Chitanga Kunzi: Nei Kusarudza Zvinhu Zvemumuviri Kuchikosha?

Nzira iyo vhoti dzinoshandurwa nayo muzvigaro kana kuti mahofisi haisati iriwo zvayo udzame hwebasa nezvimiro zvebasa nejekiseni, mashandisire anoita vavhoti, mabatire anoita vatsigiri vehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Gadziriro dzinosiana zvikuru munyika yose, imwe neimwe ine zvisarudzo zvayo pakati pekupfava, kururama, kutsiga, uye kusasarura. Kunzwisisa uku kushambadza kunoitwa navagari vemo kuti vasarudze kuchinja nokubatanidzwa zvikuru nomutoo wedemocracy. Uku kunzvera kwakakura kunonzvera marusarudzo yakanyanya kuwanda . "Prest-past- Postaptation, Propartionation, Rhand Voix Voixting, uye Kuzvinyima, uye kugovera kuoneka kwechimbiso dzinobuda, kugovera kuoneka zvakanaka nezvikanganiso.

Kutanga-Past-the Post (FPTP)

Mashandiro Aunoita

MuPurote-Forst- Post system, mubhadhari anogamuchira vhoti zhinjisa muruwa rumwe anowana chigaro. Voter anokanda bhoti rimwe nokuda kwomudarirwo wavo anodiwa, uye hapana mugove kana kuti mupiro unoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, Canada, India, uye United States (pakuvhota kwakawanda kwemibatanidzwa).

Betsero dzeFPTP

  • Kufara uye Sipidhi: Vanzwi vanonzwisisa zviri nyore pfungwa yokuti “munhu upi noupi anowana vhoti zhinjisa.” MaBalot akapfava, uye miuyo inogona kuverengwa nokukurumidza pausiku hwesarudzo.
  • Hurumende dzeMakurusa: FP dzinokombamira kukudza mugove wechigaro webato gurusa, kuchideredza bviro yemibatanidzwa ndokugonesa chiito chakatsiga, chakasimba chemitemo.
  • Sucle Constituation idimist: Ruwa rumwe norumwe rune mumiriri mumwe, anozvidavirira zvakananga, uyo anogona kusimudzira batano yapedyo pakati pavavhoti navakuru vakuru vavo vakasarudzwa.
  • Kubudiswa kweFringe Paritis: Mhinganidzo yakakwirira yokuwina zvigaro kazhinji kazhinji inodzivisa mapoka maduku, makuru kuwana pesvedzero yemitemo.

Dzisiri Betsero DzeFPTP

  • Kuiswa kwakaitwa Vote naDivhitiyo: Majekiseni anoisirwa vanorasikirwa kana kuti vakundi nomucheto mukuru haakuvadzi muuyo. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukuwina chiverengero chikuru chezvigaro zvine mavhiyi ari pasi pe 50% yakakurumbira.
  • Tsamba dzinoshanda: Vadzori vanowanzonzwa vachimanikidzirwa kuvhotera mudaviri asina kudiwa panzvimbo pechisarudzo chavo chokutanga chechokwadi, vachishatisa kutaura kwemurangariro wavanhu.
  • Pasi pokuratidzirwa kweMiduku nemiparidzo miduku: Geographic yamapoka maduku anogona kubetsera, asi mapoka akapararira munyika yose (g., Greens, Liberals) anogamuchira zvigaro zvishoma zvikuru kupfuura zvibvumikiso zvavo zvokuvhota.
  • Miganhu yoruwa inoshandiswa kutsigira rimwe boka, ichisekesa ruramisiro.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo

Muna 2019 UK General Euction, Conservative Party yakawina 43,6% yevhoti asi 56.2% yezvigaro, nepo Liberal Democrates yakawana 11.6% yevhoti asi 1.7% bedzi yezvigaro. Ikoku kunosimbisa chimiro chendangariro cheFPTP kubvisa proportigativity. Nhau yeCanada yakaita hurumende dzakawanda panhambo dzinoverengeka kunyange apo boka rinowina rakagamuchirwa pasi pe40% yevhoti yakakurumbira.

