Democracy iri pahwaro hwemimirimo inoyera, bva miitiro yevhota inoshandiswa kushandura vhoti muzvigaro inosiana zvikuru munyika dzose. Chisarudzo chegadziriro yokuvhota chinoumba nzvimbo dzezvamatongerwe enyika, chinopesvedzera mufambiro wevoti, uye chinosarudza kuti manzwi aani anonzwiwa mudzimba dzemitemo. Pakati pendaza yakawanda yezvinotsiva kutora nzira dzose dzegamuchidzanwa, Proportonal Imelotion (PR) yabuda semuenzaniso unogombedzera unoumba nzvimbo yePR uye mhatsa. Nyaya inonzvera nheyo huru dzePR, zvimiro zvadzo, kushamba kwakasiana-nji kwadzikunopa, uye kuti nzanga dzakasiana sei kui kugamuchirazve kudzokorodza.

Chii Chiri Mufananidzo Wamashoko?

Proportigational Isystem yemiitiro yevhoti yakagadzirirwa kugovera zvigaro zvemitemo muwirirano yakananga kusvikira kumavhoti anogamuchirwa nebato rimwe nerimwe. Kusafanana navazhinji kana kuti gadziriro dzavakuru, umo mukwikwidzi anogona kuwina bedzi nouzhinji (g., kutanga-Past- Post) kana kuti anofanira kuchengetera ruzhinji rwakakwana (g. g., suff systems), PR inoronga kuratidzira muvhozheti womuvhimi uchada zvakarurama sezvinobvira. Kana boka rikawina 30% yevhoti, rinofanira kugamuchira inenge 30% yezvigaro .

Nheyo youzivi yePR inotsamira papfungwa yokuti vhoti iri yose inofanira kuva nouremu hwakaenzana. Mumutambo unowana gadziriro dzose, vhoti dzinovhoterwa nokuda kwavanoda kurasikirwa dzinoiswa nenzira inobudirira "kusiiwa," uye zvikamu zvikuru zvavagari vemo zvinogona kusiiwa pasina inzwi. Mitemo yePR inoedza kuderedza kuvhota nokuziva kuti mapoka namapoka maduku zvikuru anogona kuwana kumirira. Kuchinja uku kunogona kuchinja zvikuru kuti nhimbe, magariro anoitwa, uye kuti vagari vemo vanonzwisisa sei pesvedzero yavo pamuitiro wehurumende.

Marudzi Emiitiro Yokumirira

PR haisi mutoo mumwe asi uzhinji hwemiitiro, mumwe nomumwe une mitemo yawo umene yokushandura vhoti kuva zvigaro. Mafomu matatu anozivikanwa zvikurusa ndiwo Party-Drame PR, SSTV inotakurika Vote (STV), uye Mixte-Mber Proportonal (MMP). Kunzwisisa misiyano yawo ndicho chinokosha kukunzvera kungakodzera nzanga yezvamatongerwe enyika yakapiwa.

Kumirira Kuratidzwa Kwemagiramu Eboka

MuParty-List PR, vavhoti vanosarudza mubato wezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo pevanoda kubhapatidzwa vamwe navamwe. Zvikamu zviripo zvinoiswa pandaza yavadaviri muruwa rumwe norumwe (kana kuti munyika), uye zvigaro zvinogoverwa kupati pakavakirwa pagoverano yavo. Chikumbaridzo chokuwana zvigaro chinogona kusiyana-siyana(dzimwe nyika dzinogadza chiverengero chiduku muzana (sundo 5% muGermany nokuda kwemapati ari pasi pechikumbaridzo) kudzivisa kukamu chikuru. Kune marudzi makuru maviri:

  • Nhamba yakavharwa: Mubato unosarudza nhevedzano yavada kubhapatidzwa, uye vavhoti havana kutaura kuti vanhu vanosarudzwa munhevedzano iyoyo. Ikoku kunopa udzori hwebato pamusoro pounopinda paparamende.
  • Nhamba yakazaruka: Voters dzinogona kuratidzira zvido zvavada kutevedzerwa parusarudzo rwebato, zvichibvumira kupesvedzera kuti vanhu vapi vakakwirira. Uku kukwidziridza kunowedzera sangano revhoti asi kunogonawo kuparira makwikwi omubatanidzwa wezvikamu zvitatu.

