Kudzivirira Kwevanhu Pakati Pekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Norudzi Rworuzhinji

Ukama pakati perusununguko rwevagari vemo nokuchengetwa kwomutemo hunomira sechimwe chedenho dzinopfuurira zvikurusa mukudzora kwedemocracy. Uku dzikamo haisati iri muganhu wakasiana asi kurukurirano ine simba inochinja neruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, mirangariro yavose, uye kuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuchengeta nhevedzano pasina kuisa musengwa rusununguko runorondedzera nzanga yakasununguka kunoda nzvero yenguva dzose, kurukurirano ine ruzivo rwokuzviwanira, uye kudisa kuchinjika. Iyi nzvero yakakudzwa inonzvera midziro yenhau, dzvinyiriro dzazvino uno, uye kurukurirano dzenguva yemberi dzeichinjo iyi inokosha, kukwezva pamhaka yomutemo, hondo dzemitemo, uye zvinoitika chaizvoizvo zvenyika.

Nheyo Dzenhau Dzerwisano

Kuiswa kweBumbiro Rekodzero dzehurumende uye kuiswa kwemitemo mubumbiro remitemo kwakaratidza miganhu yakajeka pasimba rehurumende, kunyanya pakudzivirira kweGavhure reChina pakutsvaka kusina musoro uye kubatwa nepfari uye kuvimbisa kweFindrence Constmerment kuti zvinhu zvaizoitwa.

Chinjo yeAmerica Nebvunzo Yamaruramiro

Vapanduki vakanzwisisa kuti hurumende yakasimba, kunyange iyo yakasarudzwa navanhu, yaigona kushandura chishandiso chayo chokusimbisa mukurwisana navapanduki.Bill of Rights yakanga isiri chibvumikiso asi chinodikanwa chomubatanidzwa. Yakasimbisa nheyo yokuti kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kushanda mukati megadziriro youchangamire hwomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Uku kutanga kwakaparira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira nokuda kwekurukurirano iri yose inotevera pamusoro pokunzvereswa, kusungwa masimba, uye ganhuriro dzehurumende dzinosvika.

Boka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Kupindira kwakatevera kwehurumende kupfurikidza neChibvumirano chekodzero dzevanhu cha1964 uye Voting Rights Act ya1965 yakaratidza kuti kudzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo pane dzimwe nguva kunoda kuti mitemo ishandiswe. Nguva inofumura masimba avo kuti vasatendere kusabvumirana kwepamutemo, kumanikidza kusarurana, uye kutyisidzira vatsigiri vehurumende.

Post-9/11 Hurumende yeChengetezo

Kurwisa kwemagandanga kwaSeptember 11, 2001, kwakaita kuti pave nokuwedzera kusingaenzaniswi kwekuongorora uye masimba okuchengetedza. USA PATRIOT Act, yakapfuudzwa nechimbichimbi, ganhuriro dzakareruka pakushandisa mawadhirobhu, yakabvumira “kubvumira nokutarira” zvibvumikiso, uye yakawedzera kushandiswa kweNational Security Letts. Kuchinja uku kwakaruramiswa nokudiwa kwokumhanya uye kuvanza mukurwisa ugandanga, asi kwakaparirawo chirongwa chepamutemo icho vatsoropodzi vanoramba vachitsigira, kuchigonesa kuunganidzwa kwemashoko pamamiriyoni evasiri vatsoropo.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Mukara Kechengeteko

Kuunganidzwa kwemashoko, kururama kwematurusi okuongorora, uye kumhanya kunoita mashoko kunobatsira kuti pave nemikana nenjodzi.

