Murangariro wokuva pamutemo kwezvamatongerwe enyika unokosha kunzwisiswa kwesimba guru nechiremera munzanga. Inonongedzera kuchitendero chavose chokuti hurumende kana kuti hurumende yezvamatongerwe enyika ine maruramiro okutonga uye kuti chiremera chayo chinogamuchirwa navanhu. Pasina pamutemo, kunyange hurumende inowirirana zvikurusa inotarisana nekusagadzikana, sezvo vagari vemo vangadzivisa kana kuti kubvisa kubvumirana kwavo. Kutendeseka kwezvamatongerwe enyika hakusati kuri bedzi rondedzero youzivi; mugariro unoshanda uyo unoparira nhevedzano yenzanga, unogonesa kudzora, uye unoumba ukama pakati pavatongi navatongi. Nyaya ino inonzvera majekericrica ezvamatongerwe enyika zvapamutemo muudzame, kunzvera rondedzero dzawo, mhindumupinduko yenhau, manyuko, zvinetso, uye kushanda kwapanguva ino mukuchinja kwenyika nokukurumidza.

Kurondedzera Kutonga Kwematongerwe Enyika

Kuva pamutemo kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunogona kunzwisiswa seruramiso yechiremera chehurumende. Hakusati kuchingova zvako pamusoro pokuva nesimba asi kugamuchirwa kwesimba iroro rinodzorwa serakafanira mutsika kana kuti rakarurama nenzira yapamutemo. Kudzora kunopa vatongi maruramiro okupa mirairo ndokukarira teerero, kwete nemhaka bedzi yokuti vane pfuti asi nemhaka yokuti vagari vemo vanodavira kuti vanofanira kuteerera. Nyanzvi dzinotsaura pakati pa pamutemo (muchitsama mutemo une maruramiro etsika okutonga) uye [[FLT:]] pamutemo [[FLT]] (Vanhu vanodavira chaizvoizvo hurumende inodarongedzero).

Mabhuku matatu akaisvonaka aMax Weber anoramba achipesvedzera.

  • pamutemo wenhau: yakavakirwa patsika dzakagara kwenguva refu uye mugariro wakagarwa nhaka. Madzimambo namadzishe edzinza kazhinji kazhinji vanotsamira paichi chimiro, umo murairo unogamuchirwa nemhaka yokuti “kwave kuri nenzira iyoyo nguva dzose.”
  • [[FLT: 0] pamutemo: Kubva mumavara omunhu oga echienzi omutungamiriri(] chiHero, chiono, kana kuti utsvene. Kumukira namasangano orudzidziso kazhinji kazhinji zvinobudisa vanhu vane kuvimbika kukuru.
  • pamutemo: Yakavakirwa mumitemo, miitiro, uye mutemo. Kodzero dzamademocracy namabhureaucracy azvino uno dzinoratidzira urwu rudzi: chiremera chinogara mumahofisi, kwete vanhu.

Kupfuura Weber, nyanzvi dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzenguva ino dzakadai saDavid Beetham naJürgen Habermas dzakanatsa pfungwa yacho. Beetham anosimbisa kuti kuva pamutemo kunotsamira pambiru nhatu: kuwirirana nemitemo yakagadzwa (kutonga kwemitemo), kururama kwemitemo kupfurikidza nezvitendero zvinogoveranwa (kururamisa kwekare), uye kubvumidzwa kwezvidzorwi. Habbermas anosimbisa kuti kuva kwapamutemo kunovapo kubva mumiitiro inobvisa pfungwa dzechinjo yemunhu nekurukurirano inopfupikisa miuyo inoita vagari vemo vanogona kugamuchira nenzira ine mufungo. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuva nomutemo kwakawanda: kwapamutemo, tsika, uye kururamisa.

Nokuda kwokurapa kukuru zvikuru kwerondedzero, ona Encyclopedia of Philosophy pession pamutemo [[FLT: 1].

Maonero Anoita Nhoroondo Dzemitemo Yematongerwe Enyika

Pfungwa yokuva pamutemo kwezvamatongerwe enyika yakavapo zvinoshamisa kupfuura makore ane chiuru. munguva dzakare nedzeMiddle Ages, rondedzero dzakarurama dzoumwari dzakaruramisa kutonga kupfurikidza nokufadza kunhevedzano yechisiko chose kana kuti yorudzidziso.Nhambo yazvino uno yakachinjirwa kubvumirano, chibvumirano, uye uchangamire hwakakurumbira (kuchinja kwakashandura hwaro humene hwechiremera.)

