Kuedza kurwisa ugandanga kunotsamira pauchenjeri hwakakodzera nguva, hwakarurama kuti kudzivise kurwisa nokuputsa masangano amagandanga. Nepo zviratidzo zvouchenjeri nemashoko zvichishanda mabasa anokosha, ungwaru hwomunhu hunoramba husingatsiviki. Mitoo miviri inoshanda zvikurusa yemunhu ndeyokushandiswa kwezvinozivisa uye mabasa okuvhara. Iyi nzira inobvumira zviremera kupinda munzvimbo dzakavharwa, kuunganidza mashoko angadai akaramba akavanzwa, uye kuumba zvinoitika zvinotungamirira kukwidziridza. Zvisinei, zvinosimudzirawo tsika dzakadzamatsika, pamutemo, uye mibvunzo inoshanda. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kukuru kwezvinoziviswa uye mabasa okudzivisa mitoo yazvo, mitoo yazvo, mitoo, migariro, zvinetso, uye zvikumbiro chaizvoizvo.

Kukosha Kunoshamisa Kwoungwaru Hwevanhu Pakurwisa Ugandanga

Ugandanga hwazvino uno hunotsamira pamuvhenganiswa wounyanzvi nouchenjeri hwavanhu. Ungwaru hwemichina hunobatanidza kudzorwa kwekurukurirano, kunyorwa kwemari, uye mashoko okunzvera. Kunyange zvakadaro mapoka amagandanga anowanzochinjira kupfurikidza nokushandisa kunyorwa kwamashoko, kufambidzana kwapanze pepo, uye zviteshi zvinobatira zvinoganhurira kuunganidzwa kwounyanzvi. Ungwaru hwomunhu (HUMINT) hunozadza mipata inokosha. Informations nevakuru vakuru vakuru vebasa vanogona kuzvipinza vamene mukati memabhuronga, zvinangwa, uye kugovera nzwisiso chaiyoiyo yenguva chaiyo mukuronga, kutsigira, kunyoresa, uye chivako chesero. Mukuwirirana ne , HUMINT iko yakanyanya kubetsera nokuda kwenzwisiso yemasangano, zvinangwa, uye kuisa zvinhu izvo zvisaririra zvounyanzvi.

Manyuko avanhu anogonawo kugovera zviratidzo zvenyevero dzedenho dziri pedyo, kugonesa kudzongonyedza, uye kubetsera kuziva vanhu vangaitwa kuti vave vadzorerwe. Pasina vazivi navamiriri vechivande, masangano akangwara angatsamira chose chose pacherechedzo dzokunze nekurukurirano dzinodzivisa, idzo dzinogona kunonotswa kana kuti kuperevedza. Nhando yeiyi mitoo naizvozvo inokosha kukudzivisa ugandanga.

Informatants: Tsananguro, Kuwedzera, uye Zvinokurudzira

Ndiani Anova Informant?

Informant ingava nhengo dzeboka remagandanga pacharo, shamwari dzemhuri, kana kuti vanhu vakapupurira mabasa anonyumwira. Havasi vakuru vakuru vanonyanya kuzivikanwa; havasi vanhuwo zvavo vanoshandira pamwe nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana - siyana. Panyaya dzemagandanga, vazivisi vanowanzobva muzvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo. Vangave vakabatana nevamwe vanosarudza kushandira pamwe, kana kuti vangatorwa kubva kuvanhu vasina dziviriro vari pedyo nemubatanidzwa wemagandanga.

Kuzvidzora Nokutarisira

Kunyorera muzivisi muitiro unovavarira. Masangano emitemo anonzvera vanhu vane mazango okugona kubatira anokwanisa uye vanogona kuvimbwa kuti vagovere mashoko akavimbika. Mitoo inozivikanwa inobatanidza kudzorwa inobatanidza dzvinyiriro dzapamutemo dzapamutemo, kurudziro dzemari, kugadziriswa kwepfungwa, kana kuti zvigumburi zvomunhu oga paboka. MuUnited States, Federal Bureaution of Investigation (FBI) ine mitemo ine udzame hwemitemo yokubata vazivisi, kubatanidza zvinodikanwa zvezvibvumirano zvakanyorwa noutariri kupfurikidza navatarisiri. Kushandira Office yeMutongi weInsnerneror yakabudisa mishumo inonzvera, inosimbisa kudikanwa kwokudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira.

