Kubatana: Kuenzana Kwemitemo Yekodzero Dzevanhu uye Yekodzero Dzevanhu

Ukama pakati pokuenzana nemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu hahusi hwenhau chete, inheyo mhenyu, inochinja inotsigira utongi hwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji yemazuva ano. Painenge yapera, ukama uhwu hunokurukura kuti mitemo yose ingaratidza sei kuzvipira uye kuumba kubatwa zvakanaka kwenzanga. Kuti munhu anzwisise kubatana uku, anofanira kuongorora kurwisana kwenhau kwakakonzera mitemo yemagariro enhau, nharo dzouzivi dzinoramba dzichiigadzirisa, uye miganhu inoramba ichida kuti igadziriswe.

Kuenzana, muchimiro chakwo chakapfava zvikurusa, kunoreva kuti munhu ari wose anofanirwa nekodzero dzapamutemo nedziviriro. Mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo unoshandura ikoko kusinganzwisisiki kuva mitemo inomanikidzirwa. Pasina mitemo, kuenzana kunoramba kuri chishuvo; pasina mufungo wokuenzana, mitemo inova miitiro isina maturo. Nyaya inonzvera kuti chisungo chevatano kupfurikidza nerens renhau yeU.S. uye denho dzapanguva ino, kugovera mepu yemugwagwa nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vatsigiri, uye vagari vemo vanoshanda kunzanga yakarurama zvikuru.

Mavambo Enhau Ekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Sangano razvino uno rekodzero dzavagari vemo muUnited States harina kubuda mumazana amakore ouranda, kusarurana, uye rusaruro runobvumirwa nomutemo izvo zvakaramba vagari veAfrica namamwe mapoka ane muchetura chiremera chavanhu chikuru. Pakati pezana ramakore rechi20 rakaratidzira nhambo yechinjo apo zvirongwa zvemiitiro yevhu, gadziriro yapamutemo, uye kuunganidzwa kwamapoka zvakabatanidzwa kuraira chinjo yegadziriro yapasi.

Mavambo Okusaenzana Mumutemo weAmerica

Kare pamberi pama1950, gadziriro yapamutemo yeU.S. yakanga ine kusaenzana kwakaumbwa. Dred Scott v. Sandford chisarudzo [1857] chakazivisa kuti vanhu vatema vakanga vasiri vagari vemo. Pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, [[FLT]] 13th, 14th, uye 15 permendements [Durvences ] dzakabvisa uranda, dzakapa unzi ugari hwemo, uye dzakarambidza kusarura kwakavakirwa padzinza. Bva izvi zvipikirwa zvakakurumidza kushatiswa ne [[FLT:] mirault [[FLT:] .[FLT] Mitemo] [FL: 5,5] muMakumi amakumi amakore anonyorwa namakumi matanhatu.[FFoctrancenti] [5]

Uku kutsigira kwemitemo kwakaparira rwisano yakananga pakati penheyo yokuenzana nouchokwadi hwerusaruro rwehurumende. Kurwira kodzero dzevagari vemo, kubvira pakutanga, kwakanga kuri kurwa kwokuita kuti mutemo uenzane nechikamu chakaenzana chedziviriro chePramendment yechi 14.

Zviitiko Zvokudya Zvakaumba Mutemo

Kunyange zvazvo zviitiko zvakawanda zvakatungamirira sangano racho, nguva shomanana dzinokosha dzakaita kuti vanhu vade kuita musangano.

  • Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956):[[FLT] Yakavhiringidzwa nokuramba kwaRosa Park kurega chigaro chake, uyu mukomana wezuva 381 akarongwa naMartin Luther King Jr. uye Montgomery Reformation Association yakagumisa bhazi remostry ndokubvumikisa simba rokuramba kukuru kusina masimba masimba.
  • Mashizha paWashington nokuda kwaJobs neRusunungu (1963): Vanhu vanopfuura 250 000 vakaungana paChirangaridzo cheLincoln. Kutaura kwaMambo kwokuti “Ndine hope” kwakava kurondedzera kwakaenzana. Kufora kwakamanikidzira zvakananga Purezidhendi Kennedy kukarakadza mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo.
  • Broody Svondo naSelma ku Montgomery Marchs (65): Apo vafambi vakadenhwa noutsinye namauto ehurumende paEdmund Pettus Bridge, tsigiro yevhuvhuvhu renyika yakanyandurwa nokuda kweVoting Rights Act. Purezidhendi Johnson nokukurumidza akapa kero yenhau inodana mutemo.
  • Freedom Rides na Sit-ins (1961): Masangano eInterratic akadenha mabhazi eruwa anopomerwa muganhu wenyika nenzvimbo dzokuchengetera zvokudya zvamasikati, anotsungirira masimba masimba nokusungwa. Izvi zvakaedza kuchengetwa kwomutemo womubatanidzwa ndokuparira chinyorwa chakapararira chenhau.

Zviitiko izvi, pamwe chete nenhimbe dzeuswa husingazivikanwi zvishoma munharaunda dzose dzenyika, zvakaita kuti kuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika kukurire maNeribuster okuMaodzanyemba nokushora kwetsika. Zvinosimbisa kuti mutemo haubvi pamutsa chete, asi unoda kudzongonyedzwa kwevagari vemo.

Chiratidzo Chekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nebasa Radzo Rakaenzana

Pakati pa1964 na1968, Congress yakabudisa mitemo yakagadziridza nzanga yeAmerica.Mutemo mumwe nomumwe waitarisira mwero wakati wokusaenzana, uchidzikamisa nheyo yokubatwa kwakaenzana mudzimba, kuvhota, basa, uye pokugara pevoruzhinji.

Mutemo Wa 1964 Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Chirangarirwa zvikuru kuva mutemo wamaruramiro avagari vemo unokosha zvikurusa chifo chokugadziridza, Civil Rights Act ya 1964 yakadzivisa rusaruro pahwaro hwedzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi. Rwakazadzika nharidzano dzinoverengeka dzinotambudza:

  • Kuparadzana kusiri pamutemo munzvimbo dzavose (pazvikoro, papaki, nzvimbo dzemitambo, maresitorendi).
  • Kusarura mabasa kwakanzi ndiko kwaifanira kuitwa uye kwakaita kuti pave neCommunity Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
  • Mari dzehurumende dzaiwanikwa papurogiramu dzaisarura.
  • Kudzivirira kodzero dzokuvhota kwakasimbisa.

Nenzira inoshamisa, wedzero ye “sex” seboka rakadzivirirwa yakatangwa sechigadziridzo chezvisaririra zvokupedzisira kupfurikidza nechishoro chinokarira kukunda mutezo wacho(*) asi yapfuura ndokuva hwaro nokuda kwomutemo wakaenzana wevatano yapashure, kubatanidza Thit IX. Chiratidzo chakasimbisa kuti kuenzana pasi pomutemo hakungorevi dziviriro yakaenzana chete asi kusvika kuupenyu hwavose.

Murayiro Wokutsigira Kodzero Wa1965

Nepo Civil Rights Act yaikurukura zvimiro zvakawanda zverusaruro, vhota yakaramba iri nzvimbo yehondo. Dare reRevolution Act [ yakaranganisa mhinganidzo dzemitero yegadziriro yezvinhu] yaidzongonyedzwa nechero, kuedza kurava nokunyora, tyisidziro , izvo zvakachengeta vavhoti veBlack pabvunzi. Gadziro huru dzakabatanidza:

  • Chikamu 2: Kurambidzwa kwerusaruraganda muvhoti murudzi rwose.
  • Chikamu 5: Kutonga Kunodikanwa nenhau yorusaruro kuti “claire” chinjo dzipi nedzipi dzokuvhota nehurumende yehurumende.
  • Vaongorori veFederal vaigona kunyoresa vavhoti apo vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo vakaramba.

