United States Constitution, yakatenderwa muna 1788, inobatira somutemo mukurusa wenyika, ichisimbisa kuvakwa kwehurumende yehurumende uye kuisa maruramiro makuru. Pakati pemisoro yayo inogara uye inokwikwidza ndiko kuwiriraniswa kwekodzero dzevanhu nekodzero dzevagari vemo dzinoturikwa, dzakakudzwa, uye kukurukurwa kwemazana amakore. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba risina kuvimbisa zvakajeka kuenzana, kugadziridzwa kwakatevera, mutemo wechiratidzo, uye matare zvakarishandura kuva gwaro benyu iro rinopa nenzira inofambira mberi kukurukura gadziriro dzetsika dzavanhu. Nyaya ino inonzvera kuti kuenzana kwakaenzana nekodzero dzevanhu kwakasimbiswa sei muBumbiro remitemo, kuongorora kushanduka - shanduka - chinja kwadzo, uye kuongorora zvinetso zvenguva ino kwomunguva inoenderera mberi kuumba nzvimbo yepamutemo yeAmerica.

Murangariro Wokuenzana Mubumbiro Remitemo

Kuenzana ihwaro hweuzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hweAmerica, bva kubatana kwahwo kwebumbiro remitemo kwakaitika zvishoma nezvishoma.Ziviso yeIrevotion yokuti “vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana” yakagadza mupimo wefariro, asi Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba raiva negadziriro dzakapokanidza zvakananga mufungo iwoyo (zvikurukurukuru Vatatu Vanobvumirana uye kupfuuridzirwa kwebhizimisi rouranda. Nokufamba kwenguva, Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadziridzwa kuvhara mukaha pakati pechipikirwa charo nechinhu chaichoicho.

Nzwisiso Yapakuvamba Muziviso neBumbiro Ramabumbiro Romutemo Rapakuvamba

Chitsama chamashoko chokuti “vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana” chakanga chiri kutaura kwokuchinja muna 1776, chichizivisa kuti kuva pamutemo kwehurumende kuri patendero yavadzorwi. Zvisinei, Bumbiro reMitemo rakanyoresa muna 1787 rakagamuchira uranda nekodzero dzakaganhurirwa zvikurukuru kuna vanatenzi vezvinhu vachena vechirume. Bill of Rights (1791) yakadzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo(speech, rudzidziso, gungano), asi haina kutaura kuenzana kwedzinza rose, vatano, kana kuti boka. Kwakanga kuri bedzi kupfurikidza nekuchinja kwakatevera kwapapo kuonekana kubereka zvinhu.

Kudzivirira Claus Kwakaenzana: Kuenzana kweBumbiro reMitemo

Fourtenth Amendment (1868) yakachinja zvikuru mutoo weBumbiro remitemo kuenzana. Iro Protection Claus rinoti: “Hapana Hurumende icharamba kumunhu upi noupi ari musimba rayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.] Iyi rugwaro rwakanga rwaitirwa pakuvamba kudzivirira vaAmerica vachangobva kusunungurwa kubva kumitemo yehurumende yezvibvumirano zvemitemo (Mitemo yeMitemo), asi kubvira ipapo rwakakudzwa kushanda kumapoka makuru ezvikamu zvamarudzi (kubatanidza kuva munhurume, dzinza, uye kuva pamutemo. Dare rapamusorosoro rakaitsanangura seri kuda kuvata vanhu vamwe navamwe vakafanana, kutoti kuripo kururamisa kunogombedzera.

Kutsvaka Kodzero Nesimba Rokuenzana Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kuenzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoda kusvika kwakaenzana kurukudzo. Fitrenceth Amendment (170) inorambidza kurambira maruramiro okuvhota parudzi, asi Southern State yakahunzvenga kupfurikidza nemitero yokuvhotera, kuedza kwokunyora nokushandisa masimba. Hurumende yeNententententh [[FLT:] [[FLT] [20] [20]) yakawedzera kodzero dzavakadzi. [[FLT:]] Tyy-FOurformation Reformation [[FF:5] [196] [1964] Kuedza kunyora nokunyora nokunyora.[4] kwakabvisa mitero mukuvhotera kwapamutemo. Asi mutemo wakazara hauna kuitika kusvikira papfuvura Dare [FFF]

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nenheyo Dzavo Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Kodzero dzavagari vemo ikodzero dzevanhu vamwe navamwe kugamuchira kubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakadai senzvimbo dzavose dzokugara, basa, pokugara, uye dzidzo. Bumbiro reMitemo rinogovera gadziriro nokuda kwaaya maruramiro kupfurikidza negadziridzo huru dzinoverengeka.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Rusununguko Rwenheyo

First Amendment inodzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura, kuungana, kubudisa, rudzidziso, uye chikumbiro. Iyi maruramiro anogonesa mapoka akaderedzwa kutsigira wirirano pasina kutya kutsiva kwehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Civil Rights Movement yakavimba negungano rine rugare (g., March kuWashington) uye kutaura (umr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s “INE DATO” kudenha kutsiva. Dare guru rakaramba richirangarira kuti rusununguko irwo runokosha kuchengetedza kutora rutivi rwehurumende yehurumende uye kazhinji kazhinji mutsetse wokutanga wedziviriro yekodzero dzavagari vemo.