Mufananidzo weProto (PR)

Mashandiro Aunoita

Gadziriro dzePropogational mediagramme dzinovavarira kugovera zvigaro mudivi reimba yomutemo mukuenzanisa nevhota yose inogamuchirwa. Chinonyanya kuzivikanwa igadziriro yebato, uko vavhoti vebato (kwete vanotora vamwe vanhu) uye mapoka anogamuchira zvigaro zvinobva pahumwe rugwaro rwavo. Zvimwe zvimiro zvinosanganisira chiVhesvuriso cheSavita Vote (STV) mumaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji. PR inoshandiswa muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu vakawanda dzeEurope, kubatanidza Germany, Sweden, uye Netherlands.

Betsero dzePR

  • Fainer idimix: Nhau dzose dzevhoti(kunyange idzo dzemapoka maduku dzinogona kupa migove kuzvigaro. Chirongwa chomutemo nenzira yakarurama zvikuru chinoratidzira mhatsa yezvinodiwa nomuvhoti.
  • Kushanda Masangano Akawanda Ezvikamu: Mavoreji ane misiyano mizhinjisa yezvisarudzo, uye mirangariro miduku inogona kuwana inzwi, kuchitungamirira kukurukurirano yakaisvonaka yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Triver Voter Turnout:[[FL:1] Nemhaka yokuti mavhoti mashomanene “anodanwa,” vagari vemo vanganzwa kuti kutora rutivi kwavo kune simba guru zvikuru, kunobvira kunowedzera bvumirano.
  • Mifananidzo miduku iri nani: Kana mapoka maduku achiumba zvikamu zvawo amene kana kuti akabatanidzwa pamitezo yemapoka yakasiana - siana, anogona kuwana mimiririri yemitemo zviri nyore zvikuru kupfuura pasi peFPTP.

Dzisiri Betsero dzePR

  • Hurumende Dzekodzero nedzisingachinji: Kashoma kuti boka rimwe riwine voruzhinji, kuchimanikidzira mibatanidzwa inogona kuva isina kusimba kana kuti inononoka kuita zvisarudzo (mutomo, chinjo dzehurumende dzenguva dzose dzeItaly).
  • Kutsiva nokuda kwevoters: Gadziriro dzepamubatanidzwa dzinowanzoshandisa ndaza dzakavharwa apo vavhoti havagoni kusarudza vada kutora, kuderedza kuzvidavirira. Gadziriro dzezvirongwa zvesvomhu dzakaoma zvikuru kurangarira nokunzwisisa.
  • Pretial for Extremist Parities to Gaults:[ mikova yakaderera (umh., 1% muNetherlands) inogona kubvumira mapoka akakomba muparamende, ingadzongonyedza udzori.
  • Nhamba dzeidzokumirira dzomunzvimbomo: Mumubatanidzwa wakachena PR, hakuna maruwa ane mitezo imwe, kunonetesa batano pakati pavavhoti nomumiriri chaiye.

Mashandiro Akaita Maruva: Nzira Yokushandisa Maruva

Nyika dzakawanda dzinobatanidza FPTP nePR kuderedza mativi enzvimbo imwe neimwe. Somuenzaniso, Germany inoshandisa gadziriro yeMidinter-MEMber Proportonial (MMP) umo vavhoti vanovhota mavhoti maviri (avo vomupoka) uye imwe yepamubato (PTPP). PR inosarudza chiyero chechigaro chose, ichikwidza zvigaro kuti isvike pakuenzana apo inochengeta mumiririri womunzvimbomo. Uyu muenzaniso unopa kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwakadzikama asi unoda rongedzero yokungwarira kudzivisa kwezva “zvigaro zveapeng."

