Mavambo Esimba Rechechi

Kutonga kwedare reCongress kunobatira semutoo mukuru webazu remitemo kuti ritarisire, rinzvere chakaipa chingavapo, uye kuunganidza mashoko anodikanwa kuti pave nomutemo unobudirira. Pakati pechiremera ichi chokufeyafeya isimba rokubudisa zvikumbiro zvapamutemo zveuchapupu kana kuti magwaro. Pasina simba iri, Congress ingatsamira pakubatira pamwe kwokuzvidira bedzi, uko kungadzivisa zvakakomba mano ayo okuita kuti vanhu namasangano vazvida kuzvidavirira. Nepo shoko rokuti “Pucpoena” richizivikanwa zvikuru, masangano emitemo, matanho emitemo, uye miganhuro yemitemo inodzora izvi zvinooma uye kazhinji kachinje.

Simba duku harina kududzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, asi rakazivikanwa neDare rapamusorosoro sechinhu chomuzvarirwo chechiremera chemitemo chifo chamazuva apakuvamba eRepublic. Mcrain v. Daughty [1927] [1920], Dare rakagadza zvakasimba kuti Congress ine simba rokumanikidza uchapupu nemagwaro mukuwedzera kushanda kwayo kwemitemo. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, [[FLT.2]Trumb v. Mazars USA, LL[FL:] [20]), Dare rakasimbisazve kuti kuungana kunofanira “kusava kuri madikanwa kutsigira iri donzo rinoshanda.

Chii Chiri Musangano Wechechi?

Subpoena imurairo wakanyorwa wakapiwa nedare kana kuti mutezo wapasuru weImba yaVamiririri kana kuti Dare rinoraira munhu kana kuti sangano kuoneka pakutonga kana kuti panzvimbo, kana kuti kubudisa magwaro akajeka kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu. MaSubpoena anogona kupiwa nokuda kwouchapupu (pocena astficanceum) kana kuti nokuda kwezvinyorwa namanyoro (chipulpoenacescum). Matare chaizvoizvo anobudisa mapona pasi pechiremera chinopiwa nemitemo yekamuri ravo uye chisarudzo chinobvumira chedare.

Kusiyana nedare guru rinobetsera vatongi rakabudiswa nomuchuchisi, mubatanidzwa wedare redare harisi rutivi rwekupfuurira kwetsotsi. Panzvimbo pezvo, rinobatira chinangwa chemitemo kana kuti choutariri. Uku kusiyana nemhaka yokuti dziviriro dzapamutemo dzinowanika kupupu. Yakadai seFindrement yapamutemo inorwisana nokuzvitonga kwechinjo yeshanu (jekiseni) yakasiyana neyapakarenda yemitemo kupfuura yetsotsi.

Chiremera Chapamutemo Nehwaro Hwebumbiro reMitemo

Simba Romutemo Romuzvarirwo

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Watkins v. United States (1957) chakazivisa kuti simba reCongress rokuita nzvero “rakazvarwa mumuitiro wemitemo.” Mhaka iyoyo yakazivisawo kuti kunzvera kunofanira kuva nechokuita nedonzo remitemo uye hakufaniri kushandiswa chose chose kuratidzira nhau dzomunhu oga. Dare rakanatsazve iyi nheyo mu Baronblatt v. United States[FLT:] [1959]), richiita kuti chiyero pakati pekodzero dzomunhu oga nebvunzo chiveregereke kurwisana nefariro yavose.

Mitemo Yeimba Nedare

Mukamuri rimwe nerimwe reCongress mune mitemo yayo imene inodzora dare rapamberi pepuenas. MuImba, matare akamira kazhinji kazhinji ane chiremera chapasupacheni chinogoverwa neImba Mitemo kana kuti nechisarudzo chedare chinoita. MuDare, matare anoshanda zvakafanana mumirairo. Matare mazhinji anoda vhoti zhinjisa yedare kubvumira muputipo, nepo vamwe vachibvumira chigaro kubudisa nhau pashure pokubvunza nhengo duku duku. Chinjo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi mumakamu ose ari maviri akatsvaka kuwedzera kujeka nokuisa munyuko wezvaparti yezvati.

