Kubiridzira kwaElector kunoramba kuri chimwe chetyisidziro dzinopfuurira zvikurusa kukudzora kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu munyika yose. Nepo zviitiko zvizhinjisa zvesarudzo zvichiitwa nenzira yakarurama, kunyange zvinoitika zvakaparadzanwa zvekubiridzira zvinogona kubvisa chivimbo chavanhu ndokuparira kusagadzikana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa zvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana zvetsorororo, dziviriro dzakarongedzerwa kudzidzivirira, uye denho dzinobvisa mukudzivirira kuvimbika kwechisarudzo kunokosha nokuda kwavagari vemo, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vakuru vesarudzo zvakafanana. Nyaya ino inogovera kurangarirwa kukuru, kwakadzamadzama, kwamasimba adzoro, mazano enhau, uye basa roruzivo rwokudzivirira rwazvino uno mukuchengeta bhokisi rebhora.

Kubiridzira Kwevatambi Chii?

Kubiridzira kunobatanidza mhatsa huru yemibato isati yaitwa isati yasarudzwa. Izvi zviito zvinogona kuitika pamberi, mukati, kana kuti pashure pokuvhota uye zvingabatanidza vavhoti, vanoda kusarudzwa, vakuru vakuru vesarudzo, kana kuti mativi echitatu. Chinonyanya kuitirwa kubiridzira kushatisa kutaura kwakasununguka uye kwokusasarura kwezvido zvevavhoti. Zvimiro zvavose zvinosanganisira:

  • Kuisa bharoti pasi pezita romumwe munhu, mungave mumunhu kana kuti kupfurikidza nokurovha. Kunyange zvazvo kusingawanzoitiki, fundo dzeBrennan Center yeRuramisiro dzinofungidzira kuti kubiridzira kunoitika pamwero yakaderera zvikuru, ($101% yevhoti dzinokandwa.)
  • Kuisa zvirongwa zvemari: Kuisa mavhozhokero okunyepedzera okuwedzera mubhokisi rebhorati kana kuti kushandisa nhamba dzevhoti dzemagetsi. Irori rakanga riri chinetso chakakomba munhau mune zvamatongerwe enyika zvemichina, zvakadai se mukati mesarudzo yakaipa yaChicago 1960.
  • Kutenga kwokuchenjera: Kubvisa mari, zvinhu, kana kuti mabasa nokuda kwokuvhota. Kwakapararira zvikuru mukukudziridza gadziriro dzehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu nedzehurumende dzezvematongerwe enyika dzinoshandiswa navashandiri vezvokutengeserana, umo mapato anoshandisa mibatanidzwa yemitengo yokutsigira kutsigira.
  • Vavhoti vanotungamirira: Kushatisa mashoko enhema pamusoro pemiitiro yokuvhota, nzvimbo, kana kuti kusagona kudzivisa kana kuti kusarudza kwakaipa. Mukati mesarudzo ya2016 U.S., somuenzaniso, vavhoti venzanga vakapararira zvisina kururama maawa okuvhotera.
  • Kubiridzira kwokunyoresa: Kuisa kunyoresa kwokunyepedzera (mutoo, kushandisa vhoti vakafa kana kuti kero dzisiri dzezvemari) kumabhuku akazara, ayo anogona ipapo kushatiswa nokuda kwokunyengera kwevasipo kana kuti kuparira kuoneka kwokuvhota kwakakwirira.
  • Unyengeri hwechiAmbuya:[[FT:1] Kutora kana kuti kuchinja mapepa, kusaina, kana kuti kukohwa mapepa kubva kuvavhoti vasina dziviriro. Iri razova nzvimbo huru yekurukurirano sekuwanda kwetsamba.
  • Kudzorwa kwokuvhota: Kuchinja kana kuti kukanganisa mumuviri nemichina inovhota, kana kuti kuchinja purogiramu yekombiyuta kuti ivhoti. Zviitiko zvinozivikanwa zvinobatanidza 2000 “mubato wetsororo".

Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti haisi misiano yose yesarudzo inoumba unyengeri. Zvikanganiso, zvikanganiso zvokutarisira, uye ngwavaira dzomusikirwo zvinogona kuparira kuoneka kwokunyengera kunyange apo kunenge kusina vavariro youtsotsi. U.S. EFoation Implation Commission [ inochengeta nhungamiro dzinobetsera kusiyanisa pakati pokunyengera nokusakwanisa.

Nhoroondo Yokubiridzira Kwevanhu

Unyengeri hweElectorel hune nhau refu neyakashata, nenhambo imwe neimwe inobudisa mitoo yakasiana nezvinonyadzisa zvakaumba mhindumupindu yedziviriro dzasarudzo.

Kubiridzira Kwapamberi Pezana Ramakore Rechi20

Kugamuchirwa kwakapararira kwevota voruzhinji muchivande, kutenga nokutyisidzira kwakanga kwakapararira. Muna 18-century Britain, “mabhora akaora” akabvumira varimi vakapfuma kudzora zvigaro zveparamende kupfurikidza nechiokomuhomwe. Nenzira yakafanana, mushure meCivil War America, vvumbi muSouth zvakashatiswa namasimba masimba, mitero yevhoti, uye kuba kwakananga kwamabhokisi ebhorati. Sarudzo yapurezidhendi pakati paRuthe B. Haye naSamuel Tildne vakaratidzira masangano akawanda nezvikwangwa zvinokwikwidzana zvavavhotera, zvichitungamirira kukubvumirazve basa kwa1877 kudzongedzwa kwapamhiro mukuru.

Nhau Dzakacherechedzwa Muzana Ramakore Rechi 20

  • Sarudzo yapaMexico ya 1988 yapurezidhendi: Kutemwa kwokuvhota kukanganiswa nesangano reRevolution Party (PRI) yakanga yakapararira. Gadziriro yekombiyuta yakarangarira mavhoti “ashatiswa” apo mutsigiri wechikweretesi Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas akaratidzika kuva anotungamirira; apo yakagamuchirwa, mutsigiriri Carlos Salinas akanga awana. Iyi tsoropodzo yakakumbira nokuda kwokutarisira kwakasununguka, uko pakupedzisira kwakauya nokusikwa kweFederal Elctoral Institute (IE) muna 1990.
  • Phiippines 2004 “Mbirai garci” shatiso: kurukurirano dzamagwenya pakati paPrezidhendi Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo namumiririri wesarudzo vakakarakadza kubatana kwokuchinja nhamba dzevhoti. Chikanganiso chacho chakanyandura kutsutsutsumwa uye chakasimbisa kuvandika kwevhoti dzemaoko muzvitsuwa zvakakura, zvakapararira.
  • .United Kingdom 2005 “Kunyengera kwechiNgezi”: Muzvirongwa zvinoverengeka zvomunzvimbomo, zvirongwa zvakaunganidza nhamba huru dzepoto mumamirire ezvinhu asina chokwadi. Electoral Reformation Society yakanyora nhau umo nhume dzakaisa mapoka ezvimiro zvakasainwa nesaini dzakasinwa, zvichitungamirira kukuganhurirwa kwemitemo yepoto.

Matambudziko Anozovapo

Muzana ramakore rechi21, kubiridzira kwazova kwakatanhamara zvikuru uye kwakakamuraniswa. Sarudzo yapresidente yeU.S. yakawana denho dzapamutemo dzisingaenzaniswi uye kutaura kwokunyengera kwakapararira, kunyange zvazvo mapikicha mazhinji nenhau dzedare (anopfuura 60) akawana ufakazi hwokushandisa kwakarongwa kwaigona kuva kwakachinja muuyo. Panzvimbo pezvo, donzo rakasimukira kumashoko asina kururama uye kuedza kudzongonyedza, zvose zviri zviviri zveimba nevokumwe. Mukuwirirana nefundo ye Brennan Center [, kuitika kwechitsoro chakanyorwa chivhoti muU.S.

