Kutanga Kuzvidzo Zvehurumende Nezveutsotsi

Masangano emitemo enyika zhinjisa, zvikurukuru ayo akadzika midzi mumutemo wavose, akakamuraniswa kuva shongwe mbiri huru: udzori hwavagari vemo noudzori hwamatsotsi. Nepo ose ari maviri anokosha kukuchengeta nhevedzano neruramisiro, anobatira mabasa akasiana--shandei mumitemo yakasiana---shaiana, miitiro, uye mipimo youfakazi. Kunzwisisa misiyano pakati pesimba revagari vemo neroutsotsi kunokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo asiwo nokuda kwavagari vemo, vadzidzisi, uye vadzidzi vanoda kunzvera nzvimbo dzapamutemo nenzira inobudirira. Nyaya ino inogovera kunzvera kukuru kwomutemo mumwe nomumwe, misiyano misiyano yavo mikuru, uye mirangariro inoshanda.

Pamavambo, mutemo wehurumende unobata nekakavadzano pakati pemapati avanhu voga − vanhu, mabhizimisi, kana kuti masangano — apo rimwe boka rinotaura kuva rakatambura kuvadziko kana kuti kurasikirwa nemhaka yezviito kana kuti zvisipo zverimwe. Mutemo weutsotsi, mukupesana, unobatanidza mhaka dzinorwisana nehurumende kana kuti nzanga yose zvayo, umo hurumende inotonga munhu kana kuti sangano nokuda kwomufambiro unorangarirwa kuva unokuvadza kunhevedzano yavose. Iyi misiyano mikuru inoumba chinhu chiri chose kubva kumapoka anobatanidzwa nomutoro woufakazi kumiuyo inobvira nemishonga inowanika.

Chii Chinonzi Kupomerwa Kwechimurenga?

Kudzorwa kwehurumende kunobatanidza boka romutemo unodzora kukakavadzana pakati pavanhu voga, masangano, kana kuti mamwe masangano asiri ehurumende. Donzo guru nderokupa gadziriro yapamutemo yokupedza rwisano, kudzorera maruramiro, uye kudzosera mativi akashatirwa. Nhau dzavagari vemo dzinowanzobatanidza zvikumbiro zvekuvadziko yemari, kuita kwakananga, kana kuti mirairo (mitemo yedare yokuita kana kuti kurega kuita chimwe chinhu).

Mienzaniso yemhosva dzevagari vemo inosanganisira kuputswa kwechibvumirano, kutaura kuti munhu akuvara (matokete), kukakavadzana kwezvinhu, kurambana uye kodzero yokuchengeta mwana, kusarurana kwebasa, uye kutyora mutemo wezvinhu zvevanhu. Muchimwe nechimwe cheizvi, mubato wacho anopomera mhosva yacho (mupomeri) anotsvaka mushonga kubva kumukwirirwi, uyo anofungidzirwa kuti akatyora basa kana kuti kodzero yepamutemo.

Mutoro wechibvumikiso munhau dzavagari vemo kazhinji kazhinji kurangarira ufakazi, kureva kuti mupurisa anofanira kuratidza kuti sezvingabvira zvikuru kupfuura (kubvira kwe 50%) kuti mukwiridziri anofanirwa. Uyu mupimo wakaderera kupfuura muzvinoitika zvoutsotsi, unoratidzira idi rokuti zvirango zvavagari vemo imari kana kuti yakaenzana panzvimbo pokupa chirango mupfungwa imwe cheteyo sechisungwa.

Kutonga kwehurumende kunoratidzirwawo nebasa rinoshingaira ramapoka. Mupurisa anotanga nhau yacho, anodzora mamiriro ezvinhu, uye anogona kusarudza kugara panguva ipi neipi. Vadziviriri vangazvimirira vamene (pro se) kana kuti kuroja magweta avanhu. Hurumende (hurumende) haisati iri boka rakananga kunze kwemuzvinoitika apo hurumende inenge iri mupomerwi kana kuti mupomerwi (nhau dzinodzivisa dziviriro yesimba).

