Mutemo wavagari vemo unoumba mavambo egadziriro dzapamutemo munyika yose yeEurope, Latin America, East Asia, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda, dzinodzora batano dzezuva riri rose pakati pavanhu, mabhizimisi, uye masangano ehurumende. Kusafanana nomutemo woutsotsi.(apo unoranga mhaka mukurwisana nehurumende) unogovera gadziriro yokupedza nayo gakava rakavanzika, kusimbisa zvibvumirano, uye kubatanidza avo vanotambura kuvadziko. Vadzidzi navadzidzi, kunzwisisa mutemo wevagari vemo kunokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwokugona kurava nomutemo asi nokuda kwokunzwisisawo nzira iyo nzanga dzinochengeta nayo nhevedzano nokudzivirira nayo maruramiro avagari vemo avanhu. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kwakakwana kwomutemo wevagari vemo, kubva kurondedzero dzawo dzenheyo nedzidzo dzomugariro wakasiana - siyana munyika uye basa razvokudzora kwazvino uno.

Kurondedzera Mutemo Wehurumende

Mutemo wehurumende, mupfungwa yawo yakafara zvikurusa, unonongedzera kugamuchidzanwa rapamutemo rakavakirwa mumitemo yakanyorwa, mirau, uye kuunganidzwa kwakakwana kwemitemo inodzora kodzero dzavanhu nemisengwa. Mumitemo yemitemo yavagari vemo, vatongi zvikurukuru vanoshandisa nheyo dzinobatanidzwa panzvimbo pokutsamira zvikuru pamienzaniso (zvisarudzo zvedare). Ikoku kunopesana zvikuru nemiitiro yavose yemitemo yakawanwa muUnited Kingdom, United States, uye dzimwe nyika dzekare dzeBritain dzine simba guru.

Shoko rokuti "mutemo wechikosha" rinogonawo kunongedzera zvakananga kubazu romutemo unobata nekakavadzano pakati pamapoka avanhu, mukurwisana nomutemo woutsotsi. Munhau ino, mutemo wehurumende unofukidza nzvimbo dzakadai sezvibvumirano, zvibvumirano, zvinhu, ukama hwemhuri, nhaka, uye mutemo wesangano. Nharidzano huru haisati iri chirango asi mushonga: mupurisa (bato rinounza kutaura kwacho) anotsvaka muripo, basa chairo, kana kuti murayiro wokupedza rwisano.

Mativi Makuru Emiitiro Yemitemo Yavagari Vemo

  • [[NUMBO:0] Tragiro dzemitemo: mitemo yakarongwa nenzira yakarongwa kuva mabumbiro emitemo (mutoo, Common Code, Communist Code) inobatira samanyuko makuru omutemo.
  • Nhevedzo yaVatongi: Vatongi vanoita savaongorori navawanwa namaidi, kazhinji kazhinji vanotungamirira nenzira yokushingaira, panzvimbo pevatauri vasingashandi.
  • Chirango chakarongwa: Zvisarudzo zvapamberi papo zvingava zvinonyengetedza, hazvisati zvichisunga pamutemo pamatare apashure.
  • processial Procedia: Mumitemo mizhinji yavagari vemo, dare rimene rinounganidza ufakazi uye kunzvera zvapupu, kusafanana nomuenzaniso wetsika unozivikanwa navose mumutemo wavose.
  • [[FTS.0] Gadziriro yeDzidzo: Gadziriro inoisa jasi reboka rakakuvadzwa ndokuridzorera kunzvimbo yaro isati yasvika apo kunobvira.

Mavambo Enhau

Mutemo wavagari vemo unotevedza mavambo awo kumutemo weRoma wakare, zvikurukuru Corpus Juris Civilis (Mutemo woMutemo wavagari vemo) wakabatanidzwa pasi paMambo Justinian muzana ramakore rechi 6. Kuwanwazve muMiddle Ages, mutemo weRoma wakapesvedzera mufambiro wapamutemo muEurope yose. Napoleon Code ya1804 yakava muenzaniso wamarudzi akawanda, ichisimbisa kujeka, kunyorwa, uye kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba. Germany neSwiss codentivey yakaumbawo gadziriro dzapamutemo munyika yose. Nhasi, nyika dzinopfuura 150 dzinoshanda muchimiro chetsika chavagari vemo, ichiiita mutoo wemitemo yakapararira zvikurusa munyika yose.

