Kunzwisisa Ganhuriro Dzehurumende: Mutsigiri Woutongi hweUnited States

Masangano eFederal izvombo zvinoshanda zvehurumende yeUnited States, kushandura mirairo yemitemo nemirairo yavakuru vakuru kupinda zviito zvinoumba upenyu hwevaAmerica vanoda kusvika mamiriyoni 330. Kubva mukuvimbisa kukotsekana kwemvura yako yokunwa kuchengeteka kworudzi, aya masangano anotapura chinenge chinhu chiri chose chokuvapo kwazvino uno. Kuvagari vemo, kunzwisisa ukuru hwebasa resangano kunokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwokuwana mabasa ehurumende asiwo kutora rutivi mukuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Iyi nhungamiro yakakudzwa inonzvera marudzi, mitoro, miuyo yezuva nezuva, uye mirayiridzo yomunguva yemberi yamasangano ehurumende, kugovera kunzvera kwakakwana pamusoro pezvinoita uye nzira yaunogona kufambidzana nayo nenzira inobudirira.

Chii Chiri Gadziriro Dzamasangano?

Masangano ehurumende ndiwo mapoka okutarisira chaiwo akatangwa neCongress kana kuti Purezidhendi kuti aite mabasa akati anorondedzerwa nomutemo. Kusafanana namabasa akafara okuita miitiro yamapazu matatu ehurumende, masangano anonangidzira pakuitwa, kuchengetwa, uye kupiwa basa. Anoshanda pasi pechiremera, kureva kuti anogona kutanga mitemo ine udzame iyo inobata simba romutemo, kana mirau iyoyo ikagara mukati memiganhu yakagadzwa neCongress. Komistry yehurumende yazvino uno inobatanidza madhipati maviri, masangano, masangano, uye masangano ehurumende, zvinobatira vashandi vehurumende pamwe chete vanenge mamiriyoni 2,2.

Masangano anofambira mberi anowira mumapoka matatu makuru akavakirwa pachimiro chawo noukama nebazu rapamusoro:

  • Madhipatimendi eMitemo: Maparedhi edzinoumba gumi namashanu, rimwe nerimwe richitungamirirwa nomunyori akagadzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Dhipatimendi reUtano neHS (HS), uye Department of Education (ED). Aya masangano makurusa uye anooneka zvikurusa, ane mirayiro inofukidza nzvimbo huru dzemiitiro.
  • Masangano anotsamira pamunhu: anoshanda kunze kwamadhipatimendi makuru, akadai seCentral Intelligence Agency (CIA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), uye Social Security Administration (SA). Anowanzova nechisarudzo chikuru mukudzora kwapurezidhendi, pane dzimwe nguva navamiririri vanoshanda, mashoko anokatyamadza.
  • Mitumbi yeMitemo yePucial Commission: yakasimbiswa kudzora maindasitiri akati kana kuti masangano ezvemari, zvakadai seFederal Commission (FCC), Secureties and Exchange Commission (SEC), uye Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Iyi inowanzova namasimba eFisi-judicatic nefisi-legislative, ichiita mitemo negakavadzano.

Mitoro Yemasangano Ehurumende

Kunyange zvazvo kurayira kunoitwa nevanhu kuchisiyana - siyana, mabasa makuru anoverengeka anozivikanwa mumasangano akawanda.

Kushandisa Mitemo Nokugadza Mitemo

Apo Congress inopa mutemo, kazhinji kazhinji yakafara, ichida masangano kuzadza udzame kupfurikidza ne kugadzira mitemo. Somuenzaniso, Cease Air Act akapa dziviriro yeNdengedzero yeMbango (EPA) chiremera chokugadza mipimo chaiyo inobudiswa nokuda kwezvinoshatisa. Hurumende dzinobudisa mitemo inokarakadzwa mu Fédal Register[[, tsinhiro dzavose, uye ipapo kubudisa miraudzo yokupedzisira. Iyi muitiro inovimbisa kuti mitemo ine meno dzinoshanda. AGrodectal Active Procture Act Act inodzora iri basa, rinoda kuona zviri pachena uye kubatanidzwa pachena.