Zvikonzero Nengozi

Hutauro dzinopesana zvikuru. Dzimwe batira pamwe nokuda kwokuva vanyoro mumhaka dzavo vamene dzoutsotsi, dzimwe nokuda kwemibayiro yemari, uye dzimwe nemhaka yomufungo webasa rehurumende kana kuti kuvhiringidzika neboka. Zvisinei, ngozi dzacho dzakakura. Informants dzinotarisana nebviro yokuva pachena, uko kunogona kutungamirira kukutsiva ivo nemhuri dzavo. Kukuvadziko yendangariro yokurarama upenyu huviri inokoshawo. Kosita yemari inofanira kugovera mwero wedziviriro, yakadai sokuvakwazve, chinjo, uye kunzvera kwokuchengeteka kunopfuurira. Kunyange zvakadaro nezviito izvi, vazivi vanoramba vanoramba vari vanyajambwa vakachengeteka. Nhau ye [[FL:] United States] v. . Dare reLaden [FLT] [FLD1:] rakaratidzawokuzivisa basa guru mukuvaka mukurwisana neARQa anoshanda, asi gare gare gare gare gare, vazivisi vazhinji vanoda kuzivisa dziviriro.

Mabasa Okugadzira Zvinhu Nemapepa Epamutemo

Kushandiswa kweInformant kunodzorwa nemitemo nemirau yomukati. MuUnited States, Attorney’s Guidelines on the Use ause Informants and Insives inogadza mipimo yokunyoresa, kubhadharwa, uye utariri. Zvirongwa zvakafanana zviripo muUnited Kingdom pasi peRegation of Powersive Powers (RIPA) Act (RIPA) uye mune dzimwe nyika dzine hurumende dzinorwisa ugandanga. Idzi nhungamiro dzinovavarira kudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwakadaro somusungo, kumanikidzwa, uye kuputirwa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo. Mututunzi, zvose zviri zviviri zviri mukati nekunze, zviziviso zvokudzokororo kuti zvive nechokwadi. Kunyange zvakadaro, vatsoropodzi vanozivisa kuti kushandisa mutemo, zvikurukuru munzanga shoma.

Kushanda Muchivande: Matare, Kurovedza, uye Kutarisira Ngozi

Mitoo Yokuisa Nayo Nhau Dzokufukidza

Kushanda kwoungwaru kunobatanidza vakuru vakuru vanoona mutemo vakarovedzwa vachifungidzira kuti vane uzivi hwenhema kuti vapinde mumapoka amagandanga. Kusafanana navanopa mashoko echibharo, inyanzvi, kazhinji kazhinji dzinosarudzwa zvikuru uye dzakarovedzwa zvikuru mukuongorora, kurukurirano, uye kusimba kwendangariro. Nhau dzavo dzebutiro dzakavakwa nenzira yokungwarira kuti vatsungirire. Vamiriri vangaoneka savadzorwi vanonzwira tsitsi, vagoveri vezvombo. Vavariro ndeyokuwana chivimbo chemitezo yeboka, vanopinda misangano, uye kuunganidza ufakazi hunogona kushandiswa mudare.

Kutora kunofanira kutora mwedzi kana kuti makore. Vamiririri vanofanira kugamuchira mutauro, tsika, uye pfungwa zveboka. Vanofanirawo kugadzirira kutora rutivi mumibato isiri pamutemo kuti vachengetedze kuvanda, asi kusvikira bedzi kusvikira kutambanuko iri madikanwa neinobvumirwa napamutemo. Mitemo yapamutemo inoganhurira icho vamiriri vanogona kuita. Somuenzaniso, vanofanira kudzivisa kutanga masimba kana kuti kunyandura ugandanga. Mumasangano akawanda, vamiriri vepa vechivande havagoni kuita utsotsi hungarangarirwa kuva hwamasimba masimba, uye mabasa api naapi asiri apamutemo avanoita anofanira kubvumirwa mumiraudzo yakananga.