Act yakawedzerwa nenzira inoshamisa kunyoresa kwokuvhota pakati peAfrican America, zvikurukuru muSouthern. Pakasvika kuma 1960, zviuru zvavatema vavhoti vakanga vachitora rutivi musarudzo, kuchitungamirira kurusarudzo rwavamiriri vokutanga veBlack navanoumba chifo chapanongedzerwa. Simba romutemo rakasimbiswa apo Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira kutsigina kwaro mu South Carolina v. Katzenbach (196). (6). Zvisinei, 2013 County . Shel County v.[FLT]

Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro penhau yeKonsoni Act yenhau nenzvimbo yazvino pa U.S. Department of Justice[[FLT: 1].

Murayiro Wakanaka Wedzimba wa1968

Kuparadzana kwedzimba kwakanga kwaitwa kupfurikidza nokutengesa kana kuti kuramba chose chose kurumbidza. Fair House Act (Tit VIII yeChibvumirano chekodzero dzechivonichani cha 1968) yakarambidza rusaruro mukutengeswa, kurenda, uye kubhadharwa kwedzimba dzakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi. Gare gare ganhuriro dzakawedzera dziviriro dzemhuri navana navanhu vane urema.

Kusaenzana kwedzimba kuri kuramba kuchienderera mberi: ongororo dzinoratidza kuti mhuri dzeBlack neHispanic dzine mukana wokurambwa zvivako kana kuti kuendeswa kunharaunda dzisina basa.

Kupfuura Zvitatu Zvikuru: Kuwedzera Kwaizoitwa Gare Gare

Gadziriro yomutemo yokuenzana yakapfuurira kukura. Americas dzine Uterame Act (ADA) ya1990 yakapa vanhu vairema, ichirambidza rusaruro mumabasa, mabasa avose, uye pokugara. Yakaziva kuti kuenzana pane dzimwe nguva kunoda pokugara pakafanira kuti pave nechokwadi chokutora rutivi. Nenzira yakafanana, [[FLT:] Lily Bestrueveal Fair Pay Act (2009) yakataura kusarura, inosimbisa nheyo yokuti kuenzana kunobatanidza muripo wakaenzana nokuda kwebasa rakaenzana.

Iyi mitemo yapashure inoenzanisira nzwisiso huru: Kuenzana hakusati kuri nzvimbo isingazivikanwi asi kukura kunopfuurira kwamaruramiro kumapoka aisambobatanidzwa.

Mwoyo Une Mufungo: Kuenzana Kunopesana.

Mitemo yekodzero dzevanhu yakavakirwa papfungwa yokuenzana, asi kuiwana kazhinji kazhinji kunoda kufunga pamusoro pokururamisira.

Kuenzana: Kurapa Kumwe Chete Kwavose

Kuenzana kunoraira kuti mutemo ubate munhu ari wose zvakafanana. Hapana munhu anonyimwa maruramiro akavakirwa pazivikanwo yavo. Iyi nheyo idiro yeSangano rePramende ye14 reMutemunist Protection Claus uye inoratidzirwa mumitemo inorambidza rusaruro. kubata munhu ari wose zvakafanana kwakananga uye kufadza pfungwa yokururamisira.

Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kuenzana kunofuratira kuvadziko dzenhau nedzegadziriro. Kupa munhu ari wose zvinhu zvimwe chetezvo hakubetseri avo vakatanga panzvimbo yakaoma. Somuenzaniso, kungorambidza bedzi kusarura chikoro hakuna kungopa vadzidzi vechiBrack miuyo yedzidzo yakaenzana nejeko, kwakatora makumi amakore okubhadharwa kwakarongwa nedare, kutsigira migariro yakaenzana, uye kutsunga kuvamba kuvhara mukaha wacho.

Kusasarura: Matanho Akanaka Okuita Kuti Pave Nemigumisiro Yakanaka

Equity inobvuma kuti mapoka akasiyana - siyana angada mwero yetsigiro yakasiana---ngofanana kuti asvike muuyo mumwe chetewo. Iyi pfungwa yakabuda musumo yamaruramiro avagari vemo kupfurikidza nomufungo we “tapuro dzinopesana” (muitiro uyo usingatori rutivi pachiso chawo asi unokuvadza nomutoo usingaenzaniswi boka rakadzivirirwa ungava uchiri usiri wapamutemo. Griggs v. chisarudzo chakagadzwa chokuti kuedza basa netapurofiti yedigrim kunofanira kuva kwapamutemo.

