Ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende hwakava chinhu chikuru chenyanduko chifo chokutangwa kweredhiyo yeAmerica. Bill of Rights, yakasimbiswa muna 1791, pakutanga yakanzwisiswa kushanda chose chose kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, ichishanda sedziviriro mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri hwerudzi. Ikoku kwakasiya mukaha mukuru mukudzivirirwa kwerusununguko rwomunhu, sezvo hurumende dzaigona kuganhurira maruramiro ehurumende pasina kutarisana nedenho yemitemo yehurumende. Dzidziso yeIncorporation Reformation yakabuda kubva mumitemo yemitemo yapamutemo pashure pehondo yeChizvarwa chavagari vemo kuti ipedzedze chinetso ichi. Munzira yezana ramakore rechi20, Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa nenzira inosarudzwa nekodzero dzehurumende dzose, kushandura zvikurukuru nzvimbo yeAmerica yemubatanidzwa wenyika yose neruramisiro. Kunzwisisa iyi idzidziso yokuti pamutemo idzorerwe nekodzero dzehurumende yeUnited States nhasi dzinodzorongedzerwei.

Mavambo Edzidziso Yokusawirirana

Antebellum Understanding: Barron v. Baltimore

Mutongi John Marshall (1833). Mubvunzo wokutanga wezana remakore rechi19, wokuti Bill of Rights yaishandiswa kunyika dzakagadziriswa nechisarudzo cheDare repamusorosoro mu Barron v. Baltimore.Mutongi mukuru John Marshall, achinyora nokuda kweDare rekodzero dzakabatana, akadavira kuti Bill of Rights yairambidzwa sechirambidzo pahurumende yehurumende. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza muridzi wechiteshi muBaltimore uyo akakunura guta nokuda kwokukuvadza pfuma yake pasina kubhadhara. Nepo Rendemented Reformation yakarambidza kutora nzvimbo yaparuzhinji pasina kubhadhadhadhairwa, Dare rakatonga kuti mutemo uyu wakanga usingasungi hurumende kana kuti urege kudzorwa. Chisarudzo ichi chakaumbwa chakajeka: hurumende yakadzorwa nehurumende yaibatanidzwa nehurumende nehurumende yeBalmorence, asi yaidzorwa kudzorwa kudzorodza hurumende dzavo chete.

Gadziriro Yechigumi Nechine Chinetso Chenyika Yechipfupi

Kuiswa kwamashoko kwe 144th Amendment muna 1868 kwakanga kuri mhinduro yakananga kukusaruramisira kweHondo yapashure peChivil South ne dzidziso. Kugadziriswa kwakatsvaka kudzivirira varanda vachangobva kusunungurwa pamutemo wenyika ine utsinye. Chikamu Chokutanga chine zvitsama zvikuru zvinoverengeka, asi zviviri ndezvepakati peIncorporation Religion:

  • [ Ropafadzo kana kuti maImmuniti Claus: `Hapana Hurumende ichaita kana kuti kumanikidza mutemo upi noupi uchafukidza nzvimbo dzakakodzera kana kuti kudzivirira vagari veUnited States.
  • [ Chitanho Chakafanira Claus:[ "... uyewo Hurumende ipi neipi haisati ichizonyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo."

Pakutanga, kwaidavirwa kuti Maropafadzo kana kuti maImmuniti Claus yaizova motokari huru yokushandisa Bill of Rights kunyika. Zvisinei, mu Cases-Imba (1873] [183], Dare Gurusa redare rakaganhurira zvikuru mwero weiyi ndima, richiva rakadzivirira bedzi gadziriro nhete yekodzero dzakatorwa kubva kuvagari vemo vemo, zvakadai sekodzero yokukumbira Congress kana kuti kusvitsa zviteshi zvomubatanidzwa weIncorogation Redition Revotion kweripoat. Somuuyo, Dare rakatendeukira kuGwaro reAct Claus semanyuko yekodzero huru yehurumende inorwisana nechiito.

Evolution yeDoctrinal: Kubva Kukodzero Dzinokosha Kukusarudza Kutsinhiranisa

Kodzero Dzinokosha Dzinosvika

Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19 uye pakuvamba kwerechi20, Dare rakavamba kuvamba muedzo wapamutemo wokushandisa Bill of Rights kunyika. Mu Trining v. New Jersey [108] [1908], Dare rakagadza "kodzero dzendangariro". Nhau yacho yakanga isiri kana gadziriro chaiyo yeChivimbo chekodzero dzekodzero yakanga yatyorwa, asi kana hurumende yakanga yaputsa maruramiro makuru zvokuti yakanga iri "yapamutemo mumurangariro wokurayira rusununguko". Ikoku kwakapa chisarudzo chinokosha chokusarudza uye kusarudza kodzero dzakafanira kudzivirirwa nehurumende.

