Kutanga: Munondo Unokomberedzwa Nemibato Weyamuro Yokumwe

Yamuro dzokunze dzinoramba dziri chimwe chezvishandiso zvinokakavadzana zvikurusa muukama hwamarudzi ose, zvikurukuru apo inonangidzirwa kuhurumende dzinodzvinyirira. Kune rumwe rutivi, yamuro inogona kuderedza urombo, kunatsiridza miuyo youtano, uye tsigiro muvagari vemo vanoshaiwa. Kune rumwe, ingawedzera nenzira isingazivi kudzvinyirira hurumende dzinodzvinyirira, kusekesa zvishuvo zvedemocracy, uye uori hwezvirongwa. zvamatongerwe enyika dzeyamuro dzedzimwe nyika dzeyamuro muhurumende dzechisimba rehurumende rechibharo [[[FLTLD:1]] dzakarevesa zvikuru, dzinoda kuongororwa kwakananga kwemari kuti ifambire pamwe chete sei nezvirongwa zvesimba romumba, zvirongwa zvehurumende. Nyaya ino inogovera kuongorora zvinodzorwa zvinoshanda, paufakazi hwezvipo nedzidzo munyika yose.

Kurondedzera Yamuro Yokumwe: Inopfuura Mari

yamuro yokunze, inonzi pamutemo Accomputed Development Arevition (ODA), inobatanidza zvikwereti, zvikwereti zvokubvumidzwa, betsero yemichina, uye murudzi zvinogoverwa nehurumende dzinopa, masangano akasiana---chinja, uye nheyo dzakavanzika. Nhengo dzayo dzakadudzwa kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidza kukura kwemari, kuderera kwourombo, nyaradzo yomutsa, uye kusimudzirwa kwekudzora kwakanaka. Zvisinei, kuyamura hakuwanzova kwezve kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Nyika dzehurumende dzemari dzinobatanidza migariro yezvokutengeserana, kana kuti yezvokutengeserana, uye hurumende dzinogamuchira zvikurukuru upfumi hwechadenga kana kuti mibato yokuyamuramuranisa kuti kubatira mibato yadzo yadzo yakabudirira kuti zvibatire zvinangwa zvavo vamene.

Marudzi makuru eyamuro anosanganisira:

  • [ yamuro yeBHAYIDA - kuendesa kwakananga kubva kune imwe hurumende kuenda kune imwe, kazhinji kazhinji yakasungirwa kunhevedzano yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • [ yamuro yeMultialitari - yakaiswa mumasangano akadai seWorld Bank, IMF, kana kuti masangano eUN, ane mwero yakasiana- siyana yemakwara anotsamira pachinhu.
  • yamuro yeHumanitarian – yamuro yekurumidziro mukati menjodzi, kunyange zvazvo iyoyi inogona kudzorwa.
  • [ Rubatsiro rwemari - unyanzvi nerovedzo, izvo zvingatsigira simba rehurumende kana kuti kutsauswa kuvaka ruvimbiko rwehurumende.

Kunzwisisa kunyorwa nokudzorwa kweyamuro kunokosha nemhaka yokuti yamuro inopa zvinhu zvakawanda zvakafanana nezvinopiwa. Mugadziriro dzechisimba, kusavapo kwamasangano okutarisira anoratidzirwa kunowedzera ngozi yokuti yamuro inova chishandiso chokutsigira panzvimbo pekukura.

Kupindira Kunoita Kuyamura Kune Imwe Nyika Nehurumende Dzine Simba

Hurumende dzinotonga dzinozivikanwa nesimba guru, makwikwi ezvematongerwe enyika akaganhurirwa, kusava nesimba kwemutemo, uye kudzvinyirirwa kwekusabvumirana. Ruyamuro rwokumwe parunopinda munzvimbo dzakadaro, runogona kuchinja kuenzana kwezvematongerwe enyika munzira dzinoverengeka, kunoda, dzakawanda dzisingafungirwi.