Chii chiri chitsotsi?

Kutonga kwoutsotsi kunorambidzwa nomutemo nemhaka yokuti kunotyisidzira chengeteko yavose, garikano, kana kuti nhevedzano yetsika. Hurumende, ichiita kupfurikidza nomuchuchisi, inounza pomero pamunhu mumwe nomumwe kana kuti sangano (mukwirirwi) rinopomerwa mhaka yokupa mhaka. vavariro haisati iri kutsiva nyajambwa chaiye (kumwe kungava kurairwa) asi kuranga mutadzi, kudzivisa mufambiro woutsotsi womunguva yemberi, uye kudzorera mupomerwi apo kunobvira.

Utsotsi hunoiswa mumapoka makuru maviri: zvikanganiso (zvisina mhaka dzakakomba, somuenzaniso, kuba, mufambiro usina nhevedzano) uye zvisakafanira (mhosva huru, somuenzaniso, kuponda, kubata chibharo, kupamba nezvombo). Mamwe mativi anosiyanisawo zvirango kana kuti kuputsa (muchirevo, matikiti emotokari), ayo anowanzobatwa kunze kwemuitiro woutsotsi wegamuchidzanwa.

Munyaya dzoutsotsi, mutoro wechibvumikiso ndiwo mukurusa unozivikanwa mumutemo: kupfuura kusava nechokwadi kune mufungo. Ikoku kunoreva kuroverera mhaka kunofanira kubvumikisa rutivi rwuri rwose rwemhosva kusvikira kumwero wokuti hapana munhu ane mufungo angapanikira mhaka yomukwirirwi. Uyu mupimo wakakwirira unodzivirira asina mhaka pakupwiswa kusina kururama uye unoratidzira miuyo yakakomba yorusununguko, kunyadzisa, uye kurasikirwa nekodzero dzavagari vemo.

Vadziviriri mumhaka dzoutsotsi vane dziviriro huru dzebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza maruramiro okutonga nokukurumidza uye kwavose, kodzero yokupa zano (rakagadzwa kana rikasakafanira), maruramiro okunangana nezvapupu, uye dziviriro mukurwisana nokuzvidzvinyirira (Prefencement yeshanu muU.S.).

Misiyano Huru Pakati Pezvirango Zvevagari Vemo Nematsotsi

Kunyange zvazvo mapazi ose ari maviri omutemo achishanda mugadziriro imwe cheteyo yedare, misiyano yawo mikuru.Pazasi pane kuputsika kune udzame kwemisiyano inokosha zvikurusa.

Rudzi Rwomuitiro Nemitambo Zvinobatanidzwa

: Igakava pakati pemapati avanhu vamwe navamwe (mukwidziridzo.). Hurumende kazhinji kazhinji haisati iri mubato kutoti hurumende iri kukwirira kana kuti kupiwa mhaka (mutoo., tort inotaura pamusoro pesangano rehurumende).
[FLT]] ... ... Hurumende (hurumende, sangano, kana kuti nzvimbo) inotonga mukwidziridzi nokuda kwokuputsa mutemo woutsotsi. Munyajambwa haasati ari mubato; vangava chapupu kana kuti muromo wedarikidzo.

Mutoro Woufakazi

: Kurangarira ufakazi (zvingabvira zvikuru kupfuura kusa). Muzvimwe zviitiko, zvakadai setsoro, mupimo ungava "ufakazi hwakajeka nohunopwisa," huri pakati.
[FLT]]

Kuwana Mari Nekupiwa Basa

Kukuvadza kwemari (kubhadharisa, kuranga, kubvisa) kana kuti kuyamura kwakaenzana (kubatanidza, kuita). Hapana kuiswa mutorongo.
] Criminal:[[[FLT:]] Kudzosa, fashoni, facess, nzanga, kutsiva vanyajambwa, uye pane dzimwe nguva chirango chorufu. Kutenderwa kwemhaka kunogonawo kuguma nokurasikirwa namaruramiro okuvhotera, mabhinya, uye mamwe mabhinya.