Gadziriro dzaMazita eBoka dzinoshandiswa zvikuru: Israel, Netherlands, South Africa, uye nyika dzakawanda dzeLatin America dzinoshandisa shanduro yakati. Kupfava kwevhoti (hokusarudza boka) kuwanda kwevatambi, asi kushayikwa kwokuzvidavirira kwakananga kwenzvimbo itsoropodzwawo.

Mubato mumwe Unotakurika (STV)

STV igadziriro yePR inoshandiswa mumaruwa akawanda. Voters vadairwi munhevedzano yedaviro (1, 2, 3, zvichingodaro). Kuti vawine chigaro, muda kukwidzani anofanira kusvika padanho revhoti (rakaverengwa panhamba yezvigaro uye mavhoti ose anoshanda). Kana mutevedzeri angopfuura musengwa, mavhoti akawanda anochinjirwa kune chimwe chinhu pabhoti imwe neimwe. Kana pasina mutengi anosvika padanho, muvhotera wepasisa anofanira kubviswa, uye mavhotera avo anotamisirwa kuchidiwa chinotevera.

STV inorumbidzwa nokuda kwekukwanisa kwayo kupa miuyo inowirirana nepo ichibvumira vavhoti kuratidzira zvisarudzo zvinojekeswa mumitsetse yebato. Inoshandiswa nokuda kweDare reAustralia, Dare reIrish Dáil, uye sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo muScotland neNew Zealand. Kuoma kweSTV, zvisinei, kunogona kuva mhinganidzo munzvimbo dzine dzidzo yakaderera yokugona kunyora nokuvhota kana kuti dzidzo yakaganhurirwa.

MEMber Proportigal (MMP) yakavhenganiswa

MMP inobatanidza chikamu chinowana-mutambo chose (kazhinji kazhinji maruwa ane mitezo imwe inosarudzwa nehuzhinji) nechikamu chakakamu. Voter vanokanda mabhorati maviri: mumwe nokuda kwomubhadhari womunzvimbomo (vhota) uye mumwe nokuda kwendaza yebato (vhota). Maset mudare rinotsiva anozadzwa kutanga navakundi voruwa. Ipapo, zvigaro zvakawedzerwa zvinogoverwa kupati kuti dziunzire chigaro chavo chose mumutsara wavo nechikamu chavo chevhoti. Somuenzaniso, kana papati ikahwina zvigaro 10 zvoruwa asi mavhoti ayo anozvitora kuzvigaro 20, inowana zvigaro 10 kuti zvisvikire mutengo zvakako.

MMP inoshandiswa muGermany, New Zealand, Bolivia, uye dzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka. Inochengetedza kumirira nyika apo inova nechokwadi chokuva nemusiyano. Zvisinei, gadziriro yebholoti mbiri inogona kuvhiringidza vamwe vavhoti, uye "zvigaro zvechigaro" (kana paine papati inowana zvigaro zvakawanda zveruwa kupfuura nhevedzano yadzo yevhoti) inogona kuoma kudzikamisa nhevedzano.

Betsero Dzokumirira Kunoparirwa

Vanotsigira PR vanotaura nezvezvinhu zvinobatsira zvinotevedzana zvinongoenderana nezvinodiwa nehurumende yegutsaruzhinji, uye izvi zvinongoenderana nevavariro dzokuwedzera kubatanidzwa mune zvematongerwo enyika uye kuderedza kuora mwoyo kwevavhoti.

Kusimudzirwa Kwezvinofadza Zvisina Kunaka

Chinonyanyodudzwa ndechokuti PR inobvumira mapoka maduku (icho chinobva papfungwa, rudzi, rudzidziso, kana kuti nzvimbo inogarwa.) Mumukundi anotora zvigaro zvose, mubato une 15% yetsigiro munyika yose ungawana zvigaro zvezero; muPR, ingawana 15% yezvigaro. Uku kusava netapuro kunogona kuderedza kutora rutivi rwakawanda rwezvamatongerwe enyika. Nyika dzine PR dzinova nekamitezo yakadzikama yokukwidza kunzvimbo inosarudzwa navose. Somuenzaniso, Party-List PR system yeSweden yakabetsera kuva nomufananidzo wavakadzi we 45% muparamende.