Mitemo yakaitwa kuti ive yakakurumbira inobatanidza kubvumwa kwezviito zvokupinda nokutora pakoreji, kuvhota kunoitirwa vavhoti munzanga dzakadzvinyirirwa, uye zvirongwa zvokusimbisa dzimba izvo zvinobetsera mhuri kutamira kunharaunda dzakakwirira. Iyi mirau haiputsi nheyo dzokuenzana nemhaka yokuti inovavarira kupedza mhinganidzo dzakananga. Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba richirangarira kuti nhevedzano yedzinza inofanira kubatira fariro inogombedzerera uye inosanogadzirirwa mupimo wedzimba idzo dzose dziri mbiri dzakatsigira nokuparadza mipimo yakaenzana inotsamira pamashoko akapoteredza.

Nokuda kwokunzvera kukurusa kwekurukurirano yemitemo yakaenzana, ona Rusununguko rweChivi cheAmerica rweChiwi cheNyika yeUnion [[FLT: 1] paruramisiro yedzinza.

Zvinetso Zvinopfuurira Kukuenzana Kwechokwadi

Pasinei zvapo nokukunda kwapamutemo kwama 1960, kuenzana kunoramba kusina kukwana. zvimiro zvitsva zvorusaruro zvakavamba, uye zvakwegura zvinopfuurira kupfurikidza namasangano akavanzika zvikuru. Masangano enzanga azvino uno akamanikidzira kurangarira kuti mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo inoperevedza sei.

Ruramisiro Yoruremekedzo Neruramisiro Youtsotsi

Kuuraya kwaGeorge Floyd, Breenna Taylor, uye vamwe vazhinji vakanyandura kutsutsumwa kwepasi pose mugadziriro yourudzi mumapurisa. Nepo Amendment yechi 14 ichivimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana, fundo dzinoratidza kuti vanhu vechiBlack neHispanic vanomiswa, vanosungwa, uye vanoiswa mujere rakakwirira zvikuru. Georgie Floyd Justice in Policing Act (Kukundikana kupfuura muna 2021] kungadai kwakarambidza kudzorwa, kusimbiswa kuzvidavirira, uye kugadziriswa kwokusazvidzora kwakakwanisika. Kukundikana kwacho kunosimbisa mukaha pakati pezvakanakira kuenzana nemiitiro yomutemo.

Kudzvinyirirwa Nejeti Muzana Ramakore Rechi 21

Pashure pe Chisarudzo chapamberi pekurongwa, hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakagadza mitemo inoisa zvinodikanwa zvevota zvakasimba, inoganhura kuvhota kwapakuvamba, uye kubvisa marobhoti. Iyi mirau inotapura zvikuru vavhoti veruvara, vavhoti vedai redai redainwa, navadzidzi. [FLT:] John Volt Concentive Act [ (rentroectionsss adzosa nokuita kuti Voting Rights Act, asi giration reconation reques reques traption trans trans trans trans trans trans trans.

Kusaenzana Kwemari Nedzidzo

Mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo wakanga usingatongovi bedzi pamusoro pekuenzana kwapamutemo ne(*) kwakanga kuriwo pamusoro pemukana wezvemari. Chivil Rights Act yaitaura nezvebasa, asi mishavo yemari, kusawirirana, uye mari yechikoro inoramba iripo. Mhuri dzeBlack neLatino dzine chikamu chepfuma yedzimba dzevachena. Chikoro chawedzera chaizvoizvo mumakore 30 apfuura, maererano nemashoko anobva ku project yeChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheUC, yeChibvumirano cheUC, [[FLT]]. Pasi pokutaura nezveiyi misiyano yemapuraneti, kuenzana kwapamutemo kunogona kunzwa zvisina maturo.