Palko v. Connecticut na"Rusununguko Rwakadzorwa"

Mutongi Benjamin Cardozo akagadza iyi nzira yakasarudzwa mumhaka yechiratidzo ye Palko v. Connecticut (1937]. Frank Palka akaidzirwa kuti aurawe, aipomerwa mhaka yokuuraya, uye akapiwa mutongo woupenyu. Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti njodzi yakanga isati iri mbiri yeruramisiro yakabva mumagamuchidzanwa nehana yavanhu vedu. Dare rakatanga kuti kutonga kwechipiri kwaipunza kudzivirira Pe5 Amend Reputencence. Dare gurusa rakatonga kuti njodzi yakanga isati iri "papriti yeruramisiro yakabva mumagamuchidzanwa nehana dzedu seyaiva nzvimbo inokosha." Dare raidzorongedzerororo yogaro ye "Kutonga kwapamhoshonga.

Ruramisiro Yokusawirirana Yose yeRusarudzo

Mutongi Hugo Black akanga ari mutsoropodzi akatanhamara zvikurusa wenzira yokusarudza. Munhambo imwe yake paDare, akarangarira kuti Kuedza kwe14 kwaifanira kushandisa Bill of Rights yose kuruwa. "Zvose" rondedzero yake yaidavira kuti Gwendero RePregment ye 1450 Reformation yakabatanidza dziviriro dzose dzedzisere dzokutsiva. Vatema vaidavira kuti "kodzero dzendangariro" kunzvera kwakapa simba rakanyanya uye kuti ufakazi hwenhau hwakatsigira hwerengedzo. Nepo Murakadhika usina kutongowina voruzhinji nokuda kwerondedzero yake yakazara, kusabvumirana kukuru muzvinoitika zvake [[FLT:]. [FLD] California:] [FLT] [12] [47]

Dare reWarren Nechinjo Yeutsotsi

Sarudzo yeChirevo chikuru Earl Warren muna 1953 yakaratidzira chinjo yekudengenyeka kwapasi muIncorporation Doctrine. Dare reWarren rakagamuchira murangariro wakafara werusununguko rwomunhu uye rakachinja zvikurukuru ukama pakati pemiitiro yemitemo youtsotsi yehurumende neBumbiro reMitemo. Munhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvechiratidzo mukati mema 1960, Dare rakabatanidzwa inenge yose yedziviriro dzeutsotsi dzeChibvumirano cheRegions. Nguva ino inowanzonzi "muitiro wekuchinja kwemitemo yehurumende." Yakawedzera zvikuru kutarisirwa kwehurumende kwamapurisa, matare, uye majeri, richivimbisa kuti pamutemo mukuru waishanda pasinei zvapo nezvinonzi munhu anorarama maari.

Bhuku Rekodzero Rakatumirwa kuUnited States: Kuongorora Kwakarurama

Muitiro wokubatanidza wakanga usati uri chinoitika chimwe asi kukura kwapashoma napashoma, mhaka nenyaya. Pasi apa kuputsika kwemashandisirwe akaita Dare Rapamusorosoro gadziriro huru imwe neimwe yeBill of Rights kumaruwa.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Kutaura, Kubudisa Mashoko, Gungano, uye Rudzidziso

First Amendment yakanga iri muganhu mukuru wokutanga wokubatanidza. Mu Gitlow v. New York (1925), Dare rairangarira kuti rusununguko rwokutaura rwakanga rwuri maruramiro anokosha akadzivirirwa kuhurumende neGrandment. [[FLT:] ne] nenhokwa. Mitenaso[[[FLT]][FLT][3] [193] [193] [31] yatambanurira iyi dziviriro kurusununguko rwemapepanhau, yaidzika mutemo waibvumira kudzorwa kwapamberi mberi kwamapepanhau. [FL:] [FLT:] [4] [vFONG] [vFLT].[5] [5] [iinotikusimbisa dziviriro kwapakuvamba.]