Zvishomanene "Zvora" nePurote-jour of the fibrost

MuPR, kunenge kuvhota kuri kwose kunobetsera kusarudza mumwe munhu. Ikoku kunoderedza chiitiko che "vhoti yakasarudzwa" umo vavhoti vanonzwa vachigombedzerwa kutsigira vabato guru kudzivisa "kurasha" . Nzvero dzinokarakadza kuti muvhoti mugadziriro dzePR nguva dzose i 5-10 percentes percentes kupfuura mumiitiro yokusarudza, kunyange pashure pokudzora nokuda kwezvimwe zvinhu. Apo vagari vemo vanoziva nhau dzavo, sezvingabvira zvikuru vanotora ndokugara pakati pezvivhoti.

Kusiyana Kwemapoka Kukuru uye Kutsigira Mitemo

PR inotungamirira kudzimba dzemitemo dzakawanda, idzo dzinomanikidza mapoka kuti dzikurukure ndokuumba mibatanidzwa. Masangano anogona kumirira divi rakafara renzanga kupfuura hurumende imwe ine chikamu chimwe. Ikoku kazhinji kunoguma nemitemo yakawanda nemhaka yokuti kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kuri madikanwa. Uyezve, mapoka maduku anogona kuvamba pfungwa itsva idzo gare gare dzinogamuchirwa nemapoka makuru zvikuru.

Kuderedza Mari

Mitemo yePR, zvikurukuru iyo yakavakirwa pamaruwa makuru kana kuti marusaiti enyika yose, haitapurwi zvikuru nokushandisa miganhu yoruwa nokuda kwebetsero inodzorwa. MuParty-DR, miganhu yoruwa hazvinei, uye muSSTV, masangano emuganhu akazvimirira anogona kutoita maruwa asi ane tapuro shomanene. Ikoku kunogona kudzorera chivimbo mumuitiro wekusarudza.

Dzisiri Betsero Netsoropodzo Dzomufananidzo Wamashoko

Pasinei zvapo nesimba rayo, PR haisi isina kushambadzwa. Vatsoropodzi vanonongedzera kumativi anoverengeka anobvira anofanira kutarisirwa nokungwarira.

Kusada Kudyidzana uye Kuvharwa Kwemiitiro

Kuda kuita hurumende dzePR dzimwe nguva kungatungamirira kukusagadzikana. Munyika dzakadai seIsrael neItaly, maparamende akakamuraniswa kazhinji kazhinji akaparira hurumende dzinorarama kwenguva pfupi uye kuita zvisarudzo zvinononoka. Kutaurirana kwemasangano kunogona kutora mavhiki kana mwedzi, kusia nzvimbo isina chinhu yezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, ikoku hakudzivisiki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Nokuchinja - chinja Kwepfungwa

Masangano akadai seSTV neMMP anoda vavhoti kuti vanzwisise vatambi vemarongendi vakakwirira kana kuti vaviri vemabhora. Munzvimbo dzine dzidzo yakaderera kana kuti ruzivo rwakaganhurirwa rwokuvhota, uku kuoma kwepfungwa kunogona kudzvinyirira kutora kana kuti kutungamirira kuvavhoti vasingashandi. Chirongwa chinobudirira chedzidzo chinokosha kuti vachinjire kuPR kubudirira.

Ngozi Yokuparadzana Nokuparadzana

Kupfurikidza nokuderedza mhinganidzo kumireza, PR inogona kubvumira masangano ane pesvedzero dzinorwisana nedemocratic kana kuti ruvengo `kuwana nzvimbo muparamende. Ichochi chinhu chakakomba, sezvinoonekwa mune dzimwe nyika umo mapoka maduku anonyanyisa avhiringidza hurukuro. Mitemo mizhinji yePR inotaura izvi nezvinodikanwa zvokusagona kudzorwa (mh. 3,5%) kudzivisa mapati akaderera. Zvisinei, masuo akakwirira zvikuru anogona kuderedza kuenzana, naizvozvo dzikamo inofanira kuparadzwa.

Mifananidzo Yoruwa Yakaderera

Mumibatanidzwa yakawanda yePR − zvikurukuru magirabhu makuru emifanikiso asingagoni kuisa mumiriri mumwe nomumwe zvakananga nokuda kwenhau dzomunzvimbomo. Ikoku kunogona kubvisa wirirano yetsika iyo vagari vemo vazhinji vanokosha. MMP neSTV dzinoderedza ikoku kusvikira kutambanuko yakati kupfurikidza nokuchengeta maruwa enzvimbo dzakati, asi kutengeswa kunoramba kuripo.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Yose Yokumirira Kuitwa Kwezvirevo

Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza mhatsa yokushandiswa kwePR uye migumisiro.