Kurumidza Kusingadzorwi (RCV)

Mashandiro Aunoita

Kunozivikanwawo sevhota kwokuvhota kwapakarepo, RCV inobvumira vavhoti kuti vadzore vadavire. Kana pasina mutengi akakwanisa ruzhinji rwavavhoti vokutanga, mudaviri ane zvisarudzo zvokutanga zvishomasa zvinobviswa, uye vhoti dzavo dzinodzoserwa kune zvimwe zvido zvinotevera paavo vanovhota. Muitiro uyu unodzokororwa kutozosvikira kuva neinopfuura hafu yavavhoti vapamutemo. RCV inoshandiswa muAustralia (Imba yevamiriri vevamiririri), Ireland (Puri vamakurukuru), uye maguta akadai seSan Francisco neMinneapolis.

Betsero dzeRCV

  • Reucies Spoller Places:[[FLT] Vanoda kutora rutivi vanogona kumhanya pasina kuputsa vhoti, nemhaka yokuti vatsigiri vavanoda kubviswa vanoverenga zvisarudzo zvavo zechipiri.
  • [[[FLT: 0] Kuzivisa Ruzivo Rwokutendeseka:[[FLT: 1] Mari yemari inogona kuronga chinodikanwa chayo chechokwadi pakutanga pasina kunetseka pamusoro po “kuvhota kwadzo”, kuchibvisa kudikanwa kwokuvhota nounyanzvi.
  • Chikumbiro chePromotes Broad Appeal: Madate anofanira kukwezva kwete bedzi tsigiro yokutanga yechokeyi asiwo zvisarudzo zvechipiri nezvechitatu, achinyandura kutsigira kushoma kwakaipa uye kuvaka kwakabatana zvikuru.
  • CORITIONDY: Mukundi pakupedzisira anogamuchira tsigiro huru kubva kuna avo vakatora rutivi, achivapa murairo wokusarudza wakasimba zvikuru.

Dzisiri Betsero dzeRCV

  • Coptx Ballot uye Kuverenga:[[FL:1] Voters vanofanira kunzwisisa nzvimbo, uye taber inoda mheto dzakawanda dzenhamba kana kuti purogiramu yekombiyuta, inogona kunonotsa miuyo ndokukwidza njodzi munhangemutange.
  • Triver Voter Mhospect Rates: Ballots nedzisingadzorwi, madrace, kana kuti zviratidzo zvisina kujeka zvinofanira kubviswa, zvingabvira kubvisa vamwe vavhoti.
  • Strategic Voting Ichiri Kubvira: Mumimwe migariro, vavhoti vanga “bury” muvengi ane simba kupfurikidza nokuvaisa muduku kuti akuvadze mikana yavo, kuchitungamirira kumiuyo yakaipa muzvinoitika zvisingawanzoitiki.
  • Haisi Projectijeti yakazara: RCV inoshandiswa zvakapararira mumaruwa anewin rimwe, naizvozvo haisati ichivimbisa kuiswa kwakaenzana mudare remitemo rinodya zvizhinji.

Fundo Yechakaitika: 2022 Evolution Chaiyo yeAlaska

Muna August 2022, Alaska akashandisa RCV kwenguva yokutanga musarudzo chaiyo yeImba yavamiririri veU.Democrat Mary Peltola akakurira aichimbova Gavhuna Sarah Palin naRepublican Nick Begich. Peltola akawina neisingasviki 40% yamavhoti okutanga asi akawana voruzhinji pashure pokugovera zvisarudzo zveBegich Copetation yechipiri, zvizhinji zvazvo zvakaenda kuPeltola pamusoro pePalin. Muuyo wakaratidzira kuti RCV inogona sei kukwidziridza vadaridziri uye kubereka miuyo inoratidzira zviri nani zvisarudzo zvamavo.