Kudzivirirwa Pakubiridzirwa Kwougandanga

Kudzivirira perero yasarudzo, hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakavaka dziviriro dzakarongwa dzakawanda dzinoshanda padanho riri rose regadziriro yokuvhota. Iyi mipimo haina kukwana, asi pamwe chete inoita kuti kubiridzira kwapanhambo nenhambo kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuuraya pasina kuzivikanwa.

Kuziva Zvinodiwa Kuti Uve Nemashoko Anokosha

Nyika zhinjisa dzinoda chimiro chakati chokuzivisa kuvhota. Mitemo yeID inovavarira kudzivisa kuzvitora panzvimbo inovhota. Zvisinei, inomutsawo nharo nemhaka yokuti zvinodikanwa zveID zvikuru zvikuru zvinogona kubvisa vashomanene, vakwegura, uye vavhoti vakaderera vasina maID ehurumende. Chinokosha ndechokudzikamisa chengeteko nokuwana. SaCanada namarudzi mazhinji eEurope, zvinogovera makadhi eID akasununguka kuvagari vemo vose, nepo vamwe, kufanana neU.S., vanotsamira pabasa rehurumende rehurumende rinogadzirwa ne [[FLT:]. Office accoucial Office. Office yehurumende yakawana kuti inoderera pasi pemitemo inodzorwa nedzikano rumano, zvikurukuru pakati pamapoka maduku.

Magadziriro Akachengeteka Okugadzira Magetsi

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwakatanga kubva papepa ramapepa mabhurokoti (achiri kushandiswa zvikuru) kunanga michina yemagetsi (DRE) inogadzira zvinhu, michina yeoctal scanner, uye, munzvimbo shomanene, vhota. Sayenzi imwe neimwe inouya nokuvhota. Mapepa anopa nzira yokuongorora nayo asi inogona kubatwa zvisina kufanira kana kuti kuiswa zvinhu. Michina yeDRE inokurumidza uye inoshanda noushamwari asi yakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokushaiwa chinyorwa chepepa rekuvhotera (88,7 zvino inobatanidza mukoto wepepa wakagadzirwa (VVPAT). Mupimo wendarama, mukuwirirana nenyanzvi dzekuvhotera dzakafanana neVregiai Foundation Foundation, itsoro yepepa rakanyorwa negadziriro yemichina yemieokitooki, yakabatanidzwa nengozi yengozi pashure pokuvhotera.

Mishumo yePurofiti nePurosPult

Chinyorwa chekuongorora ganda chemapepa chinobvumira vakuru vakuru vevhoti kuyera kuti nhamba yevhoti inowirirana nezvinovhota chaizvoizvo. Kuongorora nhevedzano yemajeri nezvinonyorwa netsamba zvinotaura nezvemienzaniso yakangofanana yenzvimbo nenzvimbo nemhosho. Mapikicha engozi, anogadziridza urefu hwemipimo yakavakirwa pakuva pedyo kwenhangemutange, anorangarirwa kuva hunokosha zvikurusa. Colorado, Rhode Island, uye dzimwe shomanene U.S.

Kurovedza Nokutsigira Vakuru Vakuru Vezvirongwa

Chikanganiso chavanhu netyisidziro dzomukati zvicherekedzo zvinokosha nokuda kwetsotsi. Vakuru vakuru vechisarudzo vanofanira kugamuchira rovedzo yakakwana mumiitiro yechengete-teko yetsoro yetsoro, mufambiro wavashandi wevhoti wakarurama, uye nzira yokupindura nayo kumisiano. Nzvero dzokunze, miitiro yokuranga isiri yapanhambo yechechi, uye kurovedzwa kwetsika zvinobetsera kuderedza ngozi yedzongonyedzo. Mu 50% yenyika dzeAmerica, vanyori vehurumende vanotarisira sarudzo, izvo zvakamutsa funganyo pamusoro perwisano dzefariro; dzimwe nyika panzvimbo pezvirongwa zvokuvhotera mumasangano akasununguka, somuUK neIndia.