Kukura uye Zvausingakwanisi

Congress superpoonals haasati ari ane muganhu. Dare Gurusa mu Kilbourn v. Thompson (1881] yakatanga kuziva kuti simba repupena rinodzorwa neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza dziviriro dzokudzivisa nzvero dzisinganzwisisiki netsvina (Fourth Amendment) neropafadzo yokudzivisa (Firfth Amendment). Zvikamu zvakabatanidza, matare akaziva ropafadzo yapato yechiremera yakaganhurirwa apo subpoana inotungamirirwa pabazu rehurumende, semu [[FLT:] United States v. Nix[FLT][FF:3]]

Nhano Nenzira Yokuva Chapupu

Nepo dare rimwe nerimwe richitevera miitiro yaro rimene, muitiro wavose wokupa uchapupu mukutongwa kwedare unobatanidza matanho anoverengeka akasiyana - siyana.Kunzwisisa aya matanho kunogovera nzwisiso pamusoro penzira iyo Congress anoshandisa nayo chiremera chake chokunzvera apo ichiva pamusoro pemiganhu yapamutemo.

Kuzivikanwa KweZvapupu Nezvinhu

Vashandi veDare vanowanzoongorora zvinyorwa zvavose, uchapupu huri pamberi, mishumo yenhau, uye mazano kubva kuvaridzi vemafirimu kuti vaunganidze ndaza yezvapupu zvingangovapo.

Kukumbira Kuzvidira Kuti Vashande Pamwe Chete

Zvapupu zvakawanda zvinobvuma kupupurira nokuzvidira, zvikurukuru kana zvine fariro mukuumba nhauro yavose kana kuti kudzivisa ndyiko dzapamutemo dzinobatanidzwa nehondo duku.

3. Gadzirira Kunyora Mutumbi

Kana chapupu chikaramba kubatira pamwe, kana kuti kana dare richifunga kuti muitiro unomanikidzirwa unodikanwa kuchengetedza kuteererwa, dare rinofanira kuvhota kuti ritendere kubvumirwa kwechiputu chedare. Mumatare mazhinjisa, ikoku kunoda vhoti zhinjisa yemitezo iripo pamusangano unobhadharwa kana kuti webhizimisi. Mamwe matare anobvumira chigaro kubudisa zvikamu pakati pemisangano nebvumirano yenhengo yenzvimbo inoshandira. Iyi nhano inovimbisa kuti chisarudzo chokumanikidza chiratidzire kuda kwedare, kwete kungoda kwomutezo mumwe chete.

4. Kubudirira uye Basa ReSubpoena

Kana yangobvumirwa, subpoena inopinzwa nenzira yapamutemo nezano rapamutemo redare. Inofanira kududza nguva nenzvimbo zvokuoneka, uye muchinoitika chesubpoena duces tecums, inofanira kurondedzera magwaro kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubudiswa nechakananga zvakakwana kudzivisa. Shopena inobatira pauchapupu. Basa ringaitwa nokupfuudzwa noruoko nomunzveri wedare, noU.S. Margal, kana kuti nemimwe mitoo inobvumirwa. Mitemo yeImba neDare inoda kuti basa riitwe nomutoo unowirirana nemitemo yehurumende apo uchapupu hunogara kana kuti bhizimisi rinoita.

5. Kutsigirana Kana Kuti Kukurudzirana

Muzviitiko zvakawanda, uchapupu nevashandi vedare vanopinda mukurukurirano kuti vangopa rugwaro ruduku kana kuti vagadzire rudungwe rune mufungo rwokubudisa magwaro.

6. Chinetso Chepamutemo Kana Kuti Kupiwa Ropafadzo

Kana chapupu chichifunga kuti subpoena yakanyanyowandisa, haishandi, kana kuti inoputsa maruramiro avo apamutemo, vangagadzira chiito chokuita kuti vasave kana kuti vagadzirise chipunda mudare rehurumende. Chapupu chingasimbisawo ropafadzo dzakati, dzakadai seGavhuramisita reFindreF Tream (Imitemo yeFirefurence) inopesana, ropafadzo yepamutemo, kana kuti ropafadzo yeroorano. Kupa uchapupu hweFindmer Amendment hakungopi mvuro kuoneka, asi kungadzivisa ivo kumanikidzwa kupindura mibvunzo chaiyo. Dare ringapindura kupfurikidza nokutsvaka chisarudzo chokutonga kana kuti kupfuurira nechisarudzo chinozvidza.