Kuchinja Kwechipiri: Kodzero Yokuchengeta Nokutakura Zvombo

[Nguva yeChipiri] United States v. Cruikshank[[FL]] [[FLT] [12] na [[FLT] [FOL:] [10] [pane] mativi ose ezana rechi20, Dare rakaramba kushandisa Second Amendment kuruwa. [1886] mu [[FLT] United States] v.[FLT][10] uye [[FOLT] [FOL] [N] [FON] na[10] , Dare rakati kodzero yokutakura zvombo yakanga iri muganhu pahurumende yemubatanidzwa, kwete nyika ino.[10]

Kudzikamiswa Kwechina: Kutsvaka Nokuzvidzora uye Kutonga Kwokugumisa

Chinjo yeChina inodzivirira kunzvera kusina mufungo nokusurumuka uye inoda zvibvumikiso zvokutsigirwa nechinobvira. Nzira yokubatanidza iyi gadziridzo yakanga iri refu uye yakaoma. Mu Wolf v. Colorado[ (1949), Dare rakadzivisa kuti kodzero yokusununguka pakutsvaka kwokuzvidira yakanga iri inokosha, asi yakaramba kushandisa mutemo wokubvisa zvinhu (*) mushonga unodzivisa nenzira isiri yapamutemo kubatwa mudare (*) kumitengo. Ikoku kwakagadzira basa apo kusingadzoreki rudyi asi kwaidzoreki pamwero inodzoreka. Dare rakashandura nzira yenhau mu [FLT:] yapamutemo. [FLD] mipimo yemitemo inopfuvura yapa. [FF] [FF] [F]

Kuchinja Kwechishanu: Kuzviparadzanisa, Kuzvipinza Mungozi Kaviri, uye Kutora

Gadziriro huru dzeFindre Amendment dzakaiswa panguva dzakasiyana. Kutora nzvimbo yapachivande yeChinjo yeFindre yakatongerwa kushandiswa kwavose, kana kuti kudzorwa kwechinhu chako chako. Kudzivirira panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri kwakabatanidzwa [, Chicaton & Lamp; Mary. Chicago[[[FLT]] [1897] [18] [197]], kuratidzira itiro yedare nekodzero dzezvinhu. [FLT] Njokaturo yakakurumbira zvikurusa yakabatanidzwa [[FLT].[5] .[5]

Mutezo Wechitanhatu: Kodzero Dzisina Kukanganisika Dzokutongwa

. [[5] .[5]

Kuchinja Kwezvisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

Dare reCalifornia rakaputsa mutemo weCalifornia wakakuita kuti kuve mhaka kupindwa muropa nemishonga, richiita kuti hurumende irege kuranga munhu nokuda kwenzvimbo kana kuti mugariro, sezvinopesana nechiito chakananga. Iyi yakanga iri nguva yokutanga Dare rakashandisa Resert Amendment kumaruwa, richizarura musuo wenharo dzemazuva ano pamusoro pechirango cherufu nemigariro yetorongo, kubatanidza kurambidzwa kwemari inopfumbadzira mari nefa.

Tapuro Yekubatana Pamitemo yeHurumende Yeutsotsi

Incorporation Doctrine yakava netapuro yayo hurusa pamasangano emitemo ehurumende. Pamberi pama 1960, masangano akanga ane chisarudzo chikuru chokutarisira matare awo, madhipatimendi emapurisa, uye majeri sezvaakaona kuti akakodzera. Kubatanidza kwerechina, shanu, tanhatu, uye Endements Reformation dzakaisa mipimo yemitemo yehurumende yapamutemo pamitemo iyi. Masangano ehurumende ehurumende aifanira kushandisa miitiro yokuwana magwaro, kugovera Manda, uye pamusoro peketani yekodzero yekodzero yokuchengeta nokuda kwoufakazi. matare ehurumende aidikanwa kugovera matare edare nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba zvakakomba, uye kuisa pasi pezvisaririra zvisiri pamutemo. Kushandiswa kwoutsotsi munyika yose kwakanga kuri kumwe kwomutemo kwakatanhamara, kunokosha zvikuru kwechibvumirano chedare remitemo yedare renyika yeAmerica nokuda kwoutongi.

Nharo Dzomunguva Ino uye Kutsoropodza

Kutanga Neropafadzo Kana Kuti Kuzvidzora Kunotsiva

Pasinei zvapo nokugamuchirwa kwaro kwakapararira, Incorporation Doctrine inoramba iri nhau yekurukurirano yakakomba neinotonga. Vatongi vazhinji vemavambo nenyanzvi dzemitemo vanotaura kuti Dare rapamusoro reLine rakaita chikanganiso mu Game-Nyumba [ nokubvisa Maropafadzo kana kuti Immunionism Classiade. Justice Thomas ave ari mutsiri wenzwi gurusa weDare gurusa nokuda kwokushandisa maropafadzo kana kuti Immutuniti Clausce, panzvimbo pezvipo semotokari yeGundation Claus Claus, semotokari yakafanira yokubatanidza. Mukutsigira kwake [Foct:2] Drondalveracke. [Focted:2] .[FLcted Project], Thomas akarangarira kuti ropafadzo yesimba revo yemitemo yeAmerica inodzivirira kupfurikidza neImeric Revorimetic) yakatoodveration, kunyange zvazvo akagovera kugovera kugovera chadzo huru. Chicago. Chicago. Chigconsmoc