Kudzorerwa Nokumanikidzwa

Nhevedzano yegadziriro dzinowirirana nemitemo nemirau, kunzvera kuputswa nezvirango zvinokatyamadza. Occapational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inonzvera basa kuti imanikidze mipimo yekotsekano; Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inogona kutora zvinhu zvisina ngozi mumasherufu okuchengetera. Zviito zvinosiyanisa kubva mutsamba dzokunyevera kufashoni dzavagari vemo nedzematsotsi, kuvamba gadziriro inodzivirira utano hwavanhu, chengeteko, uye misika yakanaka.

Kuendesa Basa Rakananga

Masangano akawanda anopa mari yebasa. Sangano reSocial Security Administration rinobvisa basa uye kuremara kunobatsira vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 70 vokuAmerica. Department of Veterans Affairs rinoshandisa gadziriro hurusa yezvoutano munyika.

Kutsvakurudza, Mudziyo, uye Zivo Zvakasikwa

Sayenzi yeNaSA inoita kuti pave nokuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu ezveutano zvinobatsira kurapa. Dare reBhunga reBasa reBasa reMitauro rinosiya kushaya mabasa, kukwira kwemitengo, uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu, richipa mashoko anokosha anoumba masangano ezvemari.

Chengeteko yeNyika Yose Nechengeteko Yavose

Kudzivirira nyika patyisidziro dzose dziri mbiri dzokunze nedzemhuri mutoro mukuru unogoveranwa namasangano akawanda. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) inotarisira chengeteko yomuganhu, kuchengetwa kwevatami, uye mhinduro yekurumidziro. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) inonzvera mhosva dzehurumende netyisidziro dzinotendwa. Department of Defense inoramba iri muuto rine simba guru renyika yose. Masangano aya anoshanda pamwe chete kupfurikidza nemiitiro yesangano rekushandira pamwe chete seNational Security Council.

Kuumba Kunoita Nhungamiro Dzemamiriro Ezvinhu Akasiyana - siyana Upenyu Hwako Hwezuva Nezuva

Kunzwisisa kuti vanhu vanoshanda sei kunobatsira vanhu vagari vemo kuona kukosha kwemabasa ehurumende uye kukosha kwokutarisira.

Utano Nechengeteko Yevatengi

Nguva iri yose yaunodya zvokudya zvakagadzirwa, kushandisa mushonga unonyorwa nachiremba, kana kuti kushandisa muchina wekurapa, FDA yakayera chengeteko yayo. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) inotapukira hosha nenhau dzinofamba. Department of Agriculture (USDA) inonzvera nyama nezvinogadzirwa nehuku. Nhamburiko idzi dzinodzivisa zvirwere zvisingaverengeki ndokuponesa upenyu, kunyange zvazvo dzisingawanzova nemisoro yenhau apo inoshanda zvakanaka.

Zvakatipoteredza uye Zvinhu Zvakasikwa Zvakasikwa

Environmental Protection Agency inodzora mhepo nokushatiswa kwemvura, ichiisa ganhuriro pakubudiswa kwemafekitari nemotokari. National Park Service inotarisira nzvimbo dzinopfuura 400, ichichengeta pfuma yomusikirwo neyetsika nokuda kwokufarikanya vanhu. Dare reNzvimbo reU.S. rinotarisira maeka ane mamirioni 193 emasango enyika, kudzikanisa kugadzirwa kwemiti nokuchengetedza. Mhepo yakachena, nzizi dzinoshambira, uye nyika dzavose dzinosvikika dzinotsamira zvakananga pabasa resangano.

Dzidzo Nebasa

Department of Education inogovera yamuro yavadzidzi yehurumende, inotarisira kuchengetwa kwamaruramiro avagari vemo muzvikoro, uye inounganidza mashoko pamusoro pekubudirira kwavadzidzi. Department of Labor inoita kuti mitemo yemibhadharo ive shoma, kuvadziko dzebasa, uye kugovera inishuwarenzi yokusashanda.