Nguva Yemberi Yekodzero Dzevagari Vemo: Kuwedzera Nzvimbo Yacho

Vaiti vemitemo nevatsigiri vanopfuurira kutsigira mutemo mutsva unotaura nezvemisiyano yepanguva ino. Marudzi ekodzero dzevanhu akura kuti asanganisire dziviriro dzeLGBTQ, vanhu vakaremara, uye vatami. Nheyo dzokuenzana nedzokuenzana dzinoramba dziri nyeredzi dzinotungamirira.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero uye Murairo Wokuenzana

Chiratidzo cheSangano reSangano, icho chapfuura Imba kanoverengeka asi chakamiswa muDare, chaizoshandura Chiratidzo chaCivil Rights kuti chidzivise zvakajeka rusaruro pahwaro hwedariro nechiratidzo chevatano. Nepo Dare Gurusaidzo [[FLT:] Bostock v. Clayton County [2020] chisarudzo chakadudzira zita reChitiomero VII kufukidza mirangariro yevatano nezivikanyo yevatano pabasa, mutemo wakakwana waizotambanudzira dziviriro kudzimba, pokugara vanhu vose, uye purogiramu dzinobhadhanyidzirwa nenzira inowirirana. Iri dare rinobatanidza chiono chokuenzana icho chinobatanidza LBTQT+ Americans.

Ruramisiro Yakakamukana Nokusasarurana Kwedzinza

Vamwe vatsigiri vanotaura kuti uenzani hwechokwadi hunoda kukurukura nhaka youranda kupfurikidza nokutsiva. H.R. 40, yakataurwa yapinzwazve muCongress, yaizotanga musangano rokufundazve zvikarakadzo. Nepo dare risati riri mutemo pacharo, ringagona kutungamirira kugadziriro dzinogovera mishonga yakavakirwa pamipiro yedzidzo yakaenzana yakadai sezvipo zvedzidzo, betsero yedzimba, uye pfuma. Gakavanwa pamusoro pezvikamu zvinodzokororo rinoparira mubvunzo wakakura zvikuru: Ko mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo unogona kusvitsa kuenzana kana usati wakarurama kwamazana amakore okuwana nhevedzano?

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nekodzero Dzevanhu Vose

Sezvo maarufabheti anodzora nenzira inowedzera basa, chikwereti, dzimba, uye mapurisa, mutemo wamaruramiro avagari vemo unofanira kuchinjirwa. Maarusaiti emitemo yokusasarura anogona kupfuudzira rusaruro pamwero. Algorithmithmubility Actal Act [ (achinobvumirwa muna 2022]) angada kuti makambani aongorore gadziriro dzawo dzinoshanda nokuda kwemhinano dzamagariro. Iri basa rinokura rekodzero dzavanhu rinoratidza kuti ukama pakati pekuenzana nomutemo hahusi hwenhau yagara huchizadziri kuvhurika.

Mugumisiro: Kuenzana senheyo Mupenyu

Ukama pakati pekuenzana nemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu hunoshanda uye hahuna kupedzwa. Mitemo yepasi pevhu kubva kuma1960 yakagadzira gadziriro yepamutemo yokurapa kwakaenzana, asi haina kugumisa rusaruro. Zvakafanana, kushanduka kupfurikidza nokuenzana kwetsika kunoitwa nokusasarura kwakakudza kunzwisisa kwedu zvinodiwa neruramisiro. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chitsva chemitemo (ichinoumbwa neADA, kana kuti chitsama chinokarakadzwa kuti muganhu weEality Act / brimes panheyo yakaiswa naavo vaifora, vakaramba, uye vakachinja mutemo.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vatsigiri, kutora kwakananga: kuva wakaenzana hakusi chipo chomutemo asi chinoitwa chinoenderera mberi. Mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo unogovera urongwa, asi chido chokuhushandisa chinofanira kubva kuvagari vemo vakaziviswa. Nguva yemberi inotsamira pakuramba kusava nehanya uye kuziva kuti chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kuvandudza musengwa wokutonga kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Rwendo runobva ku rusingatongoitwi nokuda kwe BROBN[FLT] ku [FLT] County [FL:][FLD:5]] kurwendo rwazvino unoratidzwa kuti fambiroko haitongofaniri kuitirwa, kubhineti, uye kudzivirira.