Kupera Kwouranda Kwechigumi Nechitatu

Yakasimbiswa muna 1865, Hurumende yeChibvumirano yeChirungu yakabvisa uranda nezviitiko zvouranda zvisingadiwi “kunze sechirango nokuda kwoutsotsi.” Yakanga iri gadziriro yokutanga yebumbiro remitemo kukurukura zvakananga kudzorwa kwedzinza. Zvinokosha, Dare Gurusa rakadudzira Dare reThighterth Amendment serinopa simba reChibvumirano kwete bedzi asiwo “mazapanyuko ouranda” inosimudzira rusaruro mumitemo. Kurangarira uku kwakatsigira chibvumirano che [[FLT:][FL]]

Kugadziridzwa Kwechigumi Nemana: Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana Negadziriro Yakafanira

Kupfuura Kudzivirira Claus, Findement yeNhevedzo yeChine gumi naMaviri ine Gadziriro Inokosha yeClaus, iyo yave iri chinhu chikuru kukukudza maruramiro avagari vemo. Dzidziso yokubatanidza yashandisa Gwero Revotion Clausse kuti iite kuti chipfuvurire zvakawanda zvekodzero dzinoshanda kuhurumende. Kuwedzerazve, Dare Rapamusoro rakawana kodzero huru yokuvanda kubva ku145 Amendment, inotsigira zvisarudzo pamusoro pokudzivisa kubereka (Griswold v. Connecticut[[FFL:3]], 1965]) uye kubvisa mimba ([FLT:]] r.[FLT] v [FFFFLD]]], 1973

Kugadziridzwa Kwechigumi Negumi Nezvishanu uye Kupfuura

Fitreeth Amendment inorambidza zvakajeka kodzero yokuvhota yakavakirwa pa “rudzi, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda.” Figateth Amendment [ yakasimbisazve kodzero dzokuvhota kupfurikidza nokubvisa mitero yevhotera mumavhoti. Iyi mitero inoisa kuzvipira kweBumbiro remitemo kukuenzana mune zvematongerwe enyika, kunyange zvazvo mutemo waida kupindira kwehurumende kunopfuurira.

Boka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nechinjo Yebumbiro Remitemo

Chivil Rights Movement of the 1950 ne 1960 yakanga iri nhambo yechinjo yakasunda chinjo yebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nedzvinyiriro pamapazu ose matatu ehurumende.Grassroots, denho dzapamutemo, uye chiito chomutemo chakabatanidzwa kubvisa kusarurana kwapamutemo norusaruro.

Mitemo Huru Yakabva Muboka

Zviito zvikuru zvitatu zvomubatanidzwa zvakasimbisa zvinodikanwa zvesangano racho:

  • Chiratidzo cheChibvumirano cheChivil Rights cha 1964 - Chiratidzo chakaitwa mudzimba dzavose, basa, uye zvirongwa zvinotsigirwa nehurumende pahwaro hwedzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo enyika. Uyu mutemo wechinyorwa wakaderedza Jim Crow uye wakaisa hwaro nokuda kwebanza ramabasa akaenzana. (Ona rugwaro rwakazara pa National Archives ]).
  • Mutemo weVoting Rights wa 1965 - Kuedza kuvhota, zvinodikanwa zvokusagona kurava nokunyora, uye zvimwe zvinodzivisa. Iro raibatanidza gadziriro chaidzo (Kuda kudzora kwapakare) nenhau yorusaruro kuti uwane muganhu usati wachinja mitemo yokuvhota. (Rava zvakawanda pa [[FLT:]] muganhu weChiratidzo [[[[FLT]]]]]
  • Chiratidzo cheFair House Act cha 1968 – Rusaruro rwaizivisa mutengesero, rendi, uye mari yedzimba dzakavakirwa padzinza, rudzidziso, mavambo orudzi, uye gare gare vatano, urema, uye mugariro wemhuri.

Chimwe nechimwe chezviito izvi chaitsamira pachiremera chebumbiro remitemo (hechipiri Commerce Clause neKineth Amendment) uye chakatarisana nezvinetso zvemitemo zvakatevera zvakaedza ganhuriro dzesimba resangano.

