Kuparadzana Kwesimba Chii?

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba idzidziso yakavakirwa muubatiso hwebumbiro remitemo iyo inokamuranisa mitoro yenyika kuva mapazu akasiana kudzivisa kuiswa kwechiremera. Mugadziriro iyi, hapana bazi rimwe rinogona kushandisa mabasa makuru erimwe, nokudaro kudzivirira pasimba. Muenzaniso wakatanhamara unoumba mitemo, dare, uye mapazu okutonga, rimwe nerimwe namasimba aro aro akasiana namabasa. Ichi chivako chakagadzirirwa kuvamba gadziriro yokutarisirana, apo bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda secherekedzo pamamwe, richisimudzira kuzvidavirira nokudzivirira maruramiro avanhu. Nepo kugadzirwa kwakananga kunosiana munyika dzose, simba rinodzorwa pasi penheyo rinoramba richigoverwa kuti richengetedze rusununguko.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ekare

Mavambo Ekare Neomunguva Yepakati

Pfungwa yokuparadzanisa mabasa ehurumende haisati iri chinhu chazvino uno. muGirisi yekare, Aristotle akakurukura bumbiro remitemo rakavhengana, kubatanidza mativi emonarchy, matomu uye ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kuti awane dzikamo. Roman Republic yakashanda zvakafanana nokukamuranisa masimba pakati peDare, Consuls, uye Magungano, ane muitiro wevetoes nenzvero. Mukati meMiddle Ages, murangariro wehurumende yakaganhurirwa wakabuda kupfurikidza nezvinyorwa zvakafanana neMagna Carta (1215), iyo yakaderedza chiremera choumambo uye yakaita mavambo ebasa rakafanira.

Montesquou Nechiedza

Kuumbwa kwazvino uno kweparadzano yamasimba kwakabatanidzwa zvikuru nomuzivi weFrance Montesquieu. Mubasa rake 1748] Mudzimu weMitemo , akarangarira kuti rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika rungagona kuchengetwa bedzi apo simba rezvamatongerwe enyika risinganangidzwi mumunhu mumwe kana kuti muviri. Montesquieu akakurumbira zvikuru: "Apo masimba emitemo nevakuru vakabatanidzwa mumunhu mumwe chete, kana kuti muboka rimwe ravatongi, hakugoni kuva nerusununguko." Mifungo yake yakapesvedzera zvikuru vadzori veUnited States Constitution uye masangano ehurumende yoruzhinji munyika yose. Vamwe vacherekedzo, saJohn Locke, vakabetserawo kurondedzero kupfurikidza nokutsaura pakati peGenegnogniciation, uye masimba anopfumisa.

Kushandiswa Mubumbiro Remitemo Rapakuvamba

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., rakasimbiswa muna 1788, rakanga riri rokutanga kuzivisa zvakajeka kuparadzana kwemasimba. Zvikamu I, II, uye II zvinogovera mitemo, vakuru vakuru, uye masimba okutonga zvichitevera, uye gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo zvakavakwa kuti itsigire boka. French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789) yakabatanawo nheyo yacho, ichidudza kuti nzanga ipi neipi umo kuparadzanisa masimba kusina kutangwa. Mumazana amakore anotevera, marudzi akawanda akagamuchira chinjo dzomuenzaniso uyu, achiichinjira kutsikanowawo yenhau neyamamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwe enyika.

Mapazi Matatu Ehurumende Akakwana

Bazu Romutemo: Inzwi Ravanhu

Bazu remitemo rine mutoro wokuita mitemo. Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu zhinjisa, ine zviteshi zvehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, zvinosanganisira makamuri maviri, akadai seCongress yeU.S. (Imba yeVamiririri neDare) kana kuti Paramende yeIndia (Lok Sabha naRaje Sabha). Magaslate anosarudzwa nenzira yakatanhamara navanhu, kuita kuti bazu iri rive mumiriri akananga zvikurusa wevagari vemo. Mibato mikuru inobatanidza kuronga mutemo, kutendera bhajeti, kuzivisa hondo, uye kugovera kutarisirwa kwebazu redare ravakuru. Matare mukati mechigaro anoita basa rinotsoropodza mumiitiro nebvunzo. Pasina bazu rakasimba remitemo, mukuru angagona kuita pasina kuzvidavirira kwehurumende.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Kushandisa Nechiremera

Bazu guru rinomanikidzira nokuisa mitemo inopiwa nedare. Inotungamirirwa napurezidhendi kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende, achitsigirwa nekabhini namadhipatimendi akasiana- siyana. Mutungamiriri anotarisirawo ukama hwokunze, dziviriro yorudzi, uye masimba ekurumidziro. Mumibatanidzwa yapurezidhendi seUnited States, mukuru mukuru akaparadzana nedare uye ane simba. Mumasangano eparamende akafanana neUnited Kingdom, mukuru mukuru anotorwa kubva kudivi uye anozvidavirira zvakananga kwairi, achiumba kubatanidzwa panzvimbo pokuparadzana chaiko. Pasinei zvapo nemisiyano iyi, basa guru rokuchengeta rinoramba riripo.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira uye Kutsigira Kodzero