Matanho Okudzivirira Muzvisarudzo Zvazvino Uno

Kunze kwezvinodzivirira zvikuru, vhota dzazvino uno dzinoshandisa matanho matsva, okushingaira kudzivisa kubiridzira kusati kwaitika.

Kunyoresa Nejeri Rokushandisa Internet Nokusimbisa

Gadziriro dzokunyoresa paIndaneti dzinogona kuderedza zvikanganiso uye kubiridzira nokuedza kuongorora mashoko okukumbira kuti asawirirane nemahofisi emotokari, echengeteko yenzanga, uye mamwe masangano ehurumende. Iyi kero inoongorora mureza unonyorwazve, kero dzinobatanidzwa nenzvimbo dzisati dzawirirana. Nyika dzakawanda dzinoshandisa Electronic Exclorical Information Center (ERIC), mari isingabudi mari inobatsira kugovera mashoko ari munyika dzose kuti ichengetedze zvakarurama, yakachena mivhoti. Zvisinei, REIC yavewo chipfuro cherondedzero dzemhoshoro, kusimbisa kuvimbika kwevanhu.

Dzidzo Yavose Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Kuzivisa vavhoti pamusoro penzira yokuvhota nayo, kwokuvhota nayo, uye chokuita kana vachinyumwira kusawirirana chinhu chikuru chinodzivirira. Nhimbe dzedzidzo yavose dzakafanana ne “Ona Chimwe Chinhu, Sarudza Chimwe” mitsetse inopisa, mirayiridzo yemipimo pamusoro penzvimbo yokuvhota, uye zvicherekedzo zvemipimo pamusoro pechinjo dzinochinja(masimba evagari vemo kuti vaite savatarisi. Kuona kunobvawo mukubvumira vanzvereveri vechikwata chechikwata chenyika, pamwe chete navasarudzori vamarudzi ose (g. OSCE, Carter Center), kutarira mwero uri wose wekuvhotera. muU.S., 2020 yakaona vaoni vanovhotera vanopfuura 40 000 mumaruwa.

Kuongorora Mashoko Nokuona Zvisina Kunaka

Vakuru vakuru vepurogiramu yeSangano zvino vanoshandisa purogiramu yokutsiva kuti vaone kusaina kunonyumwira parobhoti dzinosiiwa (mutoo, mabhora akawanda norugwaro rumwe cheterwo), zvidimbu zvechienzi mumirairo imwe cheteyo, kana kuti mafaira anovhotera nezvikumbiro zvakawanda zvokutsiva. Ava vanoongororawo kuedza kunyoresa kwokunyengera kubva pakero imwe cheteyo yeIP. The New Jersey Division of Evoctes, somuenzaniso, inoshandisa gadziriro yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yetsika yetsika yemibatanidzwa kuisa chiratidzo chinobvira pamberi pokuverenga mabhorati.

Chiteshi cheCosttudys Games dzeMail Balots

Kuvhota tsamba kwakawedzera, zvikurukuru pashure pa2020. Kudzivisa kuvhota nokuvhota nokunyora tsamba, mipimo yebhairasi yakashandisa kunyorwa kwebharobhu yebharobhu imwe neimwe, kusaina kwapamutemo kwouchokwadi, uye kushandiswa kwe “bhorati yokudonhedza mabhokisi” ayo ari pasi pe 24/7. MuOregon, umo kuvhota tsamba kwave kuri kwose kubvira muna 1998, mwero wetsotsi waverwa pasina kutsarukana nemhaka yeidzi dzoro dzakana. National Conference of State Legislatures inogovera [[FLT:]] mitemo yehurumende pamusoro pekuratidza kuva revoration.