Kodzero Yezano

: Hapana vimbiso yebumbiro remitemo yokusunungura umiririri hwepamutemo kana mubatanidzwa asingagoni kuhutenga (kunze kwezvimwe zviitiko zvakadai sokuguma kwekodzero dzavabereki).
rurimirime:[ Hurumende inovimbisa kodzero yezano, uye matare anofanira kugadza gweta nokuda kwevapomeri vanotarisana nokuiswa mungozi.

Kubatanidzwa Kwefambiro Mberi

: Dare harigoni kutanga nhau yavagari vemo pacharo.
[FLT]]Srimina:[[ Hurumende (muurayi)] zvinyorwa zvapamberi pashure pokunzvera kwamapurisa uye kazhinji kazhinji pashure pekutonga kukuru.

Mupimo Wechisarudzo chaJury

[[FLT: 0] : Jury mitongo haiwanzodikanwi kuva inobvumirana kunze kwemimwe miganhu nokuda kwemarudzi akati enhau. Nhau dzevagari vemo dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navatongi voga (mitongo).
] utsotsi:[[FLT:] [[FLT]] mumitongo yakakomba zvikurusa, rutongeso runofanira kuva runowirirana muU.S. (kunyange zvakadaro vamwe vanotaura kuti vanobvumira vasiri vatongi nokuda kwemitongo miduku). Mukwiridzi ane maruramiro kudare rakakomba nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba.

Kudzivirirwa Kuviri Kwengozi

: Hakushandi. Munhu anogona kukwidzwa mudare uye kupiwa mhosva nokuda kwechiito chimwe chete (g., O.J. Simpson akasunungurwa nemhosva asi akawanikwa ane mhaka mudare ravagari vemo).
[FLT]] ...

Kunyanyisa uye Kupindirana Pakati Pomutemo Wevagari Vemo Nowematsotsi

Kunyange zvazvo zviremera zvavagari vemo neutsotsi zvakasiana, kazhinji kazhinji zvinowirirana. Chiito chimwe chisiri icho chinogona kuparira zvose zviri zviviri kurovererwa mhaka kweutsotsi nedare ravagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, mutyairi akadhakwa anouraya mumwe munhu angatarisana nemhosva dzoutsotsi (kuuraya munhu) uyewo kupomerwa nemhuri yanyajambwa (kutaura kwokuuraya kwokusatendeseka). Mhaka youtsotsi inonangidzira pachirango nokudzivisa; mhaka yavagari vemo inotsvaka muripo nokuda kwemhuri.

Nenzira yakafanana, kubiridzira, kudenha, kuba, uye kuputswa kwemhoteredzo zvinogona kuparira zviitiko zvakafanana. Miuyo yacho inogona kusiana nemhaka yokuti ufakazi hunodikanwa kuwina mhaka yavagari vemo hwakaderera kupfuura uhwo hunodikanwa nokuda kwokutongwa kweutsotsi.

Kana mukwiri akapomerwa mhaka yokubiridzira, mvumo yacho ingatangwa mudare rinotevera kuti itange kupiwa mhaka, kunyange zvazvo mutoro wacho uchiripo pamunhu anopomerwa kuti uratidze kuti anenge apara mhosva.

Zvirongwa Zvematongo: Mabhinya Avagari Vemo.

Masimba ose ari maviri anotevedzera maitiro akarongwa, asi matanho nemarongedzero enguva zvinosiyana zvikuru.