Kuwanda Kwakawanda Nokuwanda Kwezvinhu Zvisiri Zvemunhu

Zvirongwa zvokuongorora zvakawanda, kusanganisira zvakaziviswa naEdward Snowden muna 2013, zvakaratidza kuti masangano ezvenjere uye masangano emitemo anogona kuunganidza metabhu yemashoko evagari vemo vose pasina kufungira munhu mumwe nomumwe. Hwaro hwepamutemo hwepurogiramu idzi((CHEDIOTTT) yeUSA PARIOTT Act(N) yakapanwa nharo kwemakore kusvikira kuchinja kwayo kuduku muUSA FUSGUSC ya 2015. Kunyange zvakadaro kuunganidzwa kwepfungwa dzakawanda kunoramba kuri pasi pezvimwe zviremera, zvakadai seGrainst Rwimeterstion 1233, inodzora uchenjeri kunze kwetendero yedare reFISA. Mubvunzo mukuru unoramba: Hurumende inoda kuunganidza chinhu chiri chose kuti idzivirire ugandangamire here?

Tsika Yokudeya Kutaurwa uye Mirayiro

Maturusi ezvourongwa hwezvokubhadharwa kwemijenya (kubva pakufungidzira utsotsi kusvikira kuruzivo rwechiso) akavimbisa kuita kuti mutemo ushande zvikuru uye chinangwa. Mumashandire, maarusaitirwo aya anowanzowedzera nokuwedzera. Mashoko okuisa vanhu munhau anoshandiswa kuva mavanduru anofanodeya kutaura mishao misha miduku, achitanga nzira inotsiva inodzikamisa kusatora rutivi kwecherekedzo kweruzivo rwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Pasinei zvapo nokuvadziko dzinoita kuti dzive norusununguko rukuru rwevanhu. Kusununguka kuvhotera kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusina mufungo kunotyisidzira apo purogiramu yekombiyuta, kwete mutungamiriri wemunhu, anosarudza kuti aonekwe.

Kushandiswa Kwesimba uye Kuzvidavirira

Rufu rwaMichael Brown, Eric Garner, George Floyd, uye vamwe vazhinji vakanyandura kunyunyuta kwapasi pose mukurwisana namasimba masimba amapurisa. Dzidziso yokudzivirirwa kwavakakwaniriswa, iyo inodzivirira vakuru vakuru pamhosva dzavagari vemo kutoti vachiputsa “mutemo wakatangwa zvakajeka”, yakatsoropodzwa semhinganidzo kukuzvidavirira. Nhamburiko dzokuvandudza kana kuti kubvisa kudzivirirwa kwavakakwaniriswa kwakakodzera dzakadzorwa mudzimba dzakawanda dzehurumende neU.S. Panguva ino, makamera eboka redare nematare anotarisira vehurumende zvakapindwa navashandi vehurumende vakapinzwa mumitevedzero yakawanda, asi kushanda kwavo kunotsamira pakuoneka, kuchengetedzwa, uye kuvimba nenzanga.

Nzvimbo Dzakarwiwa Nemitemo

Kuita mitemo inzvimbo huru umo dzikamo pakati porusununguko nechengeteko inosimbiswa.

Mutemo WepaUSA UTRIOT Nemhaka Yawo Yemitemo

Papfuura muna 2001, gwaro rePUTRIOT rakawedzera mano ehurumende okuita mawachi ezviteshi zvemakombiyuta anofamba, kuwana zvinyorwa zvebhizimisi, uye mirau yakasiyana neyazvo. Zvakawanda zvegadziriro dzaro zvakanga zvechinguvana asi zvakabvumirwazve. USA INFUX Act ya2015 yaimirira chitsama chetsoro chemitengo yemametaimu yakawanda pasi peCtempondima 215. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanocherechedza kuti chiito chacho chakachengetedza zvimwe zviremera zvakawanda zvekuongorora uye kusuma zvitsva, zvakadai sokukwanisa kuunganidza metameta yezviteshi zvinotengwa munguva chaiyo yeChikamu 702 cheFiSA Res Res Refect, icho chinodenha vanhu vasiri vaAmerica asi chinoshatsa mishumo yekurukurirano.