Zvekufambisa Nezvirongwa

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) inodzora nharaunda yendege yenyika, inopa maruramiro kuvatyairi vendege nokunzvera ndege. Federal Highway Administration inogadza mipimo yekotsekano yemigwagwa namabhiriji. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) inoedza kuvhura motokari nenhau dzinovhura mativi akaremara. Paunotyaira, kubhururuka, kana kuti kutora chitima, unovimba ne dziviriro nemitemo yokugadzira.

Kuchengeteka Kwemari uye Kudzivirirwa Nevatengi

Sayenzi neKomishoni yeExchange inotarisira misika yemastock kuti idzivise unyengeri uye kutengesa zvinhu mukati. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) inodzora mari yokutenga nechikwereti, makadhi okukwereta, uye zvikwereti zvevadzidzi. Federal Deposit Inishuwarensis Corporation (FDIC) inochengetedza mari inokwana $250 000. Masangano aya anochengeta kutsigadzika nokuvimba mugadziriro yemari inoita kuti mari ive mari yaakachengetedzwa uye ifambire mberi mune zvoupfumi.

Nzira Yokuita Nayo Zvinhu Zvemasangano

Vagari vemo vane nzira dzakawanda dzokukurukurirana nemasangano ehurumende, kubva pakuwana betsero dzokupesvedzera muitiro.

Kuwana Basa uye Betsero

Masangano mazhinjisa anochengeta zvikwereti zvepaIndaneti zvinobatanidza shamwari dzinoshandisa. USA.gov inoshanda sebumbiro remitemo remitemo, rinobatanidza zvimiro zvebetsero dzeSocial Security, kuvandudza paspopost, Medicare formation, uye zvikwereti zvebhizimisi zviduku. Masangano akawanda anewo zvikamu zvebetsero dzamahara nehofisi dzomumunda zvomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, SSA ine mahofisi emunda anopfuura 1 200 apo unogona kunyorera nokuda kwekadhi reSocial Security kana kuti kukumbira betsero.

Kupa Mashoko Nezvinovaka

Apo masangano anobudisa mirau yakakarakadzwa, anofanira kugamuchira tsinhiro dzavose pamberi pokupedzisa. Unogona kupa tsinhiro kupfurikidza ne Refegists.gov, umo masangano anobudisa mabumbiro okutonga. Iyi inzira ine simba nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe, mabhizimisi, uye mapoka ezvemasangano kuti vagadzirire muitiro. Somuenzaniso, FCC yakagamuchira mamirioni etsinhiro pamusoro pemiraute. Kupinda mutevedzero, kukumbanira matare enzwi, uye kupindura kudzoro dzinowedzera kutora rutivi.

Kushuma Zvinetso Nokutsvaka Kugadziriswa

Kana uchifunga kuti sangano raita zvisina kufanira, unogona kuisa nyunyuto nehofisi yaro yeInspecter General, iyo inonzvera unyengeri, tsvina, uye kushatiswa. Hofisi yeSpecial Counser Inodzivirira vanoridza mhete. Masangano akawanda anewo nyunyuto dzevatengi dzinobata nyunyuto pamusoro pezvigadzirwa zvemari, uye FDA inobvumira mishumo yekuita kwemirimo kwakaipa.

Kushingaira uye Kupesvedzera

Masangano asiri ehurumende, masangano ezvokutengeserana, uye mapoka evagari vemo anoramba achigamuchira masangano nokuda kwechinjo dzemitemo. Munsi meFederal Advisory Committee Act, masangano anofanira kubatanidza vamiriri vemipinduro yakasiana-- siyana panzvimbo dzinoshandiswa. Kupa tsinhiro dzavose, kusangana navakuru vakuru vakuru vemitengo, uye kupinda mukuita majekiseni inzira dzose dzinoshandiswa kutapura zvinhu zvinokosha. Freedom of Information Act (FOA) inobvumira vagari vemo kukumbira masangano, kujekesa pamusoro pokuita zvisarudzo.

Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Nemasangano Ehurumende

Pasinei zvapo nebasa rawo rinokosha, masangano anotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvinopfuurira zvinogona kudzivisa kushanda uye kupedza chivimbo choruzhinji.

Mitemo Yemari

Masangano anoshanda pamishumo yegore negore inobva kuCongress. Kana mabhajeti akatsarukana kana kuti akachekwa, masangano angaisa magetsi mufiriji, kuderedza mabasa, kana kuti kugadziridza nguva. Somuenzaniso, IRS yakatamburira kugadziridza ruzivo rwayo uye kupindura runhare rwemutero nemhaka yokushandisa mari shomanene. Kushandisa mari kunenge kwakonzerwa neBhalbate Control Act ya2011 /(RGP)

Kupindira Kwematongerwe Enyika Nokuchinja

Dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika inobva kuWhite House, Congress, kana kuti mapoka ezvisarudzo inogona kushatisa nzvimbo dzesangano. Mapurezidhendi pane dzimwe nguva anogadza vakuru vakuru vanoshanda kuti varege kusimbisa Dare, kuderedza kuzvidavirira. Vashandi vehurumende vebasa vangatarisana nokutsiva nokuda kwokusimbisa mitemo inorwisana nevavariro dzezvematongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, kuchinja mishumo yeEPA pamusoro pechinjo yemamiriro okunze nekuvimbika kwegadziriro youfakazi.

Kutadza Kushanda Kwehurumende

Masangano makuru, echikwata anogona kuva anononoka kuvhura. Red tape, nyika dzinodzorwa, uye miitiro yechinyakare zvinokangaidza vose vari vaviri vashandi navose. Government Accountability Office (GAO) inosimbisa nguva dzose “masangano echiNgezi” purogiramu dzinotapurwa nokupambadzwa kana kuti kusashandiswa zvakanaka, dzakadai semitengo yeDepartment yemitestry nemibhadharo isina kufanira yeMedicare. Nhambudzo dzokudirana kupfurikidza nePresidenti Agenda dzakabudisa miuyo yakavhengana.

Kuvimba Nevanhu Vose uye Zvinofungwa Nevamwe

Kuvimba nemasangano ehurumende kwaderera kwemakumi emakore. Maererano nePew Research Center, 20% bedzi yeAmerica inotaura kuti vanovimba nehurumende muWashington kuti ichaita zvakarurama nguva zhinji. Kushambadzira kwezvinobudisa nhau, kukundikana kukuru (g., kudenha kwenguva inomira), uye kurwisa kwechikafu. Kuvimba kunoderedza kuzviisa pasi nemirau yemitemo uye kunokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuti masangano apedze mabasa awo.

Zvinetso Zvokushanda

Vashandi vehurumende vakwegura, navashandi vazhinji vanofanirwa nokuda kwokurega basa, vanotyisidzira zivo yesangano. Makwikwi neboka ravanhu nokuda kwetalenta rine unyanzvi(8) zvikurukuru muIT, kusachengeteka kwekombiyuta, uye sayenzi(inotyisa. Miitiro yetsoropodzo inononoka uye inonetesa, inoodza mwoyo, inonyandura vakwaniriswa. Hofisi yeMabasa yakatanga chinjo dzokukurumidzisa kuroja nokuvandudza kubatira, asi fambiro mberi inoramba isina kuenzana.

Nguva Yemberi Yegadziriro Dzamakurukota

Zvimiro zvakasiana - siana zvinoverengeka zvichaumba mirangariro yazvo mumakore gumi ari kuuya, kuti zvirambe zvichibudirira munyika iri kuchinja nokukurumidza.

Kuchinja kwezvidhina ne A

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runogovera zvishandiso zvine simba zvokuvandudza kushanda nokuwana. Masangano akawanda ari kuisa mari mumabasa emagetsi (somuenzaniso, dhigital Service yeU.S. uye zvikwata 18F zvakaiswa mumasangano kuti zviite mawebsite azvino uno uye maIT. Ungwaru hunogona kuongorora zvinobatsira, kuona kuti kubiridzira, uye kuongorora kudzokororwa kwemitezo. Zvisinei, masangano anofanirawo kudzora ngozi parusarura, pachivande, uye paungwaru. Hurumende Act ye2020 inoda masangano kuti aongorore mashandisiro azvo uye kutevedzera miitiro yakanakisisa.