Kugadziridzwa Kwebumbiro remitemo Kupfuura Kuumbwa Kwenguva

Sangano racho rakanyandurawo gadziridzo huru. proted Auncimencement Rights Amendment[ [ELT], yakatanga kutangwa muna 1923, yakawana simba idzva muma 1970 asi pakupedzisira yakakundikana kuderedza kukwidziridza. Kunyange zvakadaro, mufungo wokuenzana kwevarume nevarume wakavandudzwa nokududzirwa kweGajimende ye 1448 yeGazriti ye [[FLT:]] yakatanhamara zvikuru mu . Reedv. Reed [71] [71], iyo yakarova varume vaidiwa neboka ramasangano eMis.[FL: 4,5]

Kududzira Kutonga Kwakaenzana Nekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Zvisarudzo zvaro zvakakura uye dzimwe nguva, zvakaganhurirwa pakudzivirira kunoitwa nomutemo.

Kubva Paupfu Kusvika Kuna Brown: Mugumo Wokuparadzana Asi Wakaenzana

Mu Plessy v. Ferguson (1996), Dare rakatsigira kusarurana kwedzinza pasi pe “dzidziso yakapesana yakaenzana”, richitaura kuti IPFMRENT yechigumi namana haina kurambidza kuparadzana kwemarudzi. Iyi mirauriro yakabvumira Jim Crow kwaanodokusvika makumi matanhatu amakore. Rwizi rwakachinja ne [FLT:] Brown v. Board yeDzidzo[[FT:3] [1954] [194], iyo yakazivisa nokubvumirana kuti zvikoro zvavose zvakanga “zvisingaenzaniswiri kuenzana” uye zvakaputsa dziviriro inowirirana. [[FLT] BBN] BH] bn.[FFFFFFF]

Rudo muVirginia uye Kodzero Inokosha Yokuroora

Mu Lovach v. Virginia (1967), Dare rakaputsa mitemo inorambidza roorano yedzinza, richitaura kuti roorano ikodzero inokosha uye kuti kutsauraniswa kwedzinza kunofanira kuiswa munzvero yorumano zvikurusa yedare. Mhaka iyi yakasimbisa kuti rusununguko rwokuroora harugoni kuganhurirwa nerusaruro rwedzinza runopesana.

Kunzwa Wade uye Kukwanisa Kuva Woga

Mu Roe v. [773]), Dare rakaziva maruramiro emitemo ekodzero yokuva voga pasi peChiteshi cheChiitiko chaClaus icho chinodzivirira chisarudzo chomukadzi chokugumisa pamuviri. Nepo ichimutsa nharo, kutonga kwakadzika pamutemo kuenzana nokuzvitonga mududziro yebumbiro remitemo. [[FLT:] Mu [FLT]]] Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [2022], Dare rinotonga [[[FLT:]] Roo[FLT], rinodzosa kubvisa mimba kutsika kutsika kutsika. Uku kusimbisa kodzero dzinotorwa pamitezo inoratidzirwa.

Obergefell v. Hodges uye Kuenzana kweroorano

Mu .Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), Dare rairangarira kuti varoorani vounzenza humwe chetevo vane maruramiro makuru okuroora muzvose zviri zviviri Cendrome and Exclified Claus. Chiratidzo chakaratidzira kukura kwenhau kwamaruramiro avagari vemo, kuzivisa kuti “maruramiro okuroora ikodzero inokosha iri murusununguko rwomunhu.” (Opinion pa Dare reSangano reSangano reProme ]).

Chiito Chinosimbisa uye Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Dare rakataura kana miitiro inoziva dzinza ichiputsa dziviriro yakaenzana. Mu Regents dzeUniversity of California v. Bakke [1988], rakabvumira rudzi kurangarirwa sechinhu mukubvuma asi yakarambwa. Grains. Bollinger [2003] [2003], yakatsigira Yunivhesiti yeMichigan Law School kusvika. Zvisinei, mu [FLT] miganhuro yeMaganhu. [[FL:] V[FFF] v [FLD] [FFFFF] [F] [3] [2] [2] [2] [2] , Dare rakaita chiito chakakwirira mumiitiro, zvirongwa zvokudzora. Chinodzo chamaromedzero chamabhiritirome.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Mukuenzana Nekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi yakasimbiswa muBumbiro reMitemo nomutemo, misiyano inopfuurira nedenho itsva zvinopfuurira kuumba mamiriro ezvinhu okuenzana nekodzero dzevanhu.