Nguva Yacho uye Kuchengeteka

Kushanda kwokuvanza kunogona kuva kwapaburi. Kurevererwa kweFBI [FFL:0] Crepection, iyo yakaranganira vanyanyisi vechiIslam muUK, yakabatanidza mushandisi akabatira pasi pevhu uyo akapedza makore achipinza boka. Kuchengeteka kwemibato kukuru, sezvo kuputsa kupi nokupi kungagona kubvumiranisa mamiriro ezvinhu nechinoitika zvacho. Mitengo inoshandisa mirwi mizhinji yetarisiro, kubatanidza mirangariro yengozi yenhambo negadziriro dzekurumidziro. Kuoma kwendangariro nemirangariro pasi pezvitokisi zvinoda tsigiro zvendangariro pashure pokuiswa kwenzvimbo refu.

Miganhu Yepamutemo Nokuchinja

Humwe hwemativi anomutsa nharo zvikurusa okuvhiringwa ingozi yokubatwa. Kuiswa mungozi kunoitika apo kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunoparira munhu kuita mhaka yaaisazoita neimwe nzira. Kudzivisa ikoku, kuvhima kunofanira kusanorongwa. rondedzero yemitemo yekutera [ muUnited States inoda kubvumikisa kuti hurumende yakaparira utsotsi uye kuti mukwirirwi akanga asina chimiro chendangariro chapamberi chokuhuita. Matare akadzinganisa mhaka apo vamiriri vechivande vakashandisa dzvinyiriro yakanyanyisa kana kuti vanokarakadza zvisakafanira zvisiri pamutemo kuvanhu vasingadiwi. Nhungamiro dzinoraira kuti vaparidziridziridziridzire uye vangocherekedzawo zvavo uye kwete uganda.

Dare reEuropean Court of Human Rights rakasarudzawo kushandiswa kwevamiririri vehurumende vari pasi pehurumende, richida kuti mabasa aitwe mupamutemo uye kuti adzivirirwe zvakakwana kuti vasabatwa zvisina kufanira.

Kushanda Pachivande Kunoshamisa

Mibato mizhinji inorwisana nougandanga yaitsamira pabasa rapachivande. Octs Crevice (2004) muUK yakatungamirira kukupwiswa kwavarume vashanu vaironga kushandisa mabhomba efetiiza. Mukuru mukuru anovharwa, “Martin,” yakakwidzwa seane shingairo imwe cheteyo uye akaunganidza ufakazi hwakakomba. muUnited States, “Newburgh Four” mhaka yakamutsa funganyo pashure pokunge muvanzi weFBI aita basa guru mukuronga chirongwa. [[FLT: 0] maruramiro eHuman Watch Watch akanzvera nhau dzakadaro, ichinongedzera kumutsa mirangariro yakaisvonaka pakati pokudzivirira kwapamutemo napa mhaka.

Mumwe muenzaniso ndewokupinda kwe “Raccawanna Sweki Nhanhatu”, uko muzivisi akagovera udzame pamusoro perovedzo yeboka racho mumisasa yeAl -Qaeda. Izvi zvinoitika zvinoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri kubudirira uye kuoma kwetsika dzebasa rakavanzika.

Kutadza Kushanda Pakati PemaInformant Nevamiririri Vaiva Muchivande

Mabasa Anogutsa

Informants dzinogona kugovera mijenya yokutanga nesumo, nepo zvinhu zvakavanzika zvinogona kuvaka chivimbo chakadzama ndokuunganidza ufakazi hwakasimba. Somuenzaniso, muzivi angaziva sero ringabvira regandanga; mushandi akaderera ipapo angakumbanira sero kuti aone zvirongwa. Uku kukwirira kwouchenjeri kunowedzera uye kuderedza kuvimba nechinhu chipi nechipi.

Kuyerera Kwamashoko Nechinodzivirira Chomurayiro

Kutarisira manyuko akawanda avanhu kunoda tsinhirano yakasiana-- siyana. Zvirongwa zvinowanzova nemukuru mukuru wedare anobata mutengi uye chikwata chakasiyana chinotarisira mumiriri wechokuvhara. Mashoko anonyorwa nokunatswa kudzivisa kunyorwa kana kuti kupokanidzana. Uchenjeri hunopfuudzwa kuvaongorori navagadziri vemitongo vanogona kuunganidza mapoka okusunga kana kuti mabasa okurambidza. Chitevedzana chemirairo chinovimbisa kuti hakuna manyuko mamwe echiremera anogona kumisa nhau, uye kuti perero yokushanda kwacho inochengetwa.