Kusimbisa Nokudzvinyirira

Kuwana kunopfuurira munzvero yezvamatongerwe enyika ndekwokuti yamuro yokumwe inogona kupukunyuka kwemaoctracy . Vatungamiriri vangashandisa mari yeyamuro inoparira shawaro(mari inogona kudzoserwa kubva mumabasa okuvandudza kumauto amapurisa (kusimbisa mapurisa, mabasa ezvemari, uye mapoka ehondo ayo anodzvinyirira chishoro. Somuenzaniso, yamuro yakaitirwa nokuda kwekiriniki dzeutano inogona kusunungura mari yehurumende nokuda kwokudzvinyirira kwomukati. Iyi chiitiko chinozivikanwa se "resource" shanduro yeyamuro yokumwe nzanga: sezvo mafuta anogona kutsigira mapurisa, saizvozvowo anogona kusadzorwa yamuro muyamuro.

Nzvero dzinobatanidza dzakaitwa nenyanzvi dzakadai se Bhueno de Mesquita na Smith (2009) dzakaratidzira kuti yamuro kumaautocracracy inowedzera bviro yokupukunyuka kwehurumende, zvikurukuru apo mutungamiriri anodzora kuparadzirwa kwemari inobhadharwa. Ikoku hakurevi kuti yamuro yose inokuvadza, asi ngozi yacho inova huru zvikuru apo miitiro yokuzvidavirira inenge isati iripo.

Kugamuchira uye Erite Patronage

Vatungamiriri vehurumende kazhinji kazhinji vanoshandisa yamuro kutenga ruvimbiko pakati pavakuru vakuru, vatungamiriri vedzinza, vakuru vakuru vehondo, uye vasonganiri vebhizimisi. Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira zvibvumirano zveyamuro zvakakudziridzwa, mabasa, uye mabasa nenzira inosarudzwa, vanogona kuvaka mubatanidzwa wavatsigiri vanotsamira pakupfuurira kwehurumende. Iyi nzira yokuita kuti zvinhu zvisave zvapamutemo ideredza mukana wokuchinja nokuedza kuputsa. Somuenzaniso, muEthiopia pasi peMeles Zenawi uye gare gare gare gare Abiy Ahmed, yamuro huru yezvikwereti kubva kuWesterns [1] Chinesettei chikwereti chezvikwereti zvezvikwereti zvechiChina [[FLT] yakadzorwa kupfurikidza neboka rezvibvumirano zvemitengonyi nezvikwata zvechiwi, zvinodzora kudzoronze dzechidzo dzamagwa.

Kudzikamisa Masangano Ehurumende Nenzanga Yavagari Vemo

Nepo mamwe mapurogiramu eyamuro achivavarira zvakajeka kutsigira nzanga yevagari vemo nemubatanidzwa wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, simba rawo mumiganhu yehurumende inodzvinyirira kazhinji kazhinji rakaganhurirwa kana kuti haribetseri. Hurumende dzinogara dzichivapa mari, kompa, kana kuti kudzvinyirira masangano ayo anogamuchira mari yokumwe, ichivapa senhume dzokumwe. Somuenzaniso, muRussia, mutemo unoda kuti NGODZODZODZODZWA mari yokumwe kuti inyorese se "vamiri," inodzosa mabasa avo. Nenzira yakafanana, muHungary neTurkey, zviteshi zvenhau uye matare ehurumende zvakarangariro dzaveresavanhu vanobva kunyika dzokuMadokero okumadokero zvisa.

Uyezve, yamuro inogona kusekesa masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nokusachenjera kupfurikidza na kutanga kwomunzvimbomo. Apo vapi vemari vamarudzi ose vanowana mari yakakwana kumapoka echishoro, mapoka iwayo anogona kurasikirwa nomutemo womunzvimbomo uye anogona kupendwa sezvidhori zvefariro dzokuMadokero. Iyi simba yakatambanudzwa muEgipita pashure pokupanduka kwa 2011, uko U.S. yakava nzvimbo inocherekedzerwa vanhu nokuda kwenhau yehurumende yehondo yakadzorwa.