Mitemo Inodzora Zvinhu Zvisiri Zvehurumende

Yakavhiringidzwa nekusashanda zvakanaka kwehurumende, nyika dzakawanda dzakagadza mitemo yadzo dzimene yakavanzika neyokuchinja mapurisa. Mitemo yeProgramme Communicationss Abship Act yeCalifornia inoda zvibvumikiso zvokuwana kurukurirano dzemagetsi nemiraudzo yenzvimbo. Illinois Bimetric Information Information Act (BIPA) inoganhurira kuunganidzwa kwemibatanidzwa yemitengo yemitengo. Iyi mitemo yenyika inoumba basa rakaoma kuti mutemo ushande asi igogoverawo mishonga inodzivirira zvakasimba zvikuru. Kushayikwa kwomutemo wehurumende kunoreva kuti dzikamo pakati perusununguko nechengeteko inosarudzwa inoramba ichisarudzwa pamwero mukuru.

Kuchinja Kunoitwa Nemapurisa

George Floyd Justice in Policing Act ya2021, iyo yaipfuura Imba asi yakadzimwa muDare, yaizodai yakarambidza nzvimbo dzinovharwa, kudzivirirwa kwakaganhurirwa, uye kuunganidzwa kwemashoko akarongwa pakushandiswa kwesimba. Kunyange zvazvo isina kuva mutemo, gadziriro dzayo dzakagamuchirwa nehurumende nehurumende. Kukundikana kwechinjo yehurumende kunosimbisa kupesana kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakapoteredza nzira yokudzikamisa nayo kudikanwa kwechirongwa chokushanda nesimba nechinodikanwa chokudzivirira vagari vemo pakubatwa zvisina kufanira.

Kuvimba Kwavanhu Vose uye Musiyano Womutemo

Vanhu pavanoona kuchengetwa kwemitemo sokusaruramisira, kusarura, kana kuti kusazivikanwa, kushandira pamwe kunokanganisa uye kukanganisa kuchengeteka.

Zvinobudisa Nhau Nemirangariro Inochinja

Gadziriro yamaawa 24 enhau nezvinobudisa nhau zvakawedzera zvose zviri zviviri zvinoitika zvomufambiro wamapurisa nenhamburiko dzokuvandudza. Mavhidhiyo okusunga kwamasimba masimba kana kuti kupfura anogona kufamba utachiona, achinyandura hasha dzapakarepo uye kuraira nokuda kwechinjo. Nhau dzavanyajambwa veutsotsi dzinoshandiswa kukwikwikwidzanisa kutevedzerwa kwamasimba masimba. Iyi mhoteredzo yamashoko inokasha kuumba mirangariro yavanhu. Kuvimba mumitemo kwakaderera mumitsetse yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye vaRepublican vanoratidzira chivimbo chikuru zvikuru kupfuura Democrats kana kuti magaro, mukuwirirana neSallup.

Kubata Vanhu Munzanga Sechishandiso Chinodzikamisa

Uzivi hwemapurisa enzanga .Kuvaka ukama pakati pavakuru vakuru navagari vemo kuti vagadzirise zvinoparira utsotsi, hwakanzi inzira yokudzikamisa nayo kuchengetwa nokuremekedza kodzero. Ufakazi pakushanda kwahwo hwakavhengana, asi zvirongwa zvinosimbisa kutenderera kwetsoka, kubvisa chinetso, uye kusamanikidzana kunogona kuvandudza kunzwisisa kuva pamutemo. Chinokosha ndechokuti mapurisa enzanga anofanira kuva echokwadi panzvimbo pokushanda kwavose. Pasina kuzvidavirira uye kuita zvisarudzo, kunyange zvirongwa zvinosanosawirirana zvinogona kukundikana.

Kuwana Kuona shoo neDzivisi

Tsigiro dzerusununguko rwavagari vemo dzinotaura kuti chiedza chezuva ndicho chinouraya utachiona hwakanakisisa. Kuwana pachena zvinyorwa zvekusazvibata kwamapurisa, makhamera echikwata, uye kushandisa mashoko anogombedzerwa kunokosha nokuda kwokutarisira. Nyika zhinji dzakapa mitemo inoganhurira kuwanika kwavanhu kuzvinyorwa zvokuranga, kududza zvinhu zvechibharo zvavamiri. Dzinodzikamisa pakati pekuoneka kwapachena napachivande zvevakuru vakuru vakuru vamene chimwe chinhu chimwe chinhu chekurukurirano huru. Zvisinei, kunzvera kunowedzera kwezvokunzvera kunoratidza kuti apo masangano emitemo anochengeta anorevesairwa pamusoro pemiitiro yavo, zvichemo zvinopesana nezvinovimbwa nemapurisa zvinoderera uye kuvimba kwenzanga zvinowedzera.