Betsero Nekuyera Miuyo

Kubatsira kukuru kwezviziviso uye kushanda kwoungwaru kukwanisa kuunganidza uchenjeri huri mukati memasangano akavharwa.

  • Kudenha kwapakarepo kusati kwaitika: Ungwaru chaihwoihwo hunogonesa kusungwa nokudzongonyedzwa kwezvirongwa, sezvinoonekwa muchadenga chendege cha2006 apo mativi ezviziviso nebasa romuvandika zvaikosha.
  • inoisa vatungamiriri vakuru navagadziri vemabhomba: manyuko avanhu anogona kuzivisa mapoka amagandanga, kuzivisa vanyoresi, vabati vemabhomba, uye vagadziri vemabhomba.
  • Chiumba ufakazi hwapamutemo hunozivisa: makarekodhi akavanzika nechipupuriro chinozivisa kazhinji kazhinji chinhu chinokosha kuzvitendero, kuchigovera chibvumikiso chakananga chedonzo nokutora rutivi.
  • Kupinda nokuchinja: Kupinda kunogona kuziva nzvimbo dzinokwidziridza nokubatanidza paIndaneti, kuchigonesa kupindira kwokukurumidza.
  • inonzvera mano eboka nevavariro: Informants dzinogona kushuma pamusoro pokuwana zvombo, rovedzo, uye tsika, zvichibetsera kukarira tyisidziro dzomunguva yemberi.

Rubudiriro rwemitoo iyi rwunooneka muzvirongwa zvakawanda zvinobhuroka. Maererano ne Government Accouncition Office [GAO], vazivi vakaita rutivi rukuru mukukwidziridzwa kweUnited States kwapashure pe 9 / 11. Kukwanisa kuunganidza ufakazi hwakananga kunowanzotungamirira kukukumbira kune mhaka, kuchideredza kudikanwa kwemiedzo mirefu.

Zvinetso Nezvinetso

Ngozi Kuvanhu Vari Kushandira

Denho yapakarepo zvikurusa ikotsekano yomunhu oga. Informant idzo dzinowanikwa dzinogona kuurawa neboka, uye mhuri dzadzo dzinganangidzirwawo. Varidzi vechivande vanotarisana netyisidziro yenguva dzose yokuva pachena, iyo ingagona kutungamirira kumasimba masimba kana kuti kubata. Masangano anoisa mari yakawanda mumipimo yokudzivirira asi haagoni kubvisa ngozi. Kukuvara kwendangariro kunobatanidza kunetseka, kuzviparadzanisa, uye funganyo inobvira papo. Chinoitika cha R v. G muUK yakasimbisa nhau dzoutano hwendangariro dzinotarisana navakuru vakuru vakuru vezvivara.

Kusunungurwa Kwavagari Vemo Nokutarisirwa

Iyi mitoo inodzongonyedza nenzira yomuzvarirwo kuva voga nesonganiro yakasununguka. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti vazivi vechivande vanogona kutyisa kutaura kwapamutemo kwezvamatongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru munzanga dzechiMuslim idzo dzinoitirwa donzo. American Civil Liberesties Union [ yakamutsa funganyo pamusoro pokushandiswa kwavazivisi kuti vatarisi vatarisi vadzo vatarisirwe mibato yorudzidziso nokuramba kwezvamatongerwe enyika, vachinyevera kuti inogona kudzivisa kuita chiito chapamutemo. Masangano anozvidzora, akadai semabhodhi ehwirowa edare, anokosha kudzivisa basa. Zvisinei, kutarisira kunogona kuva kuneta, zvikurukuru munyika dzine miitiro inosaidzika.

Kubvumirana uye Unyengeri

Informants dzingagovera mashoko enhema kana kuti akakatutsirwa kuti uwane betsero, uzvichengetedze umene. Kushanda kwokuvimbika kunoda kuongorora kwapamusana napane mamwe manyuko uye kushandisa kuedza kwepolygraph kana kuti kudzorwa. Vashandisi vevhu vanogona kukweverwa zvikuru muboka racho, zvichitungamirira ku ku“ kubuda mumo” . . .[FLT]

Nhau Dzokushandira Pamwe Kwenyika Dzose Nedzokutonga

Ugandanga hunodzivisa ugandanga hunowanzopfuudza miganhu. Informants navashandi vevhareji vangashanda munyika dzakawanda, kumutsa nhau dzouchangamire, kubetserana kwapamutemo, uye mipimo yapamutemo yakasiana. Somuenzaniso, muzivisi anopinzwa nezviremera zveUS angava nekodzero pasi pemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu yeEurope inoomesera kugoverana mashoko. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime inopa nhungamiro nokuda kwebatira pamwe yenyika dzose, asi inochinja.