Dzidziso Inorwisana Nemirayiro

Kutsoropodzwa kunopfuurira kwenheyo yehurumende ndekwokuti kunosekesa nheyo youdzori hwehurumende. Vatsigiri vouchangamire hwehurumende vanotaura kuti hurumende yehurumende, kupfurikidza nematare, nenzira inobudirira inoraira kuti vagadziri vehurumende vashandise mitemo yakananga. "Anti-commandering" nheyo, yakajekeswa munhau dzakadai se [[FLT:] . United States[FLT] [1997] uye New York] v. United States[FLT] [FLT] [1992], inoganhurira mano ehurumende yomubatanidzwa okumanikidza zvakananga kuti aise kana kuti apedze gadziriro kana kuti ashande. Zvisinei, matare akarangarira kuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzakasiana nemutemo yakasiana nomutemo. Kunyange zvakadaro, apo hurumende haigoni kudzora mutemo wakananga mutemo, dare rehurumende rinodzorwa kudzosa mutemo wazvino unodzorwa kupfurikidza kupfurikidza nokupesana nemutemo mukuru.

Kuchinja Kunodzoka shure

Kuchinja idzidziso inowirirana umo Ivhu reMitemo ye 144 rinoshandiswa kushandisa maruramiro anobva kuBill of Rights kudzokera kuhurumende yehurumende. Muenzaniso wakakurumbira zvikurusa ndi [[FLT: 0] Bolling v. Trorde [1954], imwe nhau [kuna [FLT:] BrowN [54] yakarova hurumende pasi peGrandment's , [Iwechikamu] , [[FLT] BH] [FLT] yakarova dziviriro yeIndaneti pakati pechikamu chikurusati yePromenti, iyo inobatira Hurumende inonangidzira kudzivirira kwaClauslaus, [FLT] [FF] naMagati] chikaromeiwo mapepa eGeneti yemite. Chikamu chikuru chinopfuumbirwa Chechi neyamuro yeSangano rePrencesting chinovanyurometi inopfuudza njodzi chaMaperesetiro yeMitenyuro yeMitemo.

Nguva Yemberi Yokusachena

Iconporation Doctrine haisati iri nhau yakagadziriswa yenhau asi nzvimbo inoshingaira yomutemo webumbiro remitemo. Kuchine gadziriro dzeBill of Rights dzisina kubatanidzwa zvizere. Somuenzaniso, dziviriro yeThird Amendment padziri padziri padzine varwi haina kutongobatanidzwa zvakananga neDare Gurusa, kunyange zvazvo ichirangarirwa zvikuru kuti ishande. Chinodikanwa cheFind Reconsole yedare reFite yedare guru redare dare pamhosva dzakakomba dzakavakwa kuti dzisashande kubatira kumiteo mitemo mu [FLT: 0] Hurtado v. California [184] [8], uye muenzaniso uyu unoramba uri mutemo wakanaka. Amendment inoramba nzvimbo inopesana, nematare anodzosairwa nohuresaidzo yemitemo ye [FLGB] [FF] [FF] uye kushandisity yomutemo waromest kuidzo yomutemo wapamutemo nokuda kwenhau imwe neimwe yenhau dzapamutemo.

mhedziso

Mutevedzeri weIncorporation Doctrine unomira sechimwe chezvinjo dzinokosha zvikurusa zvebumbiro remitemo munhau yeAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokushandisa Bill of Rights kuhurumende kupfurikidza neMbengo ye145, Dare Rapamusoro rakachinja chimiro chehurumende yeAmerica nedziviriro yorusununguko rwomunhu. Kubva muzvisarudzo zvehwaro zveWarren Court kusvikira kukurukurirano dzazvino uno pamusoro peChitsigiso cheChipiri nemuitiro woutsotsi, kubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa kwamaruramiro makuru kwaumba dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende nehurumende yomubatanidzwa. Nepo gakavariro pamusoro perevo yapakuvamba, pamutemo, uye kuzvidavirira kunopfuurira, nheyo huru yedzidziso inoramba iri pachena: rusununguko rwazvinovimbiswa navagari vose, pasinei zvapo nomugariro wavanodanira musha.

Kuravazve pamusoro pemhindumupindu yeiyi dzidziso, LYP yoUkuru paCornell Law School inopa ndurano yakaisvonaka. Zvisarudzo zvikuru zvakadai se [[[FLT:]] Gitrow v. New York pa Oyez uye kubatanidzwa kwePrempment Yechipiri mu McDonald v. Chicago[[FLT:]] inogovera kusvika zvakananga kumanyuko makuru anoenderera mberi kuinira iyi nzvimbo inokosha yomutemo.