Kukanganiswa Kwemari Nokuderera Kwemasangano

Yamuro dzokunze, zvikurukuru apo kudzongonyedzwa kukuru kunowirirana neGDP yenyika, kunogona kukanganisa upfumi hwenyika. Kungaparira kunzwisiswa kwemitengo yokuchinjana (Dutch disease), kuderedza sundo yokuti hurumende dziunganidze mitero yedzimba, uye kuita gadziriro dzinowirirana dzinopfuura masangano ehurumende. Muhurumende dzine chiremera chinodzorwa, idzi kushatisa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunowedzerwa nemhaka yokuti kuyerera kunodzorwa nekaduku kaduku kaduku [ nokutarisira kwavose. Muuyo unogona kuva nyika isina chinhu uko chirevo chinotonga chinodzora zvose zviri zviviri yamuro nesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika, nepo masangano ehurumende anorongwa.

Rutsamiro rweyamuro ruderedzawo kuzvidavirira kwehurumende kuvagari vemo vayo vamene. Apo mutungamiriri anogona kubhadhara mabasa avose kupfurikidza nemitero yokumwe panzvimbo pemitero, vagari vemo vane simba shoma rokuraira kuratidzirwa kana kuti kuchinja kwemiitiro. Ichochi chisakiso chainyorwa zvakanaka mumitengo yeoiri yemari yakawanda, asi chinoshandawo kunyika dzine yamuro yakakwirira yakadai seRwanda, Uganda, uye Bangladesh.

Kuchinja Kwesimba Rematongerwe Enyika: Kuva Nemamiriro Ezvinhu, Kusava Nengozi, uye Kuratidza Zviratidzo

Kunzwisisa revo dzezvamatongerwe enyika kunoda kufuratira miitiro iyo yamuro inoshanda nayo. Nhatu dzinooneka: kutsamira pamigariro, kufadza, uye kuratidzira.

Kuva Nemamiriro Ezvinhu: Ngano Yokusagadzikana

Vapi vazhinji vanobatanidza migariro yokuyamura, zvakadai sechirango, kunatsiridza kodzero dzavanhu, kana kuti sarudzo dzapachena. Zvisinei, hurumende dzinodzvinyirira dzine unyanzvi zvikuru pa inodzorwa kana kuti kunzvenga mawirirano. Vangavimbisa chinjo kudzivirira kubvisa, ipapo kunonozeka kana kuti kudzidzorera. Kunyange apo migariro inosangana nezita, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoshaiwa kuvimbika. Ufakazi hwechibharo, hunohwirudzurwa na (2004) [FLT] [FT:3], hunokarakadza kuti wirirano yeyamurano isingawanzosimudzira kudzorwa kana kuti kudzorwa. Panzvimbo pezvo, hunoratidzika kuva hunoshanda bedzi apo hunotsigirwa nesimba nezvinodavirwa nazvinogamuchirwa nezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kukanganisa: Kusava Nesimba Kwokunyora Zviratidzo

Kunyange apo vapi vanoedza kuratidzira yamuro nokuda kwamadonzo akati “‘ dzidzo, utano, dziviriro yemhoteredzo inogona kuchinjwa mukati mebhajeti yehurumende. Madhora ane $100 000 anopiwa nokuda kwokuvakwa kwechikoro angabvumira hurumende kutsaudzira mamirioni $100 emari yayo amene kumari inotambirwa hondo kana kuti kubhadharwa. Ichi chinetso chinogara mumhoteredzo umo bhajeti remari yemari inovakwa uye kuzvidavirira kuri kwakaderera. Kuidzivisa, vapi vanofanira kushandisa tarisiro yakakomba, asi mumaautocraccas anodzivisa kuongororwa, kazhinji kazhinji ikoku hakubviri.

Kupa Zviratidzo: Yamuro Sechibvumirano Chezvamatongerwe enyika

Yamuro yokunze inotumirawo zviratidzo zvine simba zvamatongerwe enyika. Apo mupi mukuru anopa betsero huru kumutungamiriri anodzvinyirira, mutungamiriri iyeyo anowana kuva pamutemo kwamarudzi ose [ uye chiratidzo chetendero chinogona kushandiswa munzanga kunyaradza vatsoropodzi. Mapoka anoshora anotarisana nehondo inokwirira apo ari kurwisana nehurumende inotsigirwa nemabhiriyoni ehurumende yokuMadokero kana kuti eChina. [1] Mitemo iyo inoitwa nehurumende inobvumirwa, kunyange kutodiwa namasimba enyika ose. Iyi inoziviswa zvikurukuru apo yamuro inotangwazve pashure penhambo yechirango kana kuti kunyorwa, sezvinoonekwa muMyanmar (201).