Kuongorora Zvirwere Mukaha

Kunzvera zvinoitika zvakati kunozivisa kuti nheyo dzepfungwa dzinoshanda sei mudzvinyiriro.

Boston Marathon Rinoputika

Panguva yaitsvakwa hama dzeTsarnaev, vaisungirwa vaishandisa mubatanidzwa wokuongorora zvinhu zvomundege, kuverenga marata erezenisi, nzvimbo dzinorasira mafoni, uye mifananidzo yaibva kune vari panzvimbo yakamira. Mifananidzo yebhegi rinofungidzirwa iri pamugumo yaikosha, asi zviremera zvakakumbirawo vanhu kuti vaise mifananidzo nemavhidhiyo nemitemo yokuzvidira (jekiseni) zvaisimudzira kuungana kushoma kwezvinhu zvepachivande kupfuura kuchengetwa kwemapepa. Pashure pokunge vakuru vakuru vakuru vawana vakavhara guta rose reBoston kwemaawa, chisarudzo chakanyandura pamusoro pokuti konge kubviswa kwemaburitswa kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo. Chikicheto chakanga chiri chinobudirira pakupedzisira, asi chakagadza muenzaniso wemipimo yechengeteko huru yaigona kuwanikwa mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kubvumirwa.

Boka Revatema Rine Mhaka

Kubvira muna 2014, kunyunyuta kweBLM kwakarayira kuti pave nechisimba uye kuchinja zvinhu. Kukumbira kwesangano racho kuti “vasave vari mapurisa” kwakanzwisiswa nevakawanda; vatsigiri vakawanda vanoda kudzosera mari kumabasa enzanga uye kugadzirisa utano hwepfungwa zvingaderedza mutoro kuvakuru vakuru vane zvombo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, masangano emitemo anorambidza kuzvidzivirira pave panjodzi dzehurumende, zvichitungamirira kurwisano nesimba rakanyanya rinorwisana nemadhimoni. Kuoma kwekodzero yokuungana uye kudiwa kwokuchengetedza kurongeka kwepfungwa kunoramba kwapera, uye maguta anogamuchira nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokurega kupindira, kutsika, uye kushandisa zvombo zvisinganyanyi kushandiswa.

Mirayiridzo Youtano Hwavose yeCOVID-19

Denda rakamanikidzira hurumende kuyera rusununguko rwomunhu oga mukurwisana noutano hweboka. Kuiswa kwemirairo yokugara pamusha, zvifuridzo, uye kuvharwa kwebhizimisi kwakasiana- siyana, kuvambira patsamba dzinonyevera kutokunge kumashoko outsotsi. Nepo nyanzvi dzezvoutano dzakawanda dzakataura kuti rusununguko rwevagari vemo runofanira kubuda kwechinguvana mukati menjodzi yapakarepo, vashori vakaona ganhuriro sekukura kune ngozi kwesimba rehurumende. Matare anowanzotsigira mirairo pasi pe “hwaro hwechinjo yorumwero, asi chinoitika chakaratidza kuti dzikamo inogona kukurumidza sei kuchinja mumigariro yakakomba (*) uye kuti kwakaoma sei kudzorera maruramiro pashure pokunge adzidzwa.

Miganhu Yemunguva Yemberi

Sezvo nzanga inochinja, ruzivo rutsva rwezvokugadzira zvinhu nedzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika zvichapfuurira kudenha dzikamo.

Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa uye Mazano Okudeya Kutaurwa

Kuziva kwechiso chaipeta, kuongorora kwesomupedzi, uye kufanofungidzira kuti kurapa kwemagariro echiso kuri kutoshandiswa nemasangano anochengetedza mutemo, kazhinji kazhinji pasina zivo yavose kana kuti utariri hwemitemo. Dare reEurope yeIUNI rinokarakadzwa raizoisa ganhuriro dzakatsiga pakuzivikanwa chaikoiko kwemitengo yenzvimbo dzavose, asi United States haina gadziriro yehurumende. Ngozi ndeyokuti maarufabheti achasarura mamiriro emitemo emotokari pamwero mukuru, achiita kuti zvishanduko zvevagari vemo zvive zvakaoma kucherekedza uye denho. Zvinodikanwa zvakasimba zvokuona pauri, zvitsauko zvokuzvimirira, uye kurambidza kuiswa papamutemo kwokunzvera AUIO. Zvinofanira kuva mamiriro okunze makuru ehondo anotevera.

Kuona Zvinhu Zvisina Kuzivikanwa Munyika Yose Nezvako Nezvekuchengeteka

Kuenzanisa nzira munyika dzakawanda kunogona kuzivisa mutemo. Nyika dzeEuropean Union’s General Data Protection Regial (GDPR) dzinopa vanhu kodzero dzakasimba pamusoro pemitengo yavo, nepo UK’s Infigigatorial Power Act (The “Snoperter’s Charter") dzinopa simba rokuongorora zvikuru kuiswa kwemitemo. Munyika dzinosarudzwa navanhu seGermany, dziviriro dzakasimba dzemitemo nedziviriro yemajeri yemajeri yemazita zvakadzivisa mapurisa kunyengera. Kupfurikidza nokufunda mabasa uye zvinokundikana kune kune nyika, U.S. Vagadziri vemiitiro vanogona kudzivisa kudzokorora zvikanganiso zvakanakisisa ndokugamuchira miitiro inoraira kuiswa pamutemo nokuda kwokuvakwa kwenzvimbo yedare, sezvinoita dare reGermany.

Zvivezwa Zveko Zveko Zvinoshandiswa Nemabhegi

Chinotsiva chinoitwa nemapurisa enguva dzose ipurogiramu dzekotsekano dzinoiswa munzanga dzisingatsamiri kuvakuru vakuru vane zvombo nokuda kwenhau iri yose. Mapoka enjodzi okupindira anoshanda nenyanzvi dzezvoutano hwendangariro, varevereri verwisano, uye kugadziridza gadziriro dzeruramisiro dzinopa nzira dzokugadzirisa nadzo kuvadziko pasina kukudza mamiriro ezvinhu. Uku kuronga kuzvidavirira nokurapa pamusoro pechirango, uye kuremekedza rusununguko rwevagari vemo nemhaka yokuti havabatanidzi kumanikidza kwehurumende. Migumisiro yapakuvamba inobva mumaguta seEugene, Oregon (CAHOTS) neDHAR (STAR) inokarakadza kuti kubvisa zvinoitika zvakaderera kubva pakuchengetwa kwomutemo kunogona kuderedza kusungwa nokuvandudza nzanga zvakanaka. Zvirongwa zvakadaro zvichada kuda kudzorwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kudisa kubhadharwa kwemari kubva mumari yamapurisa, kutonge kupesana kupfuudzo.

Mugumisiro: Kuwedzera Kusingaperi

Hapana mhinduro yokupedzisira kumubvunzo wokuti rusununguko runofanira kupiwa nokuda kwechengeteko rwakawanda sei. Dzikamo haisati iri nzvimbo inoenderwa asi muitiro unopfuurira(wn programme) unoda chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe kuyera ngozi dzacho, mipimo, uye mano. Nhau inoratidza kuti apo kutya kunodzora, rusununguko runopfuudzwa nyore nyore; apo chivimbo chakasimba, kodzero dzinogona kudzivirirwa kunyange mukati menjodzi. Democracy community idenho yokuvaka masangano ose ari maviri anoshanda uye anozvidavirira, anodzivirira kukuvadzwa kwapamhenetesa. Kudzorwa kwavose, kuongorora kwemitemo, uye kujeka zvishandiso zvinochengetedza kufambira mberi. Sangano dzokuongorora nokutyisidzira zvinhu zvinofambira mberi. Sangano dzemitemo yehurumende inofambira mberi, njodzi dzinoitika, kumuka nokukurumidza zvikuru pakurarama kwoutongi wehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yese.