Kuwedzera Kuona Zvinhu uye Kuwana Mashoko

Dare reHurumende reHurumende rinorayira kuti masangano anobudisa mashoko asinganzwisi tsitsi mumichina inonyorwa. Data. Dzinopa mashoko anoda kusvika 250 000 kubva kumazana emasangano, zvichigonesa vatsvakurudzi, vatori venhau, uye vatengesi kuongorora chinhu chose kubva kuzvinyorwa zvemamiriro okunze kusvika kunzvimbo yechipatara. Nhanho dzokuratidzana kwezvakada dzakadai seFreedom of Information Act yazvino uno uye kugadzira mitemo dzinoita kuti zviite mabasa anooneka zvikuru, zvichisimudzira kuzvidavirira.

Kubatana uye Kushandira Pamwe Kwevanhu Vose

Zvinetso zvakaoma ne(sclimate) Kuchinja, kupararira kwemakombiyuta, kupararira kwemasangano uye kubatana kwezvikwata. Chikwata cheNational Cybersecurity Protection System (EINSTEIN) chinobatanidza DHS, NSA, uye maInternet anoshanda paIndaneti. Kubatsira kwemasangano eUnited States kunobatanidza vazvipiri nemasangano panguva yenjodzi. Kushanda kwemasangano uye pfuma kunopfuura muganhu wehurumende, asi zvinodawo kutarisirwa nokungwarira kwekurwisana nemhindu uye kugoverana mashoko.

Ngwarira Kukwana Nokukwana

Hurukuro ya1985 (2021) masangano akatungamirirwa kufambisira mberi nhevedzano yedzinza netsigiro zvinodikanirwa kuti zviite nzvero dzakaenzana, kubvisa mhinganidzo kugadziriro, uye kuunganidza mashoko okuvapo kwavagari vemo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza nhamburiko dzeDhipatimendi reProviment of Agriculture kupedza rusaruro pakati pavarimi veBlack uye Dhipatimendi reHealth ne Services. Idzi nhamburiko dzinovavarira kuva nechokwadi chokuti mabasa esangano asvike avo vanoada zvikurusa.

Kushivirira uye Kuchinja

Chinjo yemamiriro okunze, zvirwere, uye kusagadzikana kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvinoda masangano kuvaka kusimba. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) iri kuvandudza mapurate yemafashamo negadziriro dzemhinduro dzengwavaira. Department of Energy iri kushandisa mukuvandudza kwazvino uno uye simba rinomutsidzirwa. Zvirongwa zviri kutangawo gadziriro dzinowirirana dzokurwisa nokudzokororwa kwekombiyuta nokudzokororwa kwenhevedzano. Kuchinjirwa kutyisidziro idzi kuchava denho huru nokuda kwechizvarwa chinotevera chavatungamiriri venyika.

mhedziso

Masangano eFederal haasi vanhuwo zvavo muWashington; injini inochinja mitemo kuva zvinoitika zvinorarama. Kuvambira pakotsekano yezvokudya zvako kusvikira kuchengeteko yokurega basa kwako, basa rawo rinoumbwa kuva chinhu choupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kunzwisisa kuti masangano anoita sei . uye kuti masangano angabatana sei nawo (masangano okuita kuti vagari vemo vachengete hurumende inozvidavirira, vasvike mabasa anodenha, uye mirayiridzo yetsika. Sezvo masangano anoshandisa ganhuriro yemari, denho dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye ruzivo rwamabasa okuchinja zvinhu, mano avo okusarudza achasarudza kuti vabatire zvakanaka sei vanhu mumakumi amakore ari mberi. Kugara vasingazivi uye kutora rutivi mumasangano hakungori bedzi kwakarurama; mutoro wokuva vagari vehurumende inosarudzwa.