Kodzero DzeZvapupu Nedziviriro Mukutonga Kwechechi

Mutezo Wechishanu Nokusabatana

Zvapupu zviri mudare rinotonga zvinochengeta maruramiro okukumbira ropafadzo yeFindremendment yokuzvidzivisa kumanikidzwa kwekuzvitonga. Zvisinei, kusafanana nokutonga kwoutsotsi, chapupu chesangano haringangorambi kupupurira chose chose. Zvinofanira kuoneka ndokusimbisa ropafadzo pahwaro hwemibvunzo nepanikiro. Kana chapupu chichikumbira Fithmendment, dare ringasarudza kukumbira kupiwa dziviriro yedatection (H.allgatection) kana kuti pasi pemitemo yedare paro paro. Immuny inorambidza kushandiswa kwechipupuriro mupomero dzoutsotsi dzinotevera, nokuganhurirwa nokuda kwemashoko echitsotsiro chenhema.

Zano Nechiratidzo

Mitemo yedare inowanzobvumira zano kupa uchapupu panguva yokumbozorora uye kutaurirana pachivande, asi kwete kuramba mibvunzo kana kuti kuvhiringidza nyaya. Basa rezano rinokosha kunyanya pamuka nyaya dzepamutemo dzakaoma, dzakadai sokutaura nezveropafadzo kana kuti kusawirirana pamusoro pemashandiro anoita mupurisa.

Kudzivirira Kwezvokuchera

Mitemo yedare inowanzogovera dziviriro dzemitemo nokuda kwezvapupu, kubatanidza maruramiro okupa rugwaro, kuhwirudzura mashoko euchapupu hwavo, uye kukumbira kuti teerero ivharwe kana mashoko anotapura akabatanidzwa. “Kuisa Mutemo wokuzviisa pasi” weI, chikamu 2 (k) chinoronga miitiro ine udzame nokuda kwezvitsama, kubatanidza ganhuriro zvenguva, miitiro yokuramba, uye kuchengetwa kwechinyorwa.

Kumanikidzwa: Kuregeredzwa kweDare

Apo chapupu chinoramba kuwirirana nedare rapamutemo pashure pokupedza matare ose, dare ringatanga kutaura kwokuzvidza. Kuregwa kweDare inzira iyo bazu remitemo rinomanikidzira nayo vapurisa varo. Kune marudzi matatu okuzvidza: ruzvidzo rwomuzvarirwo, ruzvidzo rwedare, uye ruzvidzo rwavagari vemo.

  • [[[FT:0] Kuzvidza kukuru: Kamuri ringatungamirira muSergent paZvombo kusunga uchapupu ndokuhusvitsa kuuriri nokuda kwokutongwa. Uyu mutoo hauwanzoshandiswa munguva dzazvino uno.
  • Ruzvidzo rwomudzidzisi wetsotsi rune simba: Pasi pa 2 U.S.C. ▫ 192, munhu anokundikana namaune kuwirirana nemuputi anogona kutongwa neBato reRuramisiro. Dare rinovhota kunongedzera nhau yacho kuU.S. Attorney yeRuwa reColumbia.
  • Kuzvidza: Dare ringakumbira dare rehurumende kumanikidza kuzviisa pasi kupfurikidza nomurairo. Dare rinogona kuisa faindi inowirirana kana kuti kupfigirwa kutozosvikira chapupu chabvuma.

Mumakore achangopfuura, Imba yacho yakawedzera kudarika mutemo wehurumende apo Dhipatimendi Remitemo rinoramba kutongwa, sezvinoonekwa mukuchengetwa kwevaimbova vakuru vakuru vedzimba dzevaWhite House.

Matambudziko Kune Vanachiduku Mudare

Zvapupu zvinogamuchira dare redare rehurumende zvingakudenha mudare rehurumende pazvikonzero zvinoverengeka.

  • Rack yedonzo remitemo rapamutemo: Penasi inofanira kuva ine chokuita nokubvunza mukati moudzori hwedare uye inofanira kubatira mutezo womutemo, kwetewo zvawo kuchengetwa kwomutemo kana kuti donzo rezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • [[FOL:0] Nhamba nekusanzwisisa: Tsvina haifaniri kuraira kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvisina basa kana kuti zvinorema zvakanyanyisa. Matare anoshandisa mupimo une mufungo.
  • Ropafadzo dzehurumende: Zvapupu zvingasimbisa ropafadzo yechiremera, ropafadzo yegweta, Findrement, kana kuti dzimwe ropafadzo dzinozivikanwa.
  • [ Nhume dzakafanira: Muzvinoitika zvisingazivikanwi, chapupu chingataura kuti dare racho ringapa chiremera charo chepeace chiremera kunhengo imwe kana kuti mushandi.