Fundo Dzenyaya: Aid Muchiito

Egipita: VaGeopolitic of Armage Aid for for for forography

Egipita inogamuchira inopfuura mabhiriyoni $1,3 pagore muyamuro yehondo yeU.S., nhaka yeCamp David Accons. Pasinei zvapo nokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwekodzero dzavanhu kunodzokororwa, hurumende yechisimba yeAbdel Fattah el-Si yakagamuchira nguva dzose iyi tsigiro. Yamuro yave ichishandiswa kusimbisa masimba akashongedzerwa nemhinganidzo, kubatanidza kupfurikidza nokusungwa kukuru, kutambudzwa, uye kuputsa nzanga. kudzorwa kweU.S. yamuro yokudzvinyirira madonzo [[[FLT: 1]] yakatsigirwa zvakananga namasangano avanhu. Bva mamiriro ezvinhu anobetsera paruramisiro yavanhu, kududza fariro yakadaro sechiISkaro nerugare neIsrael. Chino ichi chinoenzanisira sei kufambidzana zvinangwa nokudzoro chakananga.

Rwanda: Budiriro Kana Kuti Simba Reautocracy Here?

Rwanda pasi paPaul Game inowanzodudzwa senhau yebudiriro yebudiriro yakadai sewedzero yemari yakavandudzwa, upfumi hwakavandudzika, uye ushati. Kunyange zvakadaro ihurumende imwe inopa betsero yakakomba pakushora kwezvamatongerwe enyika, zvinobudisa nhau, uye nzanga yavagari vemo. Donor, kubatanidza UK, Sweden, uye World Bank, dzakapinza mabhiriyoni emadhora muRwanda, vachirumbidza kubudirira kwayo. Zvisinei, yakawanda yeyamuro iyi yakashandiswa [[FLT: 0] kudzora kweRwanda yeRwanda yeFOTS[[FL:1]. Hurumende inoshandisa yamuro yokubudisa mabasa nenzira inobudirira, asi kudzorawo, kudzvinyirira, kushora, kupesana, uye kuputsa simba renyika (g. g., mukutsigira mukwakidzamuvakidzani anoparira bhina.) kutsigira kudzo inogamuchirwa zvakanaka nokuda kwehurumende inopfuumbato inopfumisa kupfumisa kupfuudzira.

Ethiopia: Aid Pakati peHondo Yavagari Vemo Nokudzvinyirirwa

Ethiopia, apo bedzi yakagadzirwa navapi vemigove venyika yokuMadokero, yakagamuchira anopfuura mabhiriyoni 4 emadhora pagore kubva kuU.S.E. EU, uye vamwe muma 2010. Mupasi poMutungamiriri weHurumende Abiy Ahmed, nyika pakutanga yakaona mavambo ehurumende yedemokratiki, asi kuvambira muna 2020 zvichienda mberi, hurumende yakarwa hondo yavagari vemo ine utsinye muTigray, neyakanyorwa kuti kuchenesa dzinza neziyamu yehondo sechombo chehondo. Yakatungamirira kukurangarirazve nzira iyo vagari vemo vomunyika vakavharwa nayo kana kuti kutsaurirwa nehurumende. [[FLT:]] Kundikano yakafumuranisa kundika kweyamuro yemipinduko yemipinduko : vapa betsero yemibairo yehurumende inoparira njodzi.

Muenzaniso weChina: Hapana Nheyo Dzakanamatidzwa?