Kupfuudzira Kunoita Vanhu Muhurumende

Muitiro wehurumende unowanzovamba nenyunyuto inoiswa nemurwi. Mukwirirwi ipapo anopindura nemhinduro kana kuti chiito chokudzinga. Kunzvera kunotevera, apo vose vari vaviri vanochinjana magwaro, kutora zvinyorwa, uye kubvunzurudza. Kuwanwa mumhosva dzavagari vemo kunogona kuva kukuru uye kunodzorwa nebato. Nhau zhinji dzinogarwa nehurumende dzinogara pamberi pokutongwa kwedare. Kana pasina kugarwa kunosvikwa, bheji kana kuti kutonga kwedare kunoitwa. Mutongi kana kuti dare rinosarudza mhaka nemhosva zvinobvira. Zvikumbiro zvinobvira, asi zvinoganhurirwa kuzvikanganiso zvomutemo.

Muitiro wavagari vemo unodzorwa nemitemo yakadai seFederal Miles of Civil Procedare (mumatare ehurumende) kana kuti zvimwe zvakafanana. Iyi mitemo inosimbisa kushanda zvakanaka uye miuyo yendyiko. Kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwokuwana zvisina kufanira kwakakomba zvikuru kupfuura mumhaka dzoutsotsi.

Kupfuudzira Kunoita Matsotsi

Gadziriro youtsotsi inodzorwa zvikuru kudzivirira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo. Muitiro unovamba nokunzvera (nzvera magwaro, kusungwa). Pashure pokusungwa, mukwirirwi anounzwa pamberi pomutongi nokuda kwokuoneka kwokutanga. Kutonga kwokutanga kana kuti dare guru rinotonga rinosarudza kana pane chikonzero chokupfuurira. Mukwirirwi anotenderwa ndokupinda muchikumbiro. Puregi yoga iri yakakurumbira (apo 90%) yemhosva dzinoguma nokukwirira panzvimbo pokutonga. Kana mhaka yacho ichienda kutongwa, mutongo unofanira kupa ufakazi hwokubvumikisa kuva nemhaka kusingapanikirwi. Mupomeri angasarudza kupupurira kana kuti kuramba akanyarara. Kana apiwa mhaka, kurangwa kunoitika, uko kungabatanidza mushumo wapa mhaka nemhoshoridzo. MuAudhessi ane kukwirira kworudyi kukwirira mhaka.

Somuenzaniso, uchapupu hunowanwa nokutsvaka zvisiri pamutemo hungadzvinyirirwa mumutemo wokubvisa vanhu, nepo uchapupu hwakadaro huchigona kunzi hahushandi mumhosva yevanhu.

Mipimo Youfakazi Hukuru

Mupimo woufakazi ndimumwe wemisiyano inotsoropodza zvikurusa. Muzvinoitika zvavagari vemo, mutongi anoda bedzi kupwisa mutongi weidi kuti kunobvira zvikuru kupfuura kuti mukwiridzirwi anofanirwa. Iri idanda rakaderera: kana ufakazi hwakadzikama zvakaenzana, mukwirirwi anohwina. Mumashoko anoshanda, ikoku kunoreva mutongi anogona kuhwina kunyange kana dare rinobetsera riine mvumo bedzi 51%.

Kana paine mukana wakati kuti mupomerwi wacho angave asina mhosva, vatongi vanofanira kusunungura.

Kunewo mupimo wapakati( ufakazi hunojeka nohunopwisa (anoshandiswa mune dzimwe nhau dzehurumende dzakadai setsotsi, pesvedzero isakafanira, kana kuti kubviswa kwamaruramiro avabereki. Uyu mupimo unoda ufakazi uhwo hunodikanwa zvikuru kupfuura husati, zvikurukuru munenge muna 75-80% chivimbo.

Munyaya dzehurumende, mupurisa angatsvaka kukumbira kusava nesimba nemhaka yokuti mutoro wacho wakaderera.

