Gadziriro yapamutemo inowanzorondedzerwa sedanho rokuziva nokubvisa ruramisiro, asi kufambidzana kwedzinza nomuitiro zvakafanira kunoratidza misiano inokosha inodenha iyi nzwisiso. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vatsigiri veruramisiro yenzanga, kunzwisisa kuti nzira iyo rudzi runopesvedzera nayo muitiro wakafanira haisiwo zvayo muitiro wedzidzo yakasiyana neiyi mitoo. Nyaya inonzvera nheyo dzehwaro dzehwaro dzekusarudza nokubvisa mativi ose emitemo apamutemo. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo rinovimbisa mutoo wakafanira kuvose, nhau dzenhau nedzechinjo dzinoratidzira kuti kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kacho rudzi runowana shanduro yakasiana, inodzivirira zvishoma yeizvi zvibvumirano. Nyaya inonzvera kuti mwero uri wose wezvinoitika zvapamutemo, zvinosimbisa zviitiko zvapamutemo, uye zvinokurukura nhamburiko dzazvinogadziridza mutsika dzinovakwa pasi pomutemo weruramisiro ruramisiro ruramisiro.

Hwaro Hwegadziriro Yakafanira

Muitiro wakafanira ivimbiso yebumbiro remitemo yakavakirwa muMitemo yeChishanu neMitemo yeMinai yeUnited States. Mfumo yeshanu inorambidza hurumende yehurumende kunyima munhu upi noupi "upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo," nepo Dare reMitemo yeMitemo ye145 ichiwedzera dziviriro kuti zviito zviitwe. Pamwe chete, kugadziriswa uku kunoumba nheyo yenheyo inovimbisa kubatwa zvakanaka mugadziriro yemitemo yenguva dzose. Muitiro wakakodzera unokamuraniswa kuva mapoka maviri: procedturation neult.

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Kuratidza kuti dare guru rakaita kuti pave nezvinodikanwa muzviitiko zvakadai se Goldberg v. Kelly [1970], iyo yairangarira kuti vagamuchiri vegove vanopiwa kodzero yokunzwa nguva isati yasvika. Mumitemo yeutsotsi, yakaita kuti kutonga kwakakodzera kukurumidze uye dare reruramei reSangano] Goldberg v.

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Gadziriro yakafanira inodzivirira maruramiro makuru pakudzorwa nehurumende, kunyange apo miitiro yakafanira inoteverwa. Iyi maruramiro anobatanidza kuva woga, roorano, mhuri, uye kuvimbika kwomuviri. Dare rapamusoro rashandisa mutoo wakafanira kuputsa mitemo inodzongonyedza maruramiro okubereka ( Rhoe v. [[FLT]][FLT]] [[FLT]]], gare gare gare yadzongonyedzwa na [[FLT:]] Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization yeVakadzi vanoshandisa muitiro wakaipa [[FLT]]) uye pamutemo mumwe chete ([[FLT:] .[FLT]]] [3] .[3] .VGOgefell]. , anowana dziviriro [FLT] [5], uye anowana pamutemo wemitevessssss anodzo dzinodzosera pamutemo.

Mavambo Enhau Okusabatana Kwemadzinza Mugadziriro Yepamutemo

Rudzi rwave rwuri chinhu chikuru nguva dzose mugadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica. Kuvambira pamitatu yemitauro inobvumirana muBumbiro remitemo kuChiito choMuranda weFugitive muna 1850, mutemo wakaumbwa namaune kudzorwa navanhu vatema. Pashure peHondo yeChiviko, Reconstructon Amendments (13th, 14th, uye 15) yakavimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana, asi hurumende dzakapa mitemo miraka miraka miraka miraka miraka miraka mizhinji yakaitwa noutsotsi nevagari vemo veBlack. Chisarudzo cheDare rapamusoro reDare ramakurusaruvara mu v.[FLD:] [FLD] [1866]] [96]) dzakatenderwa dzakatenderwa kuti dzive dzakafanana, asi dzakaita mumutemo wedzinza renyika yose kwechipote yezana ramakore.

Nhaka yenhau iyi ichiripo nhasi. Hondo yeMirimo, yakatanga muma1970, nzanga dzevatema dzakaitirwa zvisingaenzaniswi pasinei zvapo nemwero yakafanana yokushandiswa kwemirimo mumapoka emarudzi. Mitongo yakaderera nemitemo mitatu yakawedzera vasungwa, uye panosvika makore a1990, United States yakava nemwero wakakwirira wevaAboma munyika, uye Marudzi eAmerica akasungwa kanopfuura kashanu mwero wevachena veAmerica. Savencing Project inoshuma kuti kana miitiro yazvino ikapfuurira, mumwe muvarume vatatu vechitema vakaberekwa nhasi anogona kukarira kuiswa mutorongo papfundo rakati muupenyu hwake. Nhamba idzi dzinoratidzira kwete bedzi kuva nechakaipa chimwe chete asi muitiro uyo wakashandiswa kare mukudzivirira vanhu vachena panzvimbo pokuzvirongwa.