China’s Belt and Road Initive and bipater aright programs dzinopa muenzaniso wakasiana. Vakuru vakuru veChina vanowanzodzivisa ganhuriro dzakajeka dzezvamatongerwe enyika, vachisimbisa kusapindirana muzvinhu zvomumba. Ikoku kunoita kuti chiChina chive chinokwezva kuhurumende dzehurumende dzinodzvinyirira dzinotsvaka upfumi pasina dzvinyiriro yokudzora. Zvisinei, ufakazi hunokarakadza kuti yamuro yeChina inosimbisawo vatongi vematomupiki kupfurikidza nokuvagovera mabasa edzidzo anokosha anogona kushandiswa nokuda kwokutsigira bhizimisi, uye nokukweretesa hurumende dzinotarisana nezviratiso zvokuMadokero. Mitevero yezvamatongerwe enyika yeChina inodzidzwa nenzira inowedzera, nokunzvera kuti inosimbisawo kuvatevedzero yechiito chehurumende [[FLD] [FLD:1] munyika dzinogamuchirwa (sessociroma [FFF:]]]]

Betsero Dzingabvira: Apo Aid Inoita Basa Mundima Dzinoumba Authoritarian

Pasinei nengozi dzacho, rubatsiro rwokumwe harukuvadzi munyika yose mune zvematongerwe enyika.

  • Kusimbisa vanhu zvakanaka-zvakanaka - Zvirongwa zvedzidzo zvinoponesa upenyu nokuwedzera dzimbahwe ravanhu, kunyange muhurumende dzinodzvinyirira. Somuenzaniso, nhimbe dzepfumbanyo dzinopfuudzwa muAfghanistan pasi peTaliban (pamberi-2021) dzakasvika mamirioni.
  • Chinjo dzemitemo inochinja zvinhu zvecherekedzo yematongerwo enyika – Dzimwe hurumende dzinodzvinyirira dzinoshandisa chinjo dzounyanzvi (umh., kudzorwa kwomutero, kudzora kwamakombiyuta) izvo nenzira isingazivi zvinogona kuvaka simba rehurumende nokujeka, kuchiparira zaru dzechinjo yomunguva yemberi.
  • [[FLT: 0] anoita kuti nzvimbo yenzanga yavagari vemo [[FLT: 1] - kushandiswa kweyamuro kudzivirira mapoka akaderedzwa, kutsigira zvinobudisa nhau zvakazvimirira munzvimbo dzakatetepa, kana kuti kunyora kusashandiswa zvakanaka kwekodzero dzevanhu kunogona kupera pakudzora kwechisimba, kugovera vapi basa nokungwarira uye nevakwanyina vomunzvimbomo.
  • Kudzikama kwapakarepo[ - Munyika dzinosakara, yamuro inogona kudzivisa kuwa kwehurumende, uko kungatungamirira kumiuyo yakatoipisisa, kubatanidza madzorere ehondo, nzara, kana kuti kudzongonyedzwa kwenharaunda.

Chinokosha ndechokuti idzi betsero dzinotsamira pa rongedzero yokungwarira, kuongorora kwakakomba, uye nzwisiso chaiyoiyo yamasimba ezvematongerwe enyika. Kuva netariro pamusoro pesimba rokushandura reyamuro kazhinji kazhinji zvinopesana.

Ngozi Dzakadzokazve: Kukosha Kwouchapupu

Ngozi inonyanyowandisa ndeyokuti yamuro yokumwe inotambanudza upenyu hwemasherufu hwehurumende dzinodzora. Nzvero dzehurumende dzechiOmpidhiya, kubatanidza kuiswa kwadzo mumativi ose ne Heinrich naLoftis (20), inowana kuwirirana kwakasimba pakati peyamuro mumibato namakore ehurumende mumitengo. Mitengo yakajeka: yamuro inowedzera mitengo inowanika nokuda kwechikamu checo-DP, uye inogovera pamutemo. Uyezve, yamuro inogona kubudisa mari yomumba neyomutengo. [FLT], inoparira mari inotsamira pakukura kwedzimwe nyika.[FLDFF]

Imwe ngozi i ngozi yetsika nokuda kwavapi. Apo yamuro inopfuurira pasinei zvapo nomufambiro wehurumende, hurumende inodzvinyirira inodzidza kuti inogona kuputsa kodzero dzavanhu, kubira sarudzo, kana kuti kudenha vavakidzani pasina kurasikirwa netsigiro yemari. Ikoku kunoderedza kuvimbika kwezvipiro zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nekodzero dzavanhu, kuchinetesa nhevedzano yakafara yamarudzi ose.