Muitiro Womutemo Wavagari Vemo: Kubva Pakunyunyuta Kusvika Kuchisarudzo

Kunzwisisa kuti nyaya yevagari vemo inoitika sei kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kurongwa kweruramisiro kunoshanda.

Tsinhiro Yokutungamirira

Mutongi anotanga kupomera mhaka kupfurikidza nokuisa anorondedzera dare rakafanira, achidonongodza hwaro hwapamutemo hwezvinotaurwa, maidi akataurwa, uye rusununguko rukatsvakwa. Kunyunyuta kunofanira kupiwa pamukwiridziri /a muitiro unozivikanwa se muitiro kuvimbisa mukwiridziri ane ziviso yakarurama. Mukwiridziridziridziro angabatanidza kurambwa, kurambwa, kurambwa, uye mabhinya. Mumiitiro ehurumende. Mune dzimwe nguva, ichi chikamu chamagariro ehurumende chinopfuutswa zvikuru, nomutongi anoratidzira zviitiko zvamarunako.

Kutanga Nokutarisirwa Kwemhosva

Pamberi pokugadzirira kwokutonga kwakazara, matare kazhinji kazhinji anoita kutonga kwokutanga kukurukura nhau dzenhau, kugadza nguva, uye kukurudzira kugadzikiswa. Mumiitiro yebvunzurudzo, mutongi angagadza nyanzvi, kugadzira mapepa, uye kuziva nharo chaidzoidzo. Iyi nhambo inogona kubatanidza [ zvisarudzo zvakadai senzira dzokudzinga kana kuti nokuda kwerutongeso rwamapfupikicha (kunyadzisa zvikuru iko kunozivikanwa zvikuru mumitemo yapamutemo yavagari vemo yavagari vemo yavose).

Kuwana (kana kuti Kuongorora)

Munhau dzinozivikanwa navose dzehurumende, kuwana itsinhano yakafara, yebato inotsinhana ufakazi($vhotaro, mapepa, zvikumbiro. Mitemo yehurumende inowanzoisa mutoro uyu padare. Mutongi anorondedzera nhau ndokuunganidza ufakazi huri madikanwa, kubatanidza uchapupu nemishumo yenyanzvi. Nharidzano ndeyokudzivisa zvishamiso pakutongwa uye kusimudzira chisarudzo chinobudirira.

Kutongwa uye Kunzwa

Kusafanana nokutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi kunowanzoratidzirwa muzvinobudisa nhau, mhaka zhinjisa dzevagari vemo mugadziriro dzose dziri mbiri dzinopedzwa pasina dare rinobetsera vatongi. Munyika dzevagari vemo, boka ravatongi (kana kuti mutongi mumwe) rinotungamirira, uye kutonga kunopfuuridza nokuongorora. Zvibvumirano zvinopa nharo dzakanyorwa, uye vatongi vanopupurira. muUnited States, kutonga kwavagari vemo kungava kutongwa kwepabheji (kutongwa kwoga) kana kuti kutonga kwedare, uye dare redare rinosarudza maidi uye rinoshandisa mutemo. Mutoro wezvibvumikiso munhau dzavanamugari vemo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji ndi "Prences of theuchation" (zvinotonge zvichibvira zvikuru)) mamiriro ezvinhu akaderera kupfuura "Kupanikira mhaka dzoutsotsi dzine mufungo" mumitengo.

Rutongeso Nemishonga

Pashure pokunzwa ufakazi nenharo, dare rinopa rutongeso. Chisarudzo chingaraira mukwirirwi kubhadhara kuvadziko dzemari, kuita chiito chakananga (kuita kwakananga), kana kuti kurega mufambiro wakati (injdition). Mishonga yomutemo yevagari vemo inogona kubatanidzawo kudzorwa kana kuti kudzorwa (kudzorwa kwenzvimbo kana kuti betsero). Boka rinorasikirwa nenzvimbo ringadikanwa kubhadhara kana kuti kubhadhara mari yose yeboka rakapararira rapamutemo.