Basa Remajaya Mumhosva Dzevagari Vemo Nedzematsotsi

Juries anoita basa rinokosha mumativi ose ari maviri, asi kuumbwa kwavo nemibato zvinosiana. Munhau dzoutsotsi, mukwiridzirwi ane maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kukutonga kwedare ripi neripi remhosva ringaparira kuiswa mutorongo kweinopfuura mwedzi mitanhatu (muU.S.). Vatongi vanosarudza kuva nemhaka; mutongi kazhinji kazhinji anofanira kuisa mutongo. Vatongi veutsotsi vanofanira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kuva vanobvumirana kuva vatongi, uye panikiro ipi neipi ine mufungo inogona kuguma nedare rinobetsera rinobetsera rinobetsera rinobetsera rinobetsera rinobetsera rinobetsera.

Munhau dzevagari vemo, kodzero yokutonga dare rinobetsera vatongi iripo nokuda kwokutaura kwakati (zvikurukuru, Seventh Amendment mumatare ehurumende nokuda kwemhosva dzekuvadziko), asi mhaka zhinji dzehurumende dzinotongwa navatongi. Kunyange apo dare rinobetsera rinenge riripo, mutongo wechisarudzo ungasada kusava nomwero; hurumende dzakawanda dzinobvumira rutongeso rwehurumende ne 5/6 kana kuti 3 kana kuti 3/4. Vatongi vehurumende vanosarudza zvose zviri zviviri kuva nemhaka nechakaipa nokukuvadziko (zvisineiwirira mutongi kana kuti kugadziridza mubayiro).

Mumhosva dzeutsotsi, kuchuchiswa uye kuzvidzivirira kunonyanya kutyisa kuti kufumura rusaruro. Vaya vanotarisira kutongwa vanobvunzwa zvikuru pamusoro pemafungiro anoitwa utsotsi, kuchengetwa kwemitemo, uye kunzi hapana chakaipa.

Zvinetso Zvinoshanda Zvenyanzvi Nevagari Vemo Vapamutemo

Nokuda kwamagweta, kunzwisisa rudzi rwuviri rwomutemo kunokosha pakupa zano vatengi. Bhizimisi rinonyengera mutengi ringatarisana nepomero dzoutsotsi (kupera kwebvumirano, kupfumisa kusina kururama). Gweta rinofanira kuronga gadziriro muzvose zviri zviviri, richicherekedza mashoko akataurwa munhau yevagari vemo anogona kushandiswa mumhaka yeutsotsi (pamusoro penhau dzeFind Amendment).

Kana ukabatanidzwa mutsaona yemotokari, ungapomerwa mhosva nehurumende, asi hauzopiwi mhosva dzokupara mhosva kutoti wave kutyaira uchifurirwa kana kuti usingangwariri.

Mabhizimisi anofanirawo kurangarira kuti kuputswa kwemitemo (mutoo, OSHA kana kuti mutemo wemhoteredzo) kunogona kutungamirira kuzvose zviri zviviri faindi yehurumende (zvirango zvokutarisira) nokurovererwa mhaka kana kupunzwa kwoutsotsi kwaikuvadzwa namaune kana kuti kwakaparira kuvadziko.

mhedziso

Misiyano pakati pesimba revagari vemo neroutsotsi yakavakirwa pamutemo. Mutemo wevagari vemo unogovera mutoo wega wega wega wega neripo, nepo mutemo woutsotsi uchitsigira nhevedzano yavose uye uchiranga mufambiro wakaipa. Miitiro yavo yakaparadzana, mitoro youfakazi, uye dziviriro zvinovimbisa kuti ruramisiro inobatira zvakasiana zvichitsamira parudzi rwekuvadziko. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa iyi misiyano. Vadzidzi, nyanzvi dzemitemo, uye vagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuoma kwegadziriro yemitemo ndokuita zvisarudzo zvoruzivo muupenyu hwavo vamene.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, zviwanikwa zvokunzvera zvakadai se Cornell Legal Information Institute yetsananguro yomutemo wevagari vemo, U.S. Dare renhau dzemhosva[, uye kuenzaniswa kwe [[FLT]] vil v. mutemo weutsotsi kubva kuBritannica.