Mubatanidzwa wemadhora maviri (Roff)

Mashandiro Aunoita

Mugadziriro yamativi maviri, sarudzo yokutanga inowanzoitwa navanoda kudzorwa vakawanda. Kana pasina munyutsi anowana voruzhinji chose chose (50%+1) mudenderedzwa rokutanga, mutenderera wechipiri unoitwa pakati pavaviri vapamusoro (kana kuti pane dzimwe nguva kupfuura). Ikoku kwakakurumbira nokuda kwasarudzo dzapurezidhendi muFrance, Brazil, uye nyika zhinji dzeAfrica, pamwe chete nesarudzo dzemitemo munyika dzakadai seIran neUzbekistan.

Betsero Dzegadziriro Yezvigaro Zviviri

  • Majority Wner: Mukundi wokupedzisira anofanira kuwana voruzhinji munhivi yokupedzisira, achivapa murairo wakakurumbira wakajeka.
  • Kuratidzira kwechiVer: Pakati pemitsetse, vavhoti vane nguva yokurangarirazve vanoda kubhapatidzwa, kuunganidza mashoko akawanda, uye sezvingabvira kuwirirana nemibatanidzwa mitsva.
  • [ Mitambo inowanzokurukura kutsigira pakati pemitsetse, ichimanikidza kujeka kwepfungwa nokutaurirana izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kuudzori hwakafara.
  • [[FT:0] Mukuru zvikuru wechipiri-Round Turnout: Mukundi anokunda rudzi rwose rwekumhanya anogona kusunda kutora rutivi rwakakwirira nemhaka yokuti nhau dzose dzevhoti.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzegadziriro Yezvikamu Zviviri

  • Comst neLogists: Kubata zvisarudzo zviviri kunopeta mari dzinoshandiswa nehurumende, nhamburiko dzokuvhota, uye zvinodikanwa zvechengeteko. Kunogonawo kunonotsa miuyo kwamavhiki.
  • Kuneta kwemabhanana:[[FLT: 1] Kuvhakacha kunowanzoderera munhivi yechipiri, zvikurukuru kana vavhoti vakanzwa kuti vavhoti vabviswa kana kuti kana zvisarudzo zvakasara zvisingafadzi.
  • , zvinovhotera muNhevedzano: Vavhoti mudenderedzwa rokutanga kuumba mukwikwidzano( somuenzaniso, kuvhotera kuti muvengi asina simba zvikuru abvise tyisidziro yakasimba zvikuru.
  • Kubudiswa kweMapati Maduku: Mapati maduku haawanzoita kuti kumhanya kupere, achiganhurira mano awo okupesvedzera muitiro kunyange kana ane tsigiro yokutanga huru yapamativi ose.

Chinoziva Chiri Kuenzaniswa: Kusarudzwa KwaPurezidhendi weFrance

Gadziriro yamativi maviri eFrance nokuda kwokuvhota kwapurezidhendi wayo kazhinji kazhinji yakaparira njodzi muruvara rwechipiri (murevo, Macron vs. Le Pen muna 2017, 64.8% kusvikira ku 35.2%; muna 2022, 58.5% kusvikira ku 41,5%). Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti gadziriro ino ino inomanikidza vavhoti kuti vasarudze “chakaipa chisingakuvadzi, chinogona kunzwa kubviswa pademocratic, nepo vatsi vanoichengeta ichigovera zvakajeka, miuyo mikuru.

Kubatanidza uye Magadzirirwo Okusarudza

Kurumbidzwa

Kuvhota kwatenderwa kunobvumira vavhoti kuvhota (kuratidza) vazhinji savanoda. Mudaviri ane vvuori dzetendero zvikurusa anowana. Anoshandiswa mune zvimwe zvisarudzo zvehurumende nezvirongwa zvesangano, kutendera kuvhota kuri nyore uye kunoderedza chinetso chinopara. Zvisinei, hakubati nhevedzano yezvakada uye kunogona kutungamirira ku “kuvhota kurutswa kwapakarepo) sechiito chakafanira, kuchideredza betsero dzakwo.