Mirangariro Yekare Neyekare

Munhevedzo dzakawanda dzapakuvamba, maruramiro aiwirirana nesimba rinopfuura romuzvarirwo. VanaFarao veEgipita vairangarirwa kuva vamwari vapenyu; mirayiro yavo yaitakura simba roumwari. MuMesopotamia, Bumbiro remitemo raHammurabi raitaura kuva rakapiwa namwari Marduk. VaChina vekare vakakumbira “Mantate of the Drae,” pfungwa yaibatanidza kuti vatongi vakasarudzwa neDenga kuti vatonge nenzira yakarurama. Kana mutongi akava anoshata kana kuti akakundikana, murairo waigona kubviswa, kururamisa kutsigira kupandukira kwapakuvamba kuti mamiriro ezvinhu ane mamiriro ezvinhu. Vazivi vechiGiriki, zvikurukuru Aristot, vakasundwa kumutemo wechisiko nepfungwa yokuti hurumende yapamutemo inoshanda panzvimbo dzose. Roma yakagovera mufungo wapamutemo: [[FLD:] [FF] [1]

Kuchinja Kwenguva Yakare

MuMiddle Ages, pfungwa yezvamatongerwe enyika yeEurope yakabatanidza rudzidziso rwechiKristu nomutemo weRoma. Thomas Aquinas akarangarira kuti mutemo womunhu unofanira kuwirirana nomutemo woumwari nowomuzvarirwo; kana kuti, hausungiri muhana. Pfungwa yomutemo wakakwirira unoganhurira chiremera chavatongi yakadyara mbeu nokuda kwemitemo yakazoteverwa. Dare rePhisciture pakati pavanapapa namadzimambo rakazivisa kuti pamutemo waigona kukwikwikwidzwa nezviremera zvinokwikwikwidzana. Pakasvika nguva yapama500 C.N.Nhambo yeMiddle C.C.5 , nzanga dzinomirira uye nzvimbo nenzvimbo (jeri) dzakavamba, zvichiti kubvumira kudzorwa kwomutemo kwakanga kuri madikanwa nokuda kwomutero uye kugadzirwa kwemitemo.

Vanofunga Zvakajeka

. Kujeka kwakabva parudyi rwoumwari. Thomas Hobbes, mu Leviathan [1651], akapikisa kuti kuva namaruramiro kunowana mubvumirano yenzanga: vanhu vanopa rusununguko rwakati kuchiremera uyo anovimbisa rugare nechengeteko. Kana ruchidzodzo, chiremera chamambo chinova pamusoro penhau; kukundikana kuita kudaro chikanganiso. John Locke akawedzera, achisimbisa kuti hurumende yapamutemo inofanira kudzivirira kodzero dzomusikirwo (upenyu, pfuma) uye kudzorwa nokubvuma. Kana ruchidzosa idzodzi, vagari vemo vane maruramiro orururamo. Jean-Jacques anodzosa . [FOct:]

Nokuda kwamanyuko makuru, ona [[FLT: 0] Britannica kupetwa kwapamutemo kwezvamatongerwe enyika .

Kwakabva Mutemo Wezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kutendeseka hakubvi patsime rimwe; kunoungana kubva mumanyuko akawanda anosimbisana.Apo ose aripo, hurumende inofarikanya kubvumirana kwakasimba; apo mamwe anoparadzwa, mikangaidza inobuda.

Kupiwa Mutemo Wetsika

Sarudzo dzakasununguka nedzakarurama, kuita mitemo inooneka, uye kuomerera kumitemo yebumbiro-mitemo zvinoparira kuva pamutemo. Vagari vangasada muitiro uri wose, asi kana vakadavira kuti muitiro wacho wakanaka, vanogamuchira miuyo. Uyu ndiwo musimboti wechiremera chapamutemo muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Kuperera kwehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, matare anozvimirira, uye zviyereso nedzikamo zvinokosha.

Kupiwa Mutemo Nebasa

Hurumende dzinopa chengeteko, kukura kwemari, mabasa oruzhinji, uye ruramisiro dzinoita kuti zvishandiswe nenzira yakarurama.

Kupiwa Mutemo Womutemo

Kubatana kwetsika dzechitendero nedzechitendero kana kuti dzetsika (nziyo dzinoshandiswa setsika). Hurumende inosanganisira mitemo inozivikanwa navose (sezvinei, hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu, kodzero dzevanhu, kubatana kwenyika) inogona kuonekwa seyakarurama. MuIran, kuva pamutemo kwoubati ushe hwaMwari kunobatanidza chiremera chechitendero nechehurumende dzinotsigira hurumende, zvichifadza Shia Islam uye urudzi hwokupandukira.