Kukwirira

Pamiitiro yemitemo, zvikumbiro zvinowanzobatanidza kuongororwazve kwezvose zviri zviviri chokwadi nomutemo, nepo mutemo unozivikanwa navose uchinangidzira ngwariro panhau dzepamutemo. Dzimwe hurumende dzinobvumira matare apakati uye kukwirira kwokupedzisira kudare guru kana kuti dare. Kukwirira kunogona kuwedzera zvikuru nguva yenharo dzevagari vemo.

Nharaunda Huru Dzomutemo Wehurumende

Mutemo Unobvumiranwa

Mutemo unodzora zvibvumirano zvinomanikidzirwa pamutemo pakati pemapati. Inovimbisa kuti zvipikirwa zvinoitwa(zvingava zvakanyorwa kana kuti zvinotaurwa) zvinosungisa uye kuti kuputswa kunoparira migumisiro. Zvibvumirano zvenguva dzose zvinobatanidza kutengeswa kwezvinhu, zvibvumirano zvebasa, zvibvumirano zvebasa, uye mareki. Mitemo yokuputsa inobatanidza kuvadziko, kuita kwakananga, uye kubvisa. Nzvimbo iyi inokosha kukutengeserana nokutenga kwezuva riri rose.

Nokuda kwetsanangudzo ine udzame yechibvumirano nokuvhunika, ona Cornell Legin Information Institute yechibvumirano chenhungamiro yomutemo ye.

Mutemo Wakaipa

Matort emitemo anogadzirisa zvikanganiso zvevagari vemo zvinoparira kukuvara kana kuti kurasikirwa nomumwe munhu. Kusafanana nomutemo webvumirano, mabasa okutort anotangwa nomusengwa wese wekusakuvadza vamwe, kwete nebvumirano chaiyo. Zviratidzo zvinowanzobatanidza kuregeredza (g., tsaona dzemotokari, kusashanda zvakanaka kwemishonga), matorts achiziva (g., kurova, bhetri, kuzvidza) uye kuva nemhosva yakaoma. Varimi vanogona kudzorera mari inobhadharwa nokuda kwendyiko dzezvokurapa, kurwadziwa nokutambura, uye, mune zvimwe zviitiko, kukuvadza mufambiro unonyadzisa.

Mutemo Wezvinhu

Mutemo wenzvimbo unorondedzera kodzero dzine vanhu muzvinhu zvinooneka nezvisingachinjiki. Inobatanidza zvinhu chaizvoizvo (nyika nezvivako) nezvinhu zvomunhu oga (zvinhu zvinotsaurwa, zvinhu zvoungwaru). Nhau huru dzinobatanidza kuva, kuva, kuva, kusiiwa (chipo, nhaka), uye makakatanwa akadai sekusabvumirana kwemiganhu kana kuti nhau dzakavakwa. Masangano emitemo evagari vemo ane nhevedzano yehurongwa hunodzora kodzero dzezvinhu, kazhinji kazhinji yakavakirwa mumifungo yomutemo weRoma.

Mutemo Wemhuri

Mutemo wemhuri unodzora ukama hwomunhu oga, kubatanidza roorano, chatanuro, kodzero yokuchengeta vana, tsigiro yavana, tsigiro yavana (usimoni), kurera vana, uye ushamwari hwemhuri. Inodzikamisa kuzvitonga kwomunhu oga nefariro yehurumende mukudzivirira mitezo yemhuri ine ngozi, zvikurukuru vana.

Nhaka uye Mutemo Wokubudirira

Nharaunda iyi inotema kuti zvinhu zvomunhu zvinoparadzirwa sei pashure porufu, kupfurikidza nechido (kutevedzana kwegore) kana kuti kupfurikidza nemirairo yapamutemo yakarongwa (mutevedzero yehurumende). Mutemo wavagari vemo unowanzoisa mitemo inomanikidzirwa yokugara nhaka, kuchengetera zvikamu zvenzvimbo hama dzokunyama dzepedyo (jere, vana, mukwanyina), inoganhurira rusununguko rwetestate. Matare e Probate anota anotanhamisa kutarisirwa kwenzvimbo.

Zvirongwa Zvenyika Chaizvoizvo zvoMutemo Wavagari Vemo

Mutemo wehurumende unobata anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubva pakutenga kofi (chibvumirano) kuenda kukutyaira motokari (chinhu chinokosha chinoparira kukuvadziko). Pasi apa pane nhandare huru umo nheyo dzomutemo dzehurumende dzinoshanda mukushandiswa.