Fundo Dzehosha Nezvidzidzo Zvakadzidzwa

Chirongwa Chokufambisa Ndege cha2006

Iyi gadziriro yaibatanidza kubvisa zvimbambaira zvinoputika zvinoputika pandege kubva paUK kuenda kuUS. Uchenjeri kubva kuvazivi vari mukati mesangano rinonyanyisa, vakabatanidzwa nokunzverwa kwapachivande, hwakabvumira zviremera zveBritain kusungwa zvinopfuura 20 vanonyumwirwa denho dzisati dzarwiswa. Mhaka yacho yakaratidzira ukoshi hwouchenjeri hwomunhu mukudzivisa mabasa akaoma, makuru. Yakamutsawo nharo dzapamutemo pamusoro pokusaoneka kwoufakazi hwechivande uye urefu hwekupfigwa utorongo hwapamberi.

Kurwisa kweParis kwa1915

Pashure pekudenha muParis muna November 2015, nzvero dzakatsamira zvikuru pavazivi napamasero akavanzika kutevera mibatanidzwa yavapari. Ungwaru hweFrance hwakanga hwamboshandisa vazivi kuongorora kuchinjwa kwedzimwe vapari vemhosva, asi mikana yokuwedzera mashoko yakabvumira zano racho kufambira mberi. Zvakazoitika zvakatungamirira kugadziridza kugadziridza kwemashandiro epfungwa dzechiFrench uye gadziriro yepamutemo yokushanda pachivande. Mushumo wemubatanidzwa [ pakupindura kwakasimbisa kudiwa kwokuvandudzira zvakanaka kwouchenjeri hwevanhu uye unyanzvi hwemakombiyuta.

Kushandiswa kweInformant muPost-9/11 US

MuUnited States, FBI yakawedzera kushandiswa kwayo kwezviziviso zvinoshamisa pashure pa 9/11. Pakasvika 2009, FBI yakanga ine makumi ezviuru zvevazivi, vakawanda vaishandira nokuongorora nzanga dzechiMuslim. Nepo ikoku kwakatungamirira kukuita kuti kukwikwidzirirwe, kwakaparirawo gakava. Zvisakiso zvakadai se [ Newburgh Four uye [[FLT:] [FLT]] . Chidzidzo chacho chinoparira bhomba rebhomba reFirikiti [ kukwidziridza. Chidzidzo chakaitwa ne [[FLT:] University of Law [FLT] chakawana kuti vazivisimudziridzi mumiro inoya pane dzimwe nguva. Chidzidzo chacho chinenge chichizivisa kuti vasanofanira kudzorwa kuti vasashanduke mhosva.

Kupedzisa: Kudzikamisa Kuchengeteka Nekodzero Muugandanga Hwemazuva Ano

Kudziviswa kwekurwisa kwakawanda kunoratidza kubudirira kwakwo. Asi nzira idzi dzinova nengozi huru uye zvinetso zvetsika. Kukwanisa kubatwa, kuderera kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo, uye kuchengeteka kwezvinobva mumapoka nezvinokonzera chisimba.

Zvirongwa zvapamutemo zvapamutemo, utariri hunozvimirira, uye rovedzo zviri madikanwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti aya maturusi anoshandiswa nenzira inowirirana neyapamutemo. Sezvo unyanzvi hwemagandanga huchichinja, saizvozvowo mitoo yokuunganidza nayo. Kudzikamisa chengeteko nekodzero hakusi chinhu chimwe chete asi muitiro unopfuurira. Kunzwisisa kuoma kwokushandisa vazivi nebasa rokuvanza kunokosha kuvagadziri vemitemo, vanachiremba, uye voruzhinji kutsigira ugandanga hunobudirira, hwetsika dzinopesana.