Ruramisiro Yedzinza Noudzori

Sangano rinonzi Black Live Matter rakaunza ngwariro yakavandudzwa kurudzi rwegadziriro yetsika mugadziriro yezvikwata mumapurisa, ruramisiro youtsotsi, uye mukana wezvemari. Kutendeseka kunonangidzira pachinjo dzemitemo dzakadai sokugumisa kudzivirirwa kwavakakwaniriswa, mapurisa anodzivisa hondo, uye kuisa kusungwa kwavazhinji. Nepo hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo hwechinjo dzakadaro huri muvimbiso yed 1450 Gemendment, mutemo pamwero yehurumende yadzosa, kuchisiya nhau dzakawanda kuhurumende nechiito chomunzvimbomo.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero Dzavanopfuura Vakaroorana

Kuenzana kweroorano kwakanga kuri budiriro huru, asi hondo dzapamutemo dzinopfuurira pamusoro peLGBTQ maruramiro mubasa, pokugara, pokugara, uye kutarisirwa kwoutano. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosarudzo mu Bostock v. Clayton County (2020) dzakadavira kuti musoro VII weChirevo chekodzero dzechivomende che 1964 unorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano nechiratidzo chevatano. Zvisinei, gakavarariro pamusoro pekuhesvurwa kworudzidziso nekodzero dzechipameso, zvikurukuru pamusoro pokutora rutivi rwemitambo nokupinda muvatano nevatano, zvinoramba zvichishanda mumatare nemitemo. [[FLTL:]] Mutengo wakaenzana unokarakadzwakaenzana.

Kuzivisa Kodzero Nekuwana Mvumo Yechisarudzo

Kupa kodzero dzinoramba dziri mutyisidziro kupfurikidza nemitemo yeID, kubviswa kwevhoti ruts, gerrymanider, uye ganhuriro paposi mubhorati. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Shelby County v. Raker[[FLL:1] [202013]) yakabvisa nzira yokufukinura yeVoting Rights Act, ichigumisa nenzira inobudirira kuteverwa kwehurumende nenhau yokusarura. Kubvira ipapo, hurumende dzakawanda dzakapfuudza mitemo inoganhurira. Nhambudzo kudzorera Ganhuriro Dzeko dzeRevolution Chiratidzo hadzisati dzabudirira, kuchisiya vazhinji vanosarudzwa vaduku vasingakwanisi kudzora.

Kodzero Dzisina Kukodzera NeADA

Americas neUremalcial Act (ADA) ya1990, yakamiswa pasi peChommerce Claus neChikamu 5 cheMitemo ye 144th Amendment, inodzivisa rusaruro mumabasa, mabasa avose, uye pokugara kwavose. Kunyange zvakadaro vanhu vakaremara vachiri kutarisana nemhinganidzo dzinokosha mubasa, zvokufambisa, uye zvokurapa. Kuzvinyima kwazvino uno kwakanangidzira pawebsite kusununguka, kodzero dzevanhu vane migariro yeutano yeAAAA, uye kudzika misengwaradziro yedziviriro yakaenzana navose zvinopfuurira kushanda senheyo yekodzero dzourema.

Kuenzana Kwevanhu Vane Utano uye Kodzero Dzokubereka

Pashure pokuparadza Roe v. , hondo pamusoro pekodzero dzokubereka yachinja kumatare ehurumende nedzimba dzehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzakawedzera kusvika, nepo dzimwe dzakaita kuti zvirambidzo zvive pedyo nezvuru. Zvinetso zvemitemo zvinowanzodana kuti zvizivikanwa zvemitemo zvezvakavanzika, uenzani, uye udzori. Pamwero wehurumende, Vashandi vePrimins Fairness Act [2023]) zvinogovera pokugara nokuda kwemigariro yemimba, nepo Kuvharanisa Hurumende yevatano neSvutana. [FFURD]

mhedziso

Kupesana kwekuenzana nekodzero dzevanhu muBumbiro reMitemo kunoratidza rwendo rune simba, rusina kupera rwokuenda kururamisiro. Kubva paKugadziridza Kugadziridza kusvika kuChibvumirano chekodzero dzechikwata chevo, zvinoreva kuenzana zvakakura nokududzira kwemitemo, chiito chemitemo, uye masangano enzanga. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoramba riri rogaro nenzvimbo inorwisana. Nheyo dzemitemo inogovera nheyo yetsika inopa nheyo inodenha kusarura kunodenha, asi kuziva kwavo kunotsamira pakupfuurira kungwarira, kuvimbisa kwehurumende, uye kuzvipira kuzvakanakira kuti vanhu vose vane kodzero yokuva nechiremera chakafanana pasi pomutemo. Sezvimuka mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pezvakavanzika zvemashandiro, kusawirirana kwemitengo, uye ungwarumbidziko dzechinyakare. Pasina muganhu wemitemo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yepasi pano unoedzwa uye pamutemo pasina mubvunzo. Nyadziro yenhau yeAmerica inodzo inodzo inodzorongedzerwa muvimbika ye “mitemo yemitemo.