Kutendeseka Kwetsika

Tsika namasangano zvakatangwa kwenguva refu zvinova pamutemo nemhaka bedzi yokuti zvinokudzwa nguva. Mitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo yakadai seUnited Kingdom kana kuti Japan inowana maruramiro egamuchidzanwa apo inenge ichigara pamwe negadziriro dzedemokrase. Mumitezo mizhinji yapashure pekokoroni yehurumende, makambani echikuru echinyakare kana kuti madare edzinza anochengeta pamutemo pamwe chete namasangano ehurumende yazvino uno.

Kurayira Kwounyengeri

Vatungamiriri vanonyengera − Nelson Mandela, Mahatma Gandhi, Franklin Roosevelt.*vanogona kuita kuva pamutemo kunodokuva kubva musimba resimba rinokweva rinokweva. Asi rudzi urwu haruna kutsiga mumuzvarirwo; runofanira “kudzorwa” mumasangano kuti vatsungirire. Weber akacherekedza kuti pashure pokupfuura kwomutungamiriri wesimba resimba resimba, vatsivi vanofanira kugadza pamutemo kana kuti tsika.

Matambudziko Okutonga Kwematongerwe Enyika

Kunzwisisa tyisidziro idzi kunokosha kuvanoita mitemo uye kuvagari vemo zvakafanana.

Uori uye Kubatwa Nehurumende

Apo vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanotsausa pfuma nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga, kutaura kwehurumende kubatira kuwa kwakanaka kwavose. Murakatira wenyika yose [ nguva dzose] anonyora kuti uori hunoparadza sei chivimbo uye hunoparira kutsutsumwa. Mwero mikuru youshati inobatana nokusatendeseka kwakaderera uye kusatsiga kwehurumende.

Kupunzwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

Hurumende dzinotambudza, dzinonyangarika, dzinodzvinyirira kusabvumirana, kana kuti dzinozvidza nenzira yakarongwa hwaro hwetsika hwapamutemo. Kushurikidza kwamarudzi ose nokudzivisa kwemhuri kazhinji kazhinji zvinotevera. Kumukira kweSpring yeArab kwakawedzerwa murutivi namakumi amakore outsinye hwamapurisa nokusazvidavirira.

Kusaenzana Kwemari Nokuparara Kwemari

Kusaenzana kukuru kwezviito zvechiHindu — kunyanya kana kukabatanidzwa nokusakwanisa kufamba - famba kwenzanga — kunokanganisa pfungwa yokuti zvinhu zvakanaka.Vagari vanonzwa kuti vasiyiwa vangaramba kurongeka kwose mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Zviratidzo Zvinomirira

Apo gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinokundikana kubatanidza mapoka mashoma, vakadzi, pwere, kana kuti maruwa, anotambura pamutemo. Gerrymander, kudzvinyirirwa kwavavhoti, uye masangano okugadza mitemo asingagamuchiri zvinokudziridza kuparadzana. Munyika zhinji, mukaha pakati pezvido zvavagari vemo negadziriro zvinoguma nejekeso inonzi “kukundikana kwezvisarudzo zvehurumende” (jere rinoparira, kupfuudzira masangano anorwisana nemavambo.)

Kupasa Nemashoko Asina Kururama

Munhambo yemichina, mashoko asiri iwo akarongwa namaune, rondedzero dzegadziriro dzechirongwa, uye mhoteredzo dzinoparadzaniswa dzezvinobudisa nhau zvinogona kuderedza miuyo inosarudzwa, matanho outano hwavanhu, uye unyanzvi hwesayenzi. Apo vagari vemo vasingagoni kubvumirana pamaidi makuru, nzwisiso inogoverwa iri madikanwa nokuda kwokudzora kwapamutemo inova isingabviri.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzakawanda uye Kutonga Kwamarudzi Ose

Simba zvarinochinja kuvamasangano amarudzi ose seEuropean Union, World Trade Organization, kana kuti International Criminal Court, kuva pamutemo kwegamuchidzanwa kunoshorwa. Vagari vangarangarira zvisarudzo zvakaitwa navaviriri vari kure sezvisiri zvapamutemo, kudyisa Euros kuti dzinodziviswa uye kudzorwa kwehurumende. Maperembudzi emitemo pamwero wenyika yose anoramba akakomba, sezvo pasina wirirano yenyika yose kubvumirano yapasi.