Mabhizimisi Nokutengeserana

Makambani anotsamira pamutemo wehurumende kuti aite zvibvumirano navagoveri, vatengi, uye vashandi; kudzivirira zvinhu zvendangariro; uye kupedza gakava kupfurikidza negakava kana kuti kurukurirano. mutemo weCorporate (kuumbwa, kudzora, uye kuparadza) mubatanidzwa wemitemo yehurumende. Kukwikwidzwa kwematare ebvumirano kunozivikanwa navose mubhizimisi, sezvinoitwawo kutaura kwechitsotsi kana kuti makwikwi asina kururama.

Kukuvara Kwomunhu Oga Netsaona

Apo munhu anokuvadzwa nemhaka yokuregeredza kwomumwe (munzira,, shati ndokuwira muchitoro, tsaona yemotokari, chikanganiso chezvokurapa), mutemo wepfuti unogovera nzira kubhadharo. Magweta anokuvara omunhu oga anobetsera vanyajambwa kuwanazve zvikwereti zvokurapwa, mibhadharo yakarasika, uye marwadzo nokutambura. Kudzorwa kwavagari vemo munharaunda ino kunogona kuva zviito zvakakwirira, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kugadzikiswa kunze kwedare asi nguva nenguva kunoenda kunotongwa.

Kuchinja Kwezvikomborero Chaizvoizvo

Kutenga imba kunobatanidza nhevedzano yebvumirano dzomutemo wehurumende (chibvumirano chitsva, chikwereti chemota, inishuwarenzi yezita renzvimbo) nemirairo yemitemo yenzvimbo. Majekiseni anogona kumuka pamusoro pemiganhu, nyaradzo, nhau dzinovakisa dzinoda mari, kana kuti zvikanganiso zvokuvaka. matare avagari vemo anopedza idzi nharo, uye mumiganhu mizhinji, matare chaiwo ezvinhu kana kuti matare aripo.

Nhau Dzemhuri

Dare rehurumende rinoita zvisarudzo pamusoro pezvakanakisisa zvemwana, kukamukana kwezvinhu zvemhuri, uye misengwa yokutsigira. Kutaurirana kunoshandiswa kakawanda pamwe chete nokugadzirisa kusawirirana kwemhuri.

Kudzivirirwa Nevatengi

Mitemo yakawanda yehurumende inosanganisira kudzivirira zvakananga vatengi, kunyora mashoko asina kururama ari muzvibvumirano, chikwereti chezvinhu, uye kushambadzira kunonyengera.

Kupesana Kunotsiva Chisarudzo (ADR)

Masangano anotendeukira nenzira inowedzera kumitoo yokutsiva kupokana kuti achengetedze nguva, ndyiko, uye chengetedze ukama.

  • [ Chibvumirano:[ Chikamu chechitatu chisingatori rutivi chinopfavisa kurukurirano pakati pamapati kuti asvike kugarwa kwokuzvidira. Kurangana kwakavanzika uye hakusungiri kutozosvikira chibvumirano chasainwa.
  • Arbitation: Arbiter (kana kuti dare) anonzwa ufakazi ndokupa chisarudzo, kazhinji kazhinji kusungisa. Kutora kunozivikanwa navose mubvumirano dzebhizimisi nebvumirano dzebasa. Kunogona kuva kwokukurumidza uye kwapachivande zvikuru kupfuura dare.
  • [[[FOT:0] Kudzorwa: Mapati amene (kana kuti magweta avo) anoedza kugadzikisa zvakananga. Nhau zhinjisa dzehurumende dzinopera kupfurikidza nokukurukura pamberi pokusvika dare.

Masangano akawanda emitemo yavagari vemo anokurudzira kana kuti kunyange anoda ADR senhano yokutanga pamberi pekutongwa, uye matare anowanzonongedzera zviitiko kumashoko. Nokuda kwokunzvera kuti ADR inowirirana sei mumugariro wetsika wavagari vemo wenyika yose, ona American Bar Association's ADR.