Matambudziko Okugadzirisa Kubiridzira Kwevapfumi

Pasinei nokudzivirirwa kwakasimba, zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda zvinodzivisa kubiridzira kunobudirira.

Kuramba Zvematongerwe Enyika Nokuchinja

Mitanho yokudzivisa kubiridzira inowanzova inodzorwa. Imwezve ingaraira mitemo yorumano yomuvhoti weID, ichitaura kuti iri madikanwa kumisa kubiridzira, nepo mutsinhano anotaura kuti mitemo yakarongedzerwa kudzvinyirira. Uku kuparadza kunoita kuti kuve kwakaoma kushandisa chinjo dzinobva paufakazi. Somuenzaniso, gakava pamusoro paH. 1 (The People Act) muna 2021 rakaratidzira mapoka makuru echiteshi pamusoro pokuti konge awedzera kusvika kana kuti kudzivirira kunofanira kuva chinhu chokutanga.

Kusava nechokwadi Kwavose Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Nhimbe dzemashoko dzinoshatisa rusarudzo dzinogona kuderedza chivimbo kunyange kana pasina kubiridzira. “nhema huru” yokuti kuvhota kweU.S. kwakabiwa kwakaparira kuwedzera kwemitemo mitsva yokuvhota inoganhurira mune dzimwe nyika uye, zvine ngozi zvikuru, kusvikira kudenho yaJanuary 6, 2021 paU.S. Capitol. Kurwisa kunoda kurukurirano yavose kubva kuzviremera zvesarudzo, mapurogiramu okurava nokunyora nokunyora mashoko, uye kubatira pamwe kubva kumasangano enzanga kuti anyore kana kubvisa kutaura kwenhema.

Kutadza Kuwana Mari

Mahofisi akawanda esarudzo omunzvimbomo anobatira pamichina yokuvhota yakasimba. Kupinza mari yokuvhota, kupinza mari yeIndaneti, kuongorora nzvero dzepashure pekusarudza, uye kurovedza vashandi vezvokuvhota zvose zvinoda mari. Center for Democracy & Technology yakacherekedza kuti mativi mazhinji anotsamira pasimba renyika rekare rinova rakaremara. Ruoko rweyamupidhi, rwakadai seHelp American Vote Act (HVA), rwakabatsira asi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji nematare anobva pagore rimwe nerimwe.

Utachiona Hwounyanzvi

Sarudzo zvadzinowedzera kuva dzinoumbwa zvikuru, shoo dzinovhota dzinowedzera. Kuvhota mapepa okunyoresa, kurambwa kwevhoti panzvimbo dzevhoti dzenyuzi dzinoshuma, uye bviro yemichina yokuvhota zviri kuramba zvichinetsa. Kudzongonyedza kweRussia, kwakaisa tarisiro gadziriro dzokuvhota muhurumende 21, kwakaratidzira kuti vashori vokumwe vanoona shoo sechipfuro chakapfava. Nepo michina yakawanda haibatanidzwa neInternet, kubatwa kwefemurecurence es ewetaiaiaibhuro uye mapepa eyeukoro nokuda kwokubvumirana pane zvisina kutevedzerwa.

Basa Rezvounyanzvi Mukudzivisa Kubiridzira

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu munondo wakakombwa nemativi maviri: runoparira kugadzirwa kutsva kwemichina asi midziyo ine simba yokudzivirira nokuwana.