Basa Renzanga Yehurumende

Chaunga chavagari vemo /_masangano ehurumende, masangano ezvokutengeserana, mapoka ezvitendero, masangano enzanga, zvinobudisa nhau, uye masangano anorwira kutongwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika (zvinoita basa rimwe mukuva pamutemo. Inogona kusimbisa kuva pamutemo kupfurikidza nokuita kuti hurumende dzizvidavirire uye kusimudzira kutora rutivi, kana kuti inogona kudenha ndokubvisa hurumende dzinokundikana kusvitsa mipimo.

Kuzvidavirira neMibato yeNharirire

Masangano ekodzero dzevanhu, masangano anodzivisa uori, uye zvinobudisa nhau zvakazvimirira zvinofumura kusashanda zvakanaka uye kukumbira kuti pave nemitemo.

Kutora Rutivi Nekuzvidira

Chaunga chavagari vemo chinounganidza vagari vemo kupinda muupenyu hwavose ($) kubatanidzwa mukuita kuti vapinde muupenyu hwavose ($), kunyunyuta, kubvisa mari. Kubatanidzwa kwemari, magungano, uye kubvunza vanhu vose kunopa vanhuwo zvavo inzwi, kuchisimudzira zvose zviri zviviri kuva pamutemo kwetsika nedzetsika. Masangano enzanga akadai seBlack Live Confe Confect kana kuti sangano ravakadzi akadzvinyirira kubatanidzwa, pakupedzisira kushandura mitemo nemitemo.

Muzinda Wenzanga Nechivimbo

Robert Putnam nevamwewo vakaratidza kuti kubatana kwemasangano evanhu kunoita kuti vanhu vavimbe uye vagadzirwe uye vagadzirwe zvinoita kuti zvive nyore.

Kushanda Kwevagari vomuNyika Nemadhigirii

Masangano eveInternet ezvokukurukurirana paIndaneti achinja vanhu. Masangano echiIndaneti, kuwanda kwenhau dzevagari vemo anogona kudenha nhau dzehurumende nokukurumidza. Zvisinei, maturusi mamwe chetewo anogona kushandiswa kuparadzira mashoko okuparadzira kana kuti kuvenga kwakabatana. Kunyorwa kwemichina yemakombiyuta pachayo kunokwikwidzwa: idi redivitimendi repasi kana kuti kushandisa magetsi?

Kuongorora Nyaya Dzemitemo Yematongerwe Enyika

Kunzvera nyika chaidzo kunoratidzira kuti kuvakwa kwapamutemo kunoitwa sei, kuchengetwa, kana kuti kurasika mumigariro yakasiana - siana.

United States

Hurumende yeU.S. kuva pamutemo kuri paBumbiro reMitemo, sarudzo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye gamuchidzanwa refu rokutonga kwomutemo. Apo makumi amakore achangobva kupfuura akaona kuderera kwechivimbo mumasangano(Conrer, dare redare, dare redare. Partisangation, denho kurusarudzo, uye denho yaJanuary 6, 2021 Capitol yakazivisa ganhuriro huru. Vagari vemo vazhinji vanopanikira kuva vane chiremera chemiuyo yechisarudzo, zvikurukuru pashure pekuvhoti 202020 purezidhenti. Nepo tsika yakapukunyuka, nheyo dzayo dzinotevedzerwa dzakava pasi pedzvinyiriro.

Venezuela

Mupasi peHugo Chávez naNicolás Maduro, hurumende yeVenezuela pakuvamba yakawana chiremera muutungamiriri hwesimba rinonyengera, gadziriro dzenzanga dzakagadzirwa namafuta, uye rukundo rwokusarudza. Zvisinei, kuputsika kwemari, kunyanyisa, kudzorwa kwemibato, uye kusarudza kwakatsiviwa kwakaitwa zvakabvisa zvose zviri zviviri kuziva kwomumba uye kwamarudzi ose. Sarudzo yapurezidhendi ya2018 yakashurikidzwa zvikuru sechishami; chishoro namaruwa mazhinji zvino anoziva kutaura kwechidiviso chebasa kudendercity. Venezuela inomirira nhau yebhuku yenjodzi yapamutemo: kutaura kwakarevererwa kudzosarudzo, hapana chisarudzo chakajeka, uye kutambura kwakapararira.