Bazu rinotonga rinotsanangura mitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti inoshandiswa zvakanaka. matare eependent, anotungamirirwa nedare rine simba, ane chiremera chokuhwirudzura kumira pabumbiro remitemo nezviito zvokutonga,(a) simba rinozivikanwa sehwirudzuro. Iri simba rakatangwa muchiratidzo chedare reU.S. [[FLT:] Marbury v. Madison [[FLT] [1] [1803] [10]). judicary inodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu, inopedza nharo, uye inochengeta mutemo. Kuzvimirira kwayo kunorangarirwa kuva kunokosha nokuda kwebasa rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, sezvo inoshanda secherekedzo yokupedzisira pahurumende inopa mhaka yokusarira. Vatongi vanogadzwa nenzira yakatanhamara nokuda kwoupenyu kana kuti nguva refu kuti vadzivirire padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Makepi Nedzikamo Zviri Mumashoko

Masero uye madzikamo ndiwo anoita kuti kuparadzanisa masimba kushande. Pasina iwo, mapazi angagona kushanda musilos, kuchitungamirira kuruvara kana kuti kubatwa zvisina kufanira. Hezvino kuputsika kune udzame kwenzira iyo bazu rimwe nerimwe rinonzvera nayo mamwe:

  • Nzvero dzinodzorwa pamukuru mukuru: Kusashandisa mavetie apurezidhendi (kubvunzurudzazve), kutendera kana kuti kuramba kuronga kwavakuru vakuru nezvibvumirano, kubvisa purezidhendi kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru, kudzora mari nebhajeti, kuitisa nzvero.
  • Kunzvera kwokushanda padare remitemo: mutemo weVETO (anogona kuva asingakwani), kudana marusando chaiwo, kukarakadza mabhajeti nemirairo, kumanikidzira mitemo inopfuudzwa neDare, kuita zvibvumirano zvavakuru vakuru.
  • [ Nzvero dzedare pazvose zviri zviviri: zivisa mitemo isingawirirani nemitemo (hwirudzuro yemitemo), kududzira donzo remitemo, hwirudzura zviito zvavakuru vakuru nokuda kwomutemo, ivimbisa miedzo yakarurama nomuitiro wakafanira.
  • Nzvero dzemitemo padare: Kusimbisa kana kuti kuramba vatongi, kuisa mitemo inotapura zviremera zvedare, vatongi vose nokuda kwomufambiro wakashata, inokarakadza kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo kuti itsive mitemo.
  • [[[FRAT:0] Kunzvera kwedare redare: Kugadza vatongi (netendero yemitemo), kupa mhesvuro nedzokudzosera, kumanikidza zvirango zvedare.

Kushanda kwecheki uye kudzikamisa kunobva patsika yezvematongerwe enyika uye kuda kwebazi rimwe nerimwe kuita basa raro repamutemo.

Kuenzanisa: Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Musangano waPurezidhendi: United States

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. kazhinji kazhinji rinorangarirwa somuenzaniso wakachena zvikurusa wokuparadzana kwamasimba. Purezidhendi ndiye zvose zviri zviviri musoro wehurumende nomusoro wehurumende, inosarudzwa nenzira yakazvimirira neCongress. Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwenzvimbo dzakakwirira, uye House inonaya, apo Dare Rapamusoro rinoita hwirudzuro. Iyi dare rakajeka rinoparira tsika yakasimba asi rinogonawo kutungamirira kukuvhara apo mapoka akasiyana - siyana anodzora mapazu. Nokuda kwoudzamende, ona [.S.U.

Musangano weParamende: United Kingdom

United Kingdom haisati ine paradzano yakakomba yamasimba. Panzvimbo pezvo, inoshanda mubatanidzwa wamasimba, umo mukuru mukuru (Mutungamiriri weCabinet neMutungamiriri wehurumende) anotorwa kudare rehurumende (Parliance). mambo mukuru mukuru wehurumende asi ane simba rinoshanda rakaganhurirwa. judiary inoramba iri yakasununguka, asi Paramende ihurusa uye inogona kudzora panhau ipi neipi. Iyi tsika inobvumira kuva yakasimba, batira pamwe inotonga asi inoda chishoro chikuru uye chidzori chakazvimirira kudzivisa kudzora. Chikwaniso cheUK chinoratidzira kuti kutonga kunoshanda kunogona kuvapo pasina paradzano isingachinjiki inowanwa muU.S.