Germany: Muenzaniso Wemadhimoni

Bundestag yeGermany inoshandisa MMP ne 299 yamaruwa ane mitezo imwe uye 299 zvigaro (nhamba dzichangochinjwa). Voters dzakabudisa mavhoti maviri. Gadziriro yakabudisa hurumende dzakatsiga dzinowirirana neyakabatana(Smocratic Union (CDU) neSocial Democratic Party (SPD) nevemorractic (SPD) nenzvimbo duku) (panguva ino ibvumira Greens, FDP, uye Kubva kunzvimbo dzakachengeteka. Chikumbaridziro 5% chinodzivisa kukamu chakaganhurirwa. Gadziro yeGermany inofundwa zvikuru sechiwiridzo chinobudirira. nharaunda yeBMP inogovera mashoko ane chokuita kuti ishande mashandire.[FFFMF:1]

New Zealand: Muitiro muduku wePR

New Zealand yakachinja kubva paFPTP kuenda MMP muna 1996 pashure pematepi maviri. Chinjo yakatungamirira kumireza yakasiana-- siyana (zvigaro zveMaori zvakaparadzana, vakadzi vazhinji namapoka ari muparamende) uye hurumende dzakabatana. Gadziriro yave ichigamuchirwa zvakanaka, kunyange zvazvo kwave kune kukumbirwa kwokuchinja pa "jack-tayor" mutemo nezvigaro zvinotanhanhanhanha. Chinoitika cheNew Zealand chinoratidza kuti kuchinja kunobudirira kunoda kubvunza kwapachena kwakafara nokushanda kwakarongwa.

Ireland: Basa Rinofambiswa Nomumwe

Hurumende dzeIreland Dáil Éireann dzinosarudzwa kushandisa STIV muzvigaro zvakawanda. Gadziriro inokurudzira makwikwi ezvikamu 3-5 uye inobvumira vavhoti kuva vakwikwidzani mumitsetse yebato. Hurumende dzeIreland dzakava mubatanidzwa wenhau kana kuti hurumende shoma, uye tsika inorumbidzwa nokuda kwokupa vhoti chisarudzo chapachokwadi. Kuoma kwokuvhota kunogona kunonozeka asi mwero wakakwirira. [[FLT: 0] Oiachtas (Paramendement) yeIrish) inopa mufungo wetsika yevhoti.

South Africa: Ndaza yeBoka PR

Post-partheid South Africa yakagamuchira Ruvara rwePR kuti ive nechokwadi chokuratidzirwa kwakaisvonaka kwevagari vayo vakasiyana- siyana. Sangano rinoshandisa mapepa akavharwa pamwero yorudzi neruwa, pasina mukova. African National Congress (ANC) yakadzora, asi mapoka madukusa seDemocratic Alliance and Economic Freedom Fridaers ane mufananidzo wakasimba. Sangano yakabetsera kuvaka demokramende yakatsirira asi yakashorwa nokuda kwokuita kuti maMP aonekwe kuva mukuru mukuru weboka panzvimbo yeboka panzvimbo yemiteve. Kune nharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokusuma chinhu chemireza yebumbiro yemitemo yehurumende.

Netherlands: Muitiro Wokuzivisa Wakachena Kupfuura Yose

Netherlands inoshandisa gadziriro yenyika yeParty-List ine ruwa rumwe runofukidza nyika yose. Vapi navapi vanowana 0.67% vevhoti (chigaro chimwe) vanodzivirira mimiririro. Uku kuenzana kwakatungamirira kuparamende dzakaparadzana zvikuru (kupfuura mapati ane gumi namaviri), inoda chivako chakakura. Sangano inoita kuti paramende inoita kuti zvisarudze zviwindi asi ide kugadzira hurumende. Hurumende yeDutch inotsanangura kuumbwa kwemibatanidzwa.

Kuedza Kusangana Nezvinetso uye Kufunga Nezvekuchinja

Kutama kubva muuzhinji kana kuti gadziriro yavakuru vamasangano kuenda kuPR hakuwanzova kwakananga.