Kunetsa Kunoita Vari Kupa Mitemo

Nokuda kwehurumende nemasangano akawanda okugadzira mapurogiramu okuyamura, uchapupu hunonongedzera kurumbidzo dzinoverengeka dzinoitwa:

  1. Nzvero yezvamatongerwe enyika yemari pamberi pokuita zvitsama zvikuru. Nzwisisa anodzora yamuro anoyerera, nzira yaanovhengana nayo nezvivako zvesimba romunzvimbomo, uye kana migariro ichigona kugombedzerwa.
  2. Shandisa miitiro inooneka, inochinjika kutsarukana kuderedza kufadza. Kutamisirwa kwemari kuvagari vemo (sokufanana mumapurogiramu omutyairi wendege muKenya neIndia) inodzivisa udzori hwehurumende ndokuvaka kuzvidavirira kwenzanga.
  3. [ yamuro serutivi rwenzira huru zvikuru inobatanidza kukurukurirana, zvirango, uye tsigiro nokuda kwenzanga yavagari vemo yakazvimirira. Aid yoga haigoni kudzora hurumende; inofanira kubatanidzwa nezvimwe zvishandiso.
  4. Iva anodisa kutyisidzira nokumanikidzira mawirirano anotsamira pa apo zvikumbaridzo zvakajeka zvamaruramiro avanhu zvinoyambuka. Yamuro yokumisa ingasashanda nguva dzose, asi tyisidziro inogona kuchinja zviverengero zvehurumende.
  5. Kuwedzera mitoo yokuzvidavirira yomunzvimbomo yakadai sokunzvera kwakazvimirira, kunyora bhajeti yavose, uye utarisiri hwenzanga. Izvi zvinogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti yamuro inosvika vabhadharwi vanoitirwa donzo panzvimbo pemabhokisi ehurumende.

Nharidzano haifaniri kuva yokumisa yamuro yose kuhurumende dzine chiremera chinodzvinyirira − “‘ Kutama kwakadaro kungakuvadza vagari vemo vasina dziviriro — asi kuchinja mitoo yokuyamura kuderedza ngozi yokushandisa urovha nepo kuchiwedzera betsero dzokukura.

Mugumo: Kumugadziri weAid Akangwara wezvamatongerwe enyika

Gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzeyamuro dzokunze muhurumende dzinodzvinyirira dzakakura uye dzinopesana. Aid inogona kuponesa upenyu panguva imwe cheteyo nokutsigira kudzvinyirira, kusimbisa vagari vemo ndokusimbisa vadzvinyiriri vavo. Ufakazi hunobva Egipita, Rwanda, Ethiopia, uye kupfuura hunoratidza kuti kufuratira mamirire ezvamatongerwe enyika omumba inzira yemiuyo isingakanwi. Vagadziri vemiitiro yemitemo vanofanira kurega nyengedzo yokuti yamuro inyanzvi dzounyanzvi kana kuti dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Panzvimbo pezvo, vanofanira kutora [FLT: 0] kusvika kworuzivo rwechinetsoro mune zvehondo [ kunoziva kuti kuyamura sei kuyamura nemiuyo yakatanhamara, utera hwesangano, uye simba.

Pakupedzisira, yamuro yokumwe haina kunaka kana kuti yakaipa nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Miuyo yayo inotsamira pa nzira yayakarongedzerwa, yakapiwa, uye yakadzorwa. Nokuda kwaavo vakazvipira kusimudzira maruramiro avanhu nehurumende yedemocracy, basa nderokuvandudza yamuro yemitemo yehurumende, inoshanda nevavakidzani vomunzvimbomo, kusimbisa mitsetse mitsvuku, uye kusimbisa nzanga yevagari vemo panzvimbo pokuputsa rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kungodaro bedzi ingagona kuzadzika chipikirwa chayo sesimba rechinjo yakanaka, kunyange mumhoteredzo dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinodenha zvikurusa.