South Africa

Kururama kwechiNgezi kwapashure pekudzorwa kwevhoriyano yeSouth Africa kwakatangira muchiremera chetsika chaNelson Mandela neAfrican National Congress (ANC), kubatanidza 1993 bumbiro remitemo reTruth, neZvokwadi neReconciliation Commission. Kwamakumi maviri amakore, ANC inodzorwa nemvumo yakafara. Asi zvikanganiso zvehushano zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, hurumende inova pasi paPrezidhesi Jacob Zuma, kushaya mabasa makuru, uye kusaenzana kunopfuurira kwakaderera. Vhotera yeANC yakaderera pasi pe 50% muzvisarudzo zvomunzvimbomo 2024. South Africa inoratidza kuti kuva nokutendeseka kunoda kupfuurira; kubudirira kwenhau hakugoni kudzivirira hurumende inorwisana nokukundikana kwazvinovapo.

Europe Union

Kunyoresa kweEU inhau yakaoma yokutonga kwemarudzi ose. Inotorwa kunyika dzehurumende dzinotonga zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, zvibvumirano zvakatenderwa neparamende yenyika, uye Paramende yeEurope yakasarudzwa zvakananga. Zvisinei, EU inotambura ne “democratic resection”(-displaintion pakati pemasangano eBrussels navagari vemo, kuderera kwakaderera mukusarudza kweEurope, uye pfungwa yokuti zvisarudzo zviri kure. Njodzi yeYuronica, njodzi yevapoteri, uye Brexit yose yakafumura miganhuro yayo yorumano. EURO yakaedza kusimbisa kuva yapamutemo kupfurikidza nokujeka, kuoneka kwapa, uye kubvunza vagari vemo, asi mubvunzo wokuti kana mapurisa yenyika yeEurope inotonga nyika yose inoramba iripo yapamutemo.

Makakatanwa Enguva Yemberi Nenhungamiro Dzenguva Yemberi

Nhau dzinoverengeka dzinotambudza dzinoumba ruzivo rwedzidzo rwazvino nokudzora chaikoiko kwenyika.

Kushandisa Zvombo Nokururamisira

Vatungamiriri vezvokubudisa popuricist vanowanzotaura kuva vanomirira “vanhu vechokwadi” mukurwisana navatungamiriri vakashata, masangano akatangwa anodenha seasiri apamutemo. Nepo kudzora kwoubati ushe hunogona kunyandura ndokufumura zvichemo zvechokwadi, kunoderedzawo matare, zvinobudisa nhau, uye basa rehurumende rehurumende nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kukakavadzana pakati pehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu nemitemo kwakakomba kwakakomba.

Kuwedzera Kwemitemo

Maarustratimendi, kutakura zvinhu zviduku, uye manyuko marefu zvinoita kuti zviome kuti vagari vemo vagadzire rutongeso pamusoro pehurumende yavo. “zvokwadi yetsika” inobvisa hwaro hwechokwadi hwakafanana hunotsamira pabvumiro. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinopikisa kuti tinofanira kufungazve zvakarurama nokuda kwezera remashoko, dzichinangidzira ngwariro paungwaru hwemabhishopi (hwuchinoparira zivo yakavimbika).

Kupiwa Mutemo Munyika Yose

Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, zvirwere, uye kutama kunoda kushandira pamwe kwenyika yose, asi mitumbi yenyika yose haina kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Kuva pamutemo kwemasangano akaita seWHO kana kuti UN Security Council kunopanikirwa nezvose zviri zviviri nyika dzine simba nenzanga yevagari vemo.

Nokuda kwokunzvera kuva pamutemo mumasangano amarudzi ose, ona iyi nyaya mu Governance kana kuti basa reUN pakudzora noururami.

mhedziso

Kuva pamutemo kwezvamatongerwe enyika hakusi vara rinotsiga iro hurumende ine kana kuti isingagoni; itsika huru, inokakavadzana pakati pavatongi uye yakatongwa. Inotsamira pamiitiro yapamutemo, ruramiso yetsika, kuita zvakanaka, uye kubvumirana kwokushingaira kwavagari vemo (kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nenzanga yevagari vemo namasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika). Kana kuva napamutemo kuchisimba, hurumende dzinogona kukurira njodzi; apo dzinoparadza, kunyange hurumende dzine simba gurusa dzingaparara. Kunzwisisa kwakarurama kunotibetsera kunzvera utano hwehurumende dzinosarudzwa nahurumende, upfupi hwehurumende dzinodzorwa, uye tarisiro dzokuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika kune rugare. Sezvinotarisana nedenho itsva dzenyika, kuchinja kwemitengo, kugadziridza simba repamutemo kunoramba kuri kwokukurumidza. Vagari vashambadzi, uye nyanzvi vanofanira kupfuurira kubvunza kuti: Ndiani ane kudzorwa kwomutemo, uye nei tichifanira kuteerera kugona kugadziriswa?