Kuruma Majee (Range Vong)

Voters dzinodzosa muvhota mumwe nomumwe pachikero (mue. 0-5 kana kuti 0-10). Mutevedzeri ane avhareji yakakwirira zvikurusa kana kuti chisvomho chakakwana. Vatsigiri vanoibvumira kuratidzira ukuru hweda, nepo vashori vachiikwikwidza ichitusa kukatutsira uye inogona kuvhiringidzwa nokuvhotera. Kwave kuchishandiswa musarudzo dzisiri dzehurumende asi dzisingawanzoitwa pamwero wenyika.

Mitoo Yokuisa Nayo Michero

Mitoo yeCondorcet inoenzanisa nenzira yakachenjera muwirirani ari wose anokwikwidza mumwe munhu uyo angarova mumwe nomumwe mumakwikwi emusoro nemusoro. Yakaisvonaka uye inowirirana nomutemo mukuru, asi inogona kuita nhevedzano (hapana muwani weCondorcet akajeka) uye inoda kugadzirwa nokuverengwa kwakaoma. Hapana sarudzo huru yenyika inoshandisa mutoo wakachena weCondorcet, kunyange zvazvo mitoo yakafanana neSchulze ichishandiswa muchisarudzo chebato rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa: Makambani Ane Makemikari Okutengesa

Kusarudza gadziriro yokuvhota kunosanganisira kudzikamisa zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana zvinokwikwidzana:

  • [[FT.:0] Chiratidzo chekuchengeteka: PR inopa miuyo yakaganhurirwa zvikuru asi kazhinji kazhinji inotungamirira kumabatanidzwa; FPTP inokombamira kubudisa mativi makuru mamwe asi pamutengo weruramisiro.
  • Kuzvinyima. Kuratidzira: FP iri nyore kuverenga asi inoganhurira kutaura kwomuvhoti; RCV uye tendero kugovera zvisarudzo zvakajeka zvikuru asi kunodikanwa zvakawanda kuvavhoti navatarisiri.
  • Nzvimbo dzinomirira nzvimbo dzapano. National Cohesion: maruwa ari oga (FPP, RCV) anopa vavhoti chiso chomunzvimbomo, nepo murongi wepamubato PR anogona kuderedza iyi batano asi zviri nani anomirira mhatsa yenyika yezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • speed vs. Irira: Urongwa hwe RCV hunononoka migumisiro yokupedzisira, inogona kubvisa chivimbo chavanhu kana kuverenga kwawedzerwa kana kuti kukakwikwidzana.

Kukakavadzana nezvokuchinja zvinhu kunofanira kuyera uchapupu hwemabumbiro emitemo, kurambidza vanhu kuita zvematongerwo enyika, uye kunzwisisa kwavose.

Mugumisiro: Nzira Yokusarudza Uchiziva

Kushanda kwegadziriro yesarudzo hakugoni kurangarirwa chose chose kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvayo zvokufungidzira. Miuyo yenyika chaiyoiyo inotsamira pakuitwa, dzidzo inovhota, uye zvinhu zvikuru zvakadai semari yenhimbe, rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau, uye utariri husingadzorwi. Vadzorwi vanonzwisisa mativi nenjodzi zvetsika imwe neimwe vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kutsigira chinjo dzinowirirana nemipimo yavo.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, zviwanikwa zvoku Sangano reReformform Society, , [[FLT]CE] Ectoral Knetwork yezivo [, uye [[[FLT] Fairvote] sangano, rinopa kuenzaniswa kune udzame kwemiitiro yezvisarudzo kupota nyika. Pakupedzisira, democracy inoita apo vagari vemo vanopinda kwete bedzi navadari asiwo nemiraudzo imene inoumba nayo manzwi edu muhurumende.