Miitiro Yomutemo Wavagari Vemo Kupota Nyika

Europe: Nzvimbo Yakagadzwa Mutemo Wavagari Vemo Wazvino Uno

France, Germany, Italy, Spain, uye dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzeEurope dzine mitemo yavagari vemo inoita kuti mutemo wavanhu mumwe nomumwe uve wegadziriro. Common Civil (Code Napoléon) inosimbisa kujeka uye kuva mukuru. Chiviko cheGermany (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch) chinozivikanwa nokuda kwoururami hwemiitiro yemiitiro yetsika. Iyi mitemo yakapesvedzera pamutemo kupota nyika yose, zvikurukuru muyaichimbova nyika uye nyika dzakatora tsika dzemitemo.

Latin America

Nyika zhinjisa dzeLatin America, dzakadai seBrazil, Argentina, uye Mexico, dzakagara nhaka tsika dzemitemo yehurumende yeSpain kana kuti yePortugal. Mitemo yadzo inowanzobatanidza nheyo dzeEurope netsika dzemo nedzemunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, Brazil's Civil Commission inoratidzira mipimo yenzanga yazvino uno apo inoramba ichiita gadziriro yomutemo wehurumende.

Kumabvazuva kweAsia

Japan, South Korea, uye China ine mitemo yavagari vemo inonyandurwa zvikuru nemifananidzo yeGermany neFrance. Kose yeJapan yeCivil (198, yakadzokororwa) inokwereta kubva kuzvose zviri zviviri manyuko eGermany neFrance. Sangano remitemo reChina, nepo iri musocialism, inoshandisa mitemo yehurumende yehurumende yenhau, nokupindira kukuru kwehurumende. Nyika idzi dzakashandura mutemo wehurumende kutsika nemamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika akasiyana.

Mashandiro Akasanganiswa Kana Kuti Akasanganiswa

Mimwe miganhu inobatanidza mutemo wehurumende nedzimwe tsika. Somuenzaniso, Louisiana (USA) neQuebec (Canada) dzine mitemo yevagari vemo nokuda kwomutemo womunhu oga asi inoshanda mukati mezvivako zvehurumende. Scotland, South Africa, neSri Lanka zvinewo mibatanidzwa yakavhengana. Kunzwisisa mivhenganiswa iyi kunokosha pakudzidza kwepamutemo.

Basa Rezviito Nemitemo Mumutemo Wehurumende

Chirango chinozivikanwa navose ndechokuti masangano emitemo yevagari vemo haatongoteveri muenzaniso. Zvomenemene, nepo mabumbiro emitemo ari manyuko makuru, matare kazhinji kazhinji anogovera ukoshi hukuru kumutemo wakagadzwa. Zvisarudzo zvamadare makuru(*kuvimbisa kusachinja uye kudeya kutaura. Dzidziso ye ]rispudence [ mumutemo wechiFrench inoreva kuti nhevedzano yemitemo inowirirana inogona kuwana simba rinoisa mumasimba. Zvisinei, chisarudzo chimwe hachisungi matare enhanharo sezvaanoita mumutemo [[FLT:]] idecis[FLT]].

Nokuda kwokupinda kwakadzama zvikuru mumativi etsika dzechizvarwa nedzechienzi, ona [[FLT: 0] Enclopedia Britannica's kupinda pamutemo wehurumende [.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwomutemo Wevanhu Vose

Mutemo wavagari vemo unopfuura zvikuru mubatanidzwa wemitemo yakaoma, ijiro rinogonesa vanhu namasangano kubatira pamwe nechivimbo, kuita kuti zvipikirwa zviitwe, uye kutsvaka ruramisiro apo kutadza. Kurongeka kwaro kwakarongwa kunopa kujeka nokuwana, nepo gadziriro dzakwo dzokuita zvinhu dzichipa nzira yakarongeka yokupedza nayo kusawirirana. Sezvo nzanga dzinochinja, mutemo wevagari vemo unochinjika kudenho itsva: zvibvumirano zvemitengo, kuzvidza kwoungwaru paIndaneti, kuvadziko yeuchenjeri, uye kusawirirana kwamarudzi ose. Vadzidzi navadzidzi, vanodzidza mifungo, uye kushandiswa kwomutemo wevagari vemo havasati vari bedzi dzidzo yedzidzo yendangariro.

Kana uri kufunda nokuda kwebasa rapamutemo, kudzidzisa vagari vomunyika, kana kuti kungotsvaka bedzi kunzwisisa mugariro wapamutemo wakakupoteredza, mutemo wehurumende unopa gadziriro huru neinokosha.