Kubudisa kwakavakirwa paBrockchain

Blockchain ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runogovera nzira inobvira yokudzivisa nayo kuvhota. Mugadziriro inovhara zvinhu, vhoti imwe neimwe inova “chigumburo” chakabatanidzwa nechaichimbova mutungamiriri wavose. Kuedza kupi nokupi kuchinja vhoti kungada kuchinja bhiringi ose anotevera, kuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru. Zvirongwa zvendege zvakaitiswa muWest Virginia (pane dzimwe nyika dzehondo dzokunze), Utah, uye kunyange musarudzo dzorudzi munyika dzakafanana neEstonia, idzo dzinoshandisa michina yadzoro yekombiyuta yokuvhotera (i-iroti) ichiri kugona kushatisa. Vatsoropotera kuti vanodzivisa kugadziridza chinetso chikuru chokuzivikanwa nechivhoti chevoti munzvimbo yokutanga, uye kuvhotera mumudzi (g.g.

Kuongorora Kuenzana Kwezvinhu

Mabhakitire +* minwe, scan yeziso, kuzivikanwa kwezviso nejekiseni kungashandiswa panzvimbo dzinovhota kana kuti panenge pasina fomu rekuvhota. Masangano eAadhaar, mapepa makurusa ezvokushandisa zvinhu zvipenyu munyika yose, akabatana nokunyoresa. MuGhana, michina inoongorora zvinhu zvinoyera panzvimbo dzinoongororwa dzinoderedza kuonekwa kwemasiteshi. Zvisinei, michina yezvokuyera maziso inosimudzira zvinhu zvakavanzika uye inogona kukundikana kana reza dzakashata tsvina kana magetsi.

Kuda Kuziva Kuti Une Uchenjeri

Mahofisi ezvisarudzo ari kuwedzera kubatana nemasangano eIndaneti enyika, akadai seCybersecurity and Infrapublic Security Agency (CISA) muU.S. Anosanganisira kuongorora kwokutapurika, kuedza, kurovedza patafura nokuda kwemhinduro yezvinoitika, uye zvikuva zvakakotsekana zvekurukurirano (g., Eproficial Disciation and Resilience Exchange). CISICA EXIT mapeji reRecuit Security [ zvinopa zviwiro zvehurumende uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vemo kuti vaose kuomesa masangano avo.

Kuongorora Nguva Chaiyoiyo Nokudzidza Michina

Ungwaru hwokugadzira hunogona kuona mitoo yakasiana munguva chaiyoiyo. Somuenzaniso, kana nzvimbo yakacherekedzwa yakakwirira nenzira isiri yenguva dzose nokuda kwebato rakati risingawirirani nekomba, vanzveri vanogona kuriisa nokuda kwokunzvera. Nenzira yakafanana, kuongorora zvinobudisa nhau nokuda kwenhimbe dzenzanga dzakabatanidzwa kunobvumira mhinduro yokukurumidza. Kudzidza kwemichina kunoshandiswawo kusimbisa kusaina pamabhero anenge asisipo kupfurikidza nokuzvienzanisa nemienzaniso yenhau yakachengetwa mudura renhau, kunyange zvazvo aya maarusaiti asina kukwana uye anogona kuparira rusaruro kana rusina kurovedzwa pamienzaniso yakasiana - siyana.

Kusvika Kurusarudzo Munyika Dzose

Nyika dzakasiyana - siyana dzinobiridzira vanhu dzichishandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana, dzichidzidzisa vamwe zvidzidzo.

Estonia: Kupayona paIndaneti

Estonia yakaita sarudzo yakavakirwa paInternet kwerinopfuura makore gumi. Mavhota anoshandisa makadhi eID akatsikirirwa. Gadziriro inoshandisa kusimbisa kwakawanda kwemafai nokuguma kwokunyora mashoko echitsotsi, uye vavhoti vanogona kusimbisa kuti vhoti yavo yakanyorwa zvakarurama vachishandisa app. Kufamba kwaEstonia kunoderedza maID okushandisa nokuaita kuti ashaye pamutemo, asi kunotsamira pakuwana kwavose ID nescrect digin. Nyika haina kuona kubiridzira kunotemwa kwakanyorwa muvhotanurowa, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vaongorori vezvokuchengetedza vachinetseka pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvemakombiyuta.

