha dzomukwiridzi. Somuenzaniso, kana mutongi akasunungura mupomeri papomero kupfurikidza nokuwana kuti mupomeri haana kupfura zvinouraya, hurumende haigoni gare gare kuedza mukwirirwi mumwe cheteyo nokuda kwokudenha nechombo chine ngozi kana pomero iyoyo ichitsamira panhau imwe cheteyo. Iyi nheyo, yatorwa kubva Aspe v. Swenson [1970], inotambanudza dziviriro mbiri dzenjodzi kuchisarudzo chavanhu vamwe navamwe, kwete kungova mhaka dzose.

Kutongwazve Pashure Pokuvakwazve Kwemacorpu Anobudirira

Chikumbiro chehurumende habeas corpus chinodenha kupwiswa nehurumende chingaguma nokusunungurwa kana kupwiswa kwacho kwakawanwa mukuputswa kweBumbiro remitemo. Zvisinei, kana dare rehabeas rikawana chikanganiso chebumbiro remitemo icho chinogona kurapwa (zvakadai sebetsero isingashandi yezano iro rinoshurikidza dziviriro) hurumende ingaedzazve mukwiridziridziri. Chikamu chenjodzi yakapetwa kaviri hachisati chichidzivisi ufakazi hwehurumende hwakanga husina kukwana, sezvinosarudzwa nedare reHabeas. Iyi nharaunda yakaoma uye kazhinji kazhinji inobatanidzwa nemiraudzo yakarongwa.

Michina Inoshanda Yokupinza Mungozi Kaviri Pakukwirira

Dare rinoongorora chinyorwa chokutonga de novo kuputsa kupi nokupi. Kana dare rikawana kuti ufakazi hwomuchuchisi hwakanga husina kukwana, huchabvisa kupwiswa nefungira mano yakaipa, zvinoreva kuti nyika haigoni kudzorwa. Kana dare rikawana chikanganiso chetsika, ringadzokera shure ndokudzoserazve kutongwa kutsva, asi richarangarirawo kana chikanganiso chacho chakanga chisina kukuvadza kudarika kupanikira kune mufungo.

Nenzira inokosha, kutaura kwenjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri kunogona kusimudzirwa kupfurikidza nokutanga kwokudzinga mhaka apo hurumende inotanga kupomera kwechipiri pashure pokutendeka kana kuti kutendeseka. Kana dare rinotonga rikaramba chiito chacho, mukwirirwi pane dzimwe nguva angatora chikumbiro chemhetembo pamberi porutongeso rwokupedzisira (nemhaka yokuti kodzero yokusununguka panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri i "rudyi kusatongwa" kungarasika kana kumanikidzwa kupinda mukutonga. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva ikoku mu ] Abney v. United States[FLT:]] [17]]), richibvumira kukumbira kwapamhizha kwapa napamhika kuviri.

Mukuwedzera, nhambo huru yehabeas corpus ingashandiswa kudenha kupwiswa kwehurumende kwakawanwa pashure pokuputswa kwengozi kuviri. matare ehurumende anogona kupa nyaradzo kana dare rehurumende rikashandisa nenzira isina mufungo mutemo wengozi wakagadzwa zvakajeka wehurumende.Ikoku kunogovera valvero yekotsekano apo matare ehurumende anokundikana kusimbisa dziviriro nenzira yakafanira.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Kuiswa Mungozi Kuviri Mumimwe Mimwe Miitiro Yapamutemo

Nepo United States ichigovera dziviriro dzakasimba nengozi, dzimwe nyika dzinosvika panhau yakasiana. Mumutemo weEngland, mutemo pamusoro penjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri wakanga wakafanana kwenguva refu, asi pashure peCriminal Justice Act 2003, UK inotanga kutsiva mhaka dzakakomba (g., kuponda, kubata chibharo) apo ufakazi hutsva nehunogombedzera hunobuda. Ikoku kunobvumira kutongwazve pashure pemigariro yakaganhurirwa. MuCanada, [FL: 0] Car of Rights neFrees[[FLT:]] inobatanidza dziviriro inopetwa kaviri murutivi (11), iyo inodzorwa pashure pekuviswa kwokupedzisira, asi neufakazi hutsva husati hwagona kuratidzwa. Kunyange zvazvo zvichingodaro, murairo weEurope unonzi [FLT] [FFF] muSFF]

Mugumisiro: Kuguma uye Kururamisira

Kudzivirira njodzi dzakapetwa kaviri mukati mekukwirira kweutsotsi chiito chokungwarira. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoraira kuti hakuna munhu anotongwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo, bva muitiro wokutonga unofanira kubvumira kururamiswa kwezvikanganiso zvapamutemo pasina kupa kukwirira kwechipiri. Dare rinowana mitsetse yokungwarira: kana ufakazi hwokutonga hwakanga husina kusimba zvikuru zvokusagona kutsigira mhaka, mukwirirwi akasununguka mamiriro ezvinhu (8) nyika yakava nezuva rayo mudare uye yakarasika. Asi kana kutongwa kwacho kwakashatiswa nemhosho yemitemo, hurumende ingawana njodzi, nemhaka yokuti kutonga kwokutanga kwakanga kusina kururama.

Dzidziso youchangamire huviri nemhosho dzakarevererwa dzinoratidza kuti ngozi yakapetwa kaviri haisati iri nhovo huru, asi inoramba iri imwe yedziviriro dzine simba zvikurusa pakubatwa zvisina kufanira kwavachuchisi nedenho yehurumende. Seizvo Dare Gurusa rakacherekedza, nheyo "yakarovererwa zvikuru" inoratidza kuti kufarira kukuru kwavanhu mukuva mhedziso dzoutsotsi." Nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi aitungamirira gadziriro yeruramisiro yamatsotsi (8) kugona kuva mukwiridzi, mureri, mumiriri, kana kuti mugari wegweta anoitira hanya (8) kunzwisisa kuti ngozi inomanikidzirwa kaviri pakukwirira inodikanwa kunzwisisa dziviriro dzinochengeta ruramisiro neganhuriro yehurumende.

Kudzidza zvakawanda, bvunza Cornell Information Institute yengozi dzakapetwa kaviri, hwirudzura chisarudzo chikuru cheDare Gurusa Benton v. Maryland[, kana kuti kunzvera [[FLT:] judicary judicary puroficiary panjodzi [. Manyuko aya anogovera nhungamiro inodzorwa pabumbiro remitemo namativi enheyo yeiyi fashoni.