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Trump v. Mazars (2020) yakatanga kuedza kwamafaindi mana nokuda kwokuyera zvinyorwa zvapamberi padare rakagara. matare epasi akatoshandisa izvi kudzimwe nharo dzakakwirira. Zvikurukuru. Nhau D.C. dunhu mu [[FLT:]Committee on the Judicary v. McGahn[FLT:] [20]) akarangarira kuti matare anogona kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vebazu vakuru vakakwirira vapa.

Mienzaniso Yemazuva Achangobva Kupfuura uye Muitiro Wokuchinja

Nzvero dzedare redare rapamusoro mumakore gumi apfuura dzakaedza miganhu yesimba duku rePhousa. House Sand Committee inonzvera kudenha kwaJanuary 6 yakaburitswa inopfuura 100 popuenas, zhinji dzadzo dzakatevedzerwa, nepo dzimwe dzakadenhwa mudare. Kushandisa kwedare ravakuru vakuru kuti vawane marekodhi efoni namamwe ufakazi hwemifungo kwakamutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pezvakavanzika noukoshi hwemitemo. Nenzira yakafanana, Dare rinonzvera kudzokororo muvhoti yeRussia yakaitwa muvhoti 2016 yaibatanidza vakuru vakuru vakuru venhimbe dzenhimbe uye vamarudzi okumwe, kuchiratidzira kusvika kwokuwedzera kwezvikumbiro zvezvikumbiro zvakati.

Iyi rwisano yazvino uno yakanyandura kurukurirano yakamutsidzirwa pamusoro pokuchinja muitiro wesubpoena. Zvikamu zvinobatanidza kuraira zvigaro zvedare kuwana tsigiro yamabhiparitari nokuda kwamaparera, kutanga mipimo inowirirana nokuda kwokubudiswa kwechinyorwa, uye kujekesa basa rokutonga mukuraira zvinodikanwa zvemitemo. [ Predétiential Subpoena Accouncial Act [H.R. 5314] , yaizove yaizotanga miganhuro pamite youkurusa, kunyange zvazvo isina kuva mutemo. Congregation Research Ression Serviceal Actives anoshaial pamist, iyo inowanika pa [FFFF] RFFF]

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Nokuda KweZvapupu Nematare Yakafanana

Kupindura nokukurumidza kuzvikumbiro zvokuzvidira, kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvakarurama, kunogona kuderedza bviro yemuputi kana agamuchirwa, zvapupu zvinofanira kusanonzvera ukuru hwazvo uye kukurukura navashandi vedare mukutenda kwakanaka. Apo gakava risingadzivisiki, zvapupu zvinofanira kurangarira kutanga kufamba kuti zvipfekedze kunyora bedzi apo hwaro hwapamutemo huripo.

Nokuda kwamatare, miitiro yakanakisisa inobatanidza kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanamuduku vanosanogadzirirwa kufeyafeya, vachigovera rondedzero dzakajeka dzemashoko anenge achitsvakwa, uye vachipa zvapupu nguva ine mufungo yokuteerera. Matare anofanirawo kunyora zvakajeka chinangwa chavo chemitemo kuti vatsungirire kunzvera kwedare. Kujeka pamusoro pomuitiro wacho (hwukadai sokubudisa tsamba duku dzepopona namavhoti edare) `svomhesve zvinotaura chivimbo chavose.

mhedziso

Simba rokupupurira zvapamberi pedare uye magwaro ndechimwe chezvishandiso zvinotyisa zvikurusa zveCongress zvokutungamirira nokuita mabasa aro ebumbiro remitemo. Asi simba iroro harina kuzara. Riripo murudungwe rwemitemo yemitemo, mitemo yetsika, uye dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinodzikamisa kudikanwa kwebazu remitemo nokuda kwekodzero dzevanhu vamwe navamwe uye kodzero dzemapazu ebatanidzwa. Kunzwisisa muitiro wezvipupu zvinobatanidza zvapachiduku - chitsauko chetsika (* kubva pakuzivikanwa kwokutanga kwevanhu vanokosha kutsika dzinobvira kupfurikidza nezvinoitwa nejekedzo, $illumin inoisa sei Kongress dzinoshanda sezvose zviri zviviri boka rinodzorwa uye simba rokuongorora. Sezviitika masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika uye zvinetso zvapamutemo, pasi pena pasina mubvunzo zvicharamba kuva rutivi rukuru rwegadziriro yemitemo, kugadziriswa kwomutemo, uye vagadziri vematare vadzokorodzaruzhinji.