Mashandiro Ehwanyacha: France neIndia

France igadziriro inotora nguva shoma, inobatanidza purezidhendi akasarudzwa zvakananga napurezidhendi mukuru anozvidavirira kuparamende. Purezidhendi anogona kutungamirira nhau dzokunze nechengeteko yenyika, nepo mutungamiriri wehurumende achibata murairo wenyika. India, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hurusa yenyika, inoshandisa gadziriro yeparamende asi nebumbiro remitemo rakasimba nebumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa izvo zvinobatanidza kodzero dzinokosha. Dare Gurusa reIndia rinogona kuputsa mitemo inopfuudzwa neparamende kana ichiputsa mutemo, inoratidzira mubatanidzwa wouchangamire hweparamende nehwirusa.

Zvinetso Zvokuparadzana Kwesimba Munguva Yazvino Uno

Kunyanyodzora Noutungamiriri Hwoumambo

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda dzakapupurira kukura musimba ravakuru vakuru, pane dzimwe nguva dzinonzi "utungamiriri hwehurumende". Mapurezidhendi navakuru vakuru vanowanzorega mitemo kupfurikidza nezvirevo zvehurumende, mitemo yekurumidziro, kana kuti kuvimba namasangano ehurumende. Hondo pamusoro porutyo, denda reCOVID, uye njodzi dzemari dzakashandiswa kururamisa kukura kwechiremera chechiremera. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti izvi zvisaderedza basa rehurumende yomutemo ndokunetesa mipimo nedzikano. Miganhuro yemitemo inoedzwa apo dare rinodzora rinodzora kupfurikidza nokugadza kana kuti apo miganhuro inokundikana kutungamirira.

Kuchinja Dzvene Nokuvhara

Apo masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anenge ava akaparadzana zvikuru, kuparadzana kwamasimba kunogona kutungamirira kurumano panzvimbo pokutonga kunobudirira. MuUnited States, somuenzaniso, mugari weDare napurezidhendi vakashandiswa kumisa mutemo kunyange apo rimwe boka rinodzora dzimba dzose. Kuregeredza kazhinji kazhinji kunodzivisa kusimbiswa kwavatongi, kudzorwa kwemari, uye chinjo dzinokosha. Mumhoteredzo dzakadaro, mukuru mukuru angatendeukira kuchiito chisina kumira mberi, kumwe kuderedza dzikamo yakaro yakarongedzerwa. Ikoku kwaita kuti kurukurirano pamusoro pokuvandudza tsika yacho kuti ideredze kudzorwa apo inochengeta.

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Chiito chokutonga chinoitika apo matare anodudzira mutemo munzira dzinoparira nomutoo unobudirira muitiro mutsva, pane dzimwe nguva kupinda mundima yewirirano. Vashori vanotaura kuti ikoku kunosekesa kuparadzana kwamasimba kupfurikidza nokubvumira vatongi vasina kusarudzwa kuita zvisarudzo zviri nani kusiiwa kuvamiriri vakasarudzwa. Vatsigiri vanorwisana kuti hwirudzuro yedare inokosha kudzivirira maruramiro emitemo. Mutsetse pakati perondedzero nemitemo unogona kuva usina kujeka, sezvinoonekwa munhau dzinobatanidza kubvisa mimba, kuva nomwero, uye utano. Nokuda kwebasa rejajidhiary, shanyira U.S.

Pesvedzero Yegadziriro Dzehurumende

Hurumende dzazvino uno dzinovimba zvikuru namasangano ehurumende . kufanana neNdengedzo yeNzvimbo kana kuti Food and Drug Administration . iyo inobatanidza mibato yewirogio, zviremera, uye yedare. Inoita mitemo, inoishandisa, uye inoisa makakatanwa echibvumirano. Iyi nhevedzo inomutsa funganyo pamusoro pe "bazu rechina" rehurumende. Nepo zviri madikanwa nokuda kwokubata nhau dzezvoruzivo rwemitoo, masangano asingaverengeki anogona kuputsa kuparadza kuparadzanisa masimba kutonge kuri pasi pomutoo wemitemo nehwirudzoro.

Kukosha Kwokuparadzaniswa Kwesimba Nokuda Kwehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Kuparadzana kwemasimba hakungovi pfungwa yokufungidzira chete; kune zvakunobatsira chaizvo, zvinooneka kuvagari vemo:

  • [[FOL:0] Thranny: kupfurikidza nokukamura chiremera, kwakaomera munhu upi noupi kana kuti boka kubata udzori hwose.
  • Tsvakarations: Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kunzi rinozvidavirira kune mamwe, zvichideredza uori uye kubatwa zvisina kufanira.
  • Inodzivirira Kodzero Imwe neimwe: Mutongi akazvimirira anogona kuputsa mitemo inoputsa rusununguko rukuru.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuparadza: mapazi akawanda anomanikidza kurukurirano, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye kurangarirwa kwokungwarira kwomuitiro.
  • Nhaka dzezvitsinhano: Hurumende yakadzikama ine bviro huru yokupukunyuka njodzi uye kuchinjika nokufamba kwenguva.