  • Kuvaka Tsigiro yaVoruzhinji: Kuchinja kunobudirira, somuNew Zealand, kunowanzobatanidza muitiro wezvikamu zvizhinji: kosi yevagari vemo, apendium, uye kudzokororwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwegadziriro itsva. Zvirongwa zvedzidzo zvinoda kutsanangura kuti PR inoshanda sei uye kuti kuvhota kuchachinja sei.
  • Kusarudza Comment rekuna rudyi Variant: Chisarudzo pakati peBoka, STV, kana kuti MMP chinotsamira paukuru hwenyika, mhatsa yavagari vemo, uye tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika iripo. Gadziriro inoshanda zvakanaka muIreland ingasakodzera mugariro mukuru, wehurumende seUnited States.
  • Kubvisa kukura kwemaruwa: Nhamba yezvigaro paruwa (urefu hwedivi) inotapura kuenzana. Ukuru hwezvigaro paruwa runopa uwandu hukurusa asi hwakareruka. Ukuru hwenzvimbo dzinogona kuparira miuyo yokubvisa. Chimiro chakadzikama chinokosha.
  • Threshold Defig:[[FL:1] Kugadza sutuko (g., 3-5%) kunogona kudzivisa mapoka maduku navanonyanyisa kupinda muparamende, asi mukana wakakwirira zvikuru unodzora kuderedza wirirano. Chikumbaridzo chakaisvonaka chinowanzoratidzira kushivirira kwenzanga nokuda kwemhatsa nengozi yetsandanyama.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kubvisa Tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika:[[FLT: 1] PR inoda kuti vanhu vave vakasununguka nemubatanidzwa wokudzora nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Mutsika yose inowana, iyi shifiti inogona kuva yakaoma. Kurovedza vabati vezvamatongerwe enyika navagari vemo pakurukurirano napakudzora simba kunogona kuderedza kuchinja.

Zvisipo Nezvibvumirano Zvokuchinja

PR haisati iri imwe nzira bedzi yokuwana nayo kuvhota kwose. Mimwe miitiro inobatanidza:

  • Chisarudzo chapanyika (Intang- Runoff Voting): inoshandiswa musarudzo imwe, vavhoti. Kana pasina munhu anosvika voruzhinji, mutsigiri wokupedzisira anobviswa uye anotora. Ikoku kunovimbisa muwiridziri mukuru pasina mwero. Mamwe maruwa ane mitezo mizhinji (chikamu cheSTV) kuti awane miuyo.
  • Approign Vong: Majeri anogona kuvhotera vadaviri vakawanda sezvaanoda. Mudaviri ane mvumo zhinjisa anohwina. Ikoku kunogona kuderedza kuparadzana kwevhoti asi hakusimbisi nhevedzano.
  • Mixed-MMber Majoritarian (MMMM):[[FLM:1]] yakafanana neMMP asi zvigaro zvendaza hazviruramisi kushata kwenzvimbo imwe. Inoshandiswa muJapan, inochengeta fungidziro huru.

Kuchinja kupi nokupi kwokusarudza kunofanira kurangarira nharidzano dzakananga: kumirira kwakawanda, kuzvidavirira kwakasimba, kana kuti kuvhota kwakapfava. PR inopfuura nokusasarura nokubatanidzwa, asi mamwe masangano angabatira zviri nani zvinhu zvokutanga zvakasiyana.

mhedziso

Proportigational Imiration inopa chiono chine simba chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uko vhoti iri yose inorangarirwa zvapachokwadi uye umo paramende inoratidzira mativi akasiyana- siyana enzanga. Betsero dzayo mukuderedza mavhoti anopambadzwa, kuvimbisa kunowedzera, uye kusimudzira kudzora kwakasanozivikanwa dzinonyorwa zvakanaka. Bva kuoma kwenyika kwePR / coliquences, ngozi yekusagadzikana, kugona kunzi kuoma kwe(kudzoreka) hakugoni kufuratirwa. Chinokosha chiri mugadziriro yokungwarira gadziriro yokuvhota: kusarudza mativi akarurama, kugadza zvikumbaridzo zvakafanira, uye kuisa mari mudzidzo yapamutemo. Nyika dzakafanana neGermany, Ireland, neNetherlands dzinoratidzira kuti PR inogona kushanda zvinobudirira nokuwana chivimbo chapachena munguva. Sezvipotorotsiridza kukura dzidzo yenyika yose, kunzwisisa kwechipfumbidzo chePR inova muteveri wezvirongwa kana kuti ivedzere kuva mutevedzeriso.