India: Mabhakitiriya uye muchina weVoter

India, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hurusa munyika, inoshandisa michina yokuvhota yemagetsi (EVM) muzviteshi zvose zvokuvhota. Voter vanofanira kupa kadhi reVoter (rinobatanidza mufananidzo) uye inonzverwa muvhoriyamu. Masangano akawanda anoshandisawo muchina weVoter-paratical Radiation (VVPAT) unodhinda pepa rekuvhota usati wapinda mubhokisi rakanamirwa. Vakuru vakuru vakuru veIVVM vanozvibata pasina kurongwa neVVVPAT slips kuti varinde. Pasinei zvapo netsoropo nechero reVMriting, Ecom comtion Commission inoremekedzwa zvikuru seyazvizvimiriri.

United Kingdom: Kutarisira Kwomunhu Woga uye Mitemo Yorumano

Dare reUK reElectoral Commission rinozvimirira rinodzora nhimbe yokushandisa, rinonyoresa mabato ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye rinogadza mipimo nokuda kwokunyoresa kwomuvhoti. Kuvhota kwePostal kunoda chikonzero chakaziviswa ( kusora, kuva kure nemusha), uye mafomu ose anonzverwa. Muna 2004, pashure pokubiridzira muBirmingham, UK akatanga kunyoresa kwai vondiga vamwe navamwe (kunyoresazve imba) kukuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuishambadza kunyoresa. UK anorambidzawo chikamu chechitatu “kutora bhiringi yepoti yetatu.

United States: Federalism yaDercentined

.S. ine gadziriro dzesarudzo dzakasiana- siyana 50, imwe neimwe ine muvhenganiswa wayo imene yedziviriro. Federalism inobvumira kuedza (somuenzaniso, kuvhota neposi kwaOregon yePennsylvania kunopesana netsamba netsananguro dzeposi (asi inoparirawo nyongano nedzisingadzoreki. Post-2020, nyika zhinji dzakagadza nhevedzano yemitemo yechengeteko itsva, kubatanidza kurambidza mari yepabhaisikopo yema hofisi dzesarudzo (kudzokera kuZickerberg) uye kuisa sigi yorusaini inodzosanwa isati yavapo. Dzimwe ruwa dzakawedzera kuvhotera kwapakuvamba nokunyoresa. Runako rwechisarudzo runokosha runoreva kuti chirongwa chokunyengera chinofanira kubudirira mumitezo yenyika, asi chinokuitawo kuti chive chakaoma zvikuru kusimbisa mipimo yemipimo yemiteve yechate yekombiyuta yekombiyuta.

mhedziso

Kubiridzira kwapashure pekuedza kudzorwa kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ityisidzirwa chaizvoizvo asi kazhinji kazhinji inonyanyoshatiswa. Mutumbi woufakazi unoratidza kuti dziviriro dzazvino uno dzemitemo yeID inovhota uye mapepa anonzvera kupfurikidza nokuyera kwemipimo yetsika nenzvero yapashure(zvinoshanda pakudzivisa mwero mukuru, kunyengera kwakarongwa. Zvisinei, denho dzekuparadza kwezvamatongerwe enyika, mitengo yezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye mashoko asina kururama zvinoda kupfuurira kuchinjika. Kupfurikidza nokudzidza kubva kumiitiro yakanakisisa yamarudzi ose, kuisa mari mukutarisira vhotanuro yakazvimirira kwakasimba, uye kupinza voruzhinji savaki vehurumende mukudzivirira vhoti, democracy inogona kuchengeta chivimbo mumuitiro wezvokunyengera. Pakupedzisira, kudzivirira kwakanakisisa kupesana nokunyengera, kusanovakwa kwemitengo, uye kupfurikidza nokuzvivhotera zvinorayira chivimbo chinoitwa navanhu vose vanotora.