Gadziriro yacho inokosha zvikuru munzanga dzakasiyana - siyana umo kodzero dzechiduku dzinofanira kuremekedzwa mukurwisana nokuda kwevoruzhinji.

Kuongorora Zvirwere: Kuparadzaniswa Kwemasimba Kunoshanda

United States: Blue Constitutionprint

Tsika yeU.S. yakaedzwa nezvinoitika zvakadai sechinonyadzisa cheWatergate, kutongwa kwemapurezidhendi, uye basa reDare Gurusa murusarudzo rwa 2000. Nzvero nedzinoyera zvakabatikana zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo pane dzimwe nguva pashure pehondo huru dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Kukura kwesimba ravakuru vakuru mumativi ose ari maviri kunopfuurira kumutsa nharo pamusoro pokuti chirongwa chapakuvamba chinoramba chakakwana nokuda kwezana ramakore rechi21. Nokuda kwenzvero isina kutsinhano, ona Brenan Center yeRuramisiti yenhau pachekero nedziro dzemitemo .

France: Riphabliki Yechishanu

France’s Fifth Republic, yakagadzwa muna 1958, yakagadzirwa kururamisa kusatsiga kwegadziriro dzapaparamende yapakuvamba. Inopa purezidhendi masimba anokosha, kubatanidza mano okunyungudutsa National Assembly nokufuratira paramende kupfurikidza namaparende. Zvisinei, Constitution Council inoita rovedzo yokutonga, uye gurukota guru (kubva kuparamende) rinogona kupesana napurezidhendi mukati mekugara pamwe chete. Uyu muenzaniso wakavhene wemitemende inoenzanisira kuti paradzano inogona sei kuchinjirwa kuzvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo.

Germany: Kushanda Muchibvumirano uye Kuhwirudzura Kunosimba

Dare reGermany Sicnal Law (Grundgesetz) rinogadza gadziriro yeparamende yehurumende nedare rakasimba rebugracy (Bundesfassungsericht). Mutungamiriri anosarudzwa neBundestag uye anofanira kuchengeta chivimbo chayo, achiumba mubatanidzwa wakafanana neUK. Bva Federal Constitution Court inogona kudzikamisa mitemo inoputsa kodzero dzinokosha, uye chivako chehurumende chinopa chiremera. Uyu mutoo unobatanidza kuzvidavirira nedziviriro yekodzero dzakasimba.

Kutsoropodza uye Kupokanidzana Zvakapoteredza Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti kuparadzana kwemasimba hakushandi, zvikurukuru munguva dzekurumidziro apo chiito chekurumidziro chinodikanwa. Dzimwe dzinotaura kuti kunoparira kupesana kwokugadzira kunofuratira kubatana kwoudzori. Mune dzimwe nyika, pfungwa yacho inoneteswa nouori, masangano asina simba, kana kuti mukuru mukuru mukuru. Kunewo nharo pamusoro pokuti hurumende yazvino uno inoputsa vavariro yapakuvamba here. Kunyange zvakadaro, vaongorori vezvamatongerwe enyika vazhinji vanobvuma kuti kuparadzanisa kwakati kuri nani kupfuura kusavapo. Chinetso chokuwana muganhu wakarurama pakati pezvimiriro nebatira pamwe chete.

mhedziso

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunoramba kuri chinhu chikuru chehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuchigovera dziviriro mugadziriro yourongwa mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri uye gadziriro yokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu. Nheyo dzakwo dzinonzi “kuparadzaniswa kwechiremera, kunzvera nokudzikamisa, uye kuzvimirira kwokuronga (kuzvimirira) zvakabvumikisa kuva zvakasimba nenzira inoshamisa, kuchichichinjira kutsika dzakasiana - siana negadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika mumazana maviri amakore. Nepo denho dzazvino uno dzakadai sedzokudzoresa, kudzivirira miganhuro, uye kuoma kwehurumende kusimbisa miganhuro yedzidziso yacho, pfungwa huru inopfuurira: kudzivirira rusununguko, simba rinofanira kuva rakadzikama. Kunzwisisa uyu murangariro unokosha nokuda kwavagari vemo nevakuru vakuru vakuru vezvamatongerwe enyika kukuva nomuro wezuva riri rose. Kufunda zvose kubudirira kwayo nokukundikana, tinogona kushanda kuti tisimbise masangano ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende uye kutsigira mutemo.