Kusawirirana Kwedzinza Panhambo Iri Yose Yeenderero Mberi

Pesvedzero dzedzinza dzinovambira panguva yokubatana kwokutanga nesimbiso yomutemo kupfurikidza nokutongera mishonga yapashure pekunangana. Nhano imwe neimwe inopa mikana yokusarura kushatisa miuyo.

Kubata Noudzori

Kugadzira dzinza kunoramba kuri muitiro wakapararira. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti vatyairi veBlack neHispanic vanomiswa, vanosechwa, uye vanosungwa pamwero yakakwirira kupfuura vatyairi vechena, kunyange zvazvo mwero yokurova yakada kudzorwa yakafanana mumapoka ose. ACLU yakaratidza kuti mune dzimwe nzvimbo, vanhu vatema vanowanzomira kagumi kupfuura vachena. Izvo zvinomira kuvharirwa nokusungwa, kuumba chinyorwa choutsotsi chinogona kutapura basa, imba, uye kufambidzana kwomunguva yemberi negadziriro inotonga. Chisarudzo chokusungwa panzvimbo pokunyevera kana kuti kuraira mapurisa kungwarira kana kuti kupesvedzera kwaparirwa nokusarura kukuru kuti vachena.

Kutadza Kuchengetedza Mari Nekushaya Zvokushandisa

Kana vasungwa, nhangemutange yemukwidziridzwa inowirirana zvikuru nokuti vasungwa vasati vatongwa here. Gadziriro yebheyili, sezvinooneka yakagadzirirwa kuvimbisa chitarisiko chedare, kazhinji kazhinji inoshanda segadziriro yousungwa yakavakirwa papfuma. Vapomeri vatema sezvingabvira zvikuru vanogoverwa mari yakawanda zvikuru uye sezvingabvira havagoni kuibhadhara, kuchitungamirira kukuiswa mutorongo kwapamberi pedare. Fundo yakaitwa na [[FLD] Project [[FLM]] yakawana kuti varume vatema vanosungwa pamwero yakakwirira kupfuura varume vachena nokuda kwepomero dzakafanana. Prelustration, , , inowedzesa bviro yokutendwa nemhaka yokuti vakwidziridziri vanokwanisa zvikuru kubatsira mukuzvidzivirira kwavo vamene, sezvingabvira kusava nemhaka yemhosva, uye kurasikirwa nemabasa kana kuti kurasikirwa nenzvimbo yenzvimbo inotokubviswa.

Kurovera Nokugonya

Vatongi vane simba guru mukusarudza kuti zvii zvinopomerwa kunyora nokukumbira kupi. Kunzvera kunoratidzira kuti vakwirirwi vechitema vane bvuru vanobvira zvikuru kutarisana nemhosva dzakaganhurirwa uye sezvingabvira zvishoma kuti vapiwe mitongo kuderedza kudarika vakwirirwi vechichena vari pakati pazvo. Kufunda kwa2014 kweUniversity of Michigan Law School kwakawana kuti vaBlack vakwiridziriswa vanogamuchira chikumbiro icho chiri, paavhareji, chakarefu kupfuura icho chakapiwa kuvarwi vechichena nokuda kwemhosva dzimwe njodzi dzimwe chetedzo. Uku kubvisa nzira inoderedza mutoo wokuita nawo mukana wakarurama wokutaura chikumbiro, icho zvinopedza kudarika 95% yemhosva dzeutsotsi mumasangano.

Kusarudzwa Kwajury

Dare reSingth Amend reSingle rinovimbisa dare rinosarudza risingasaruri, asi fungira mano yorudzi kazhinji kazhinji inokanganisa muitiro wokusarudza. Vashushi vekare vakashandisa kutsiva vatongi vevatema kuti vasabatira pamatare evatema, zvikurukuru mumhosva dzinobatanidza vaBlack Constempment. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro mu Batson v. Kentucky[ [196] [86] [86] vaitsvaka kurambidza zvinetso zveganda, kuraira kuti kurova kwedzinza kuve kwedzinza kusingawiriraniswi. Zvisinei, Batson akabvumikisa kuva kwakaoma kutendwa nemhaka yokuti matare anogamuchira nenzira isingatsigiriki. A 2019 anofunda mumiedzo yenhau ye [FLT]

Kutongerwa

Kuparadza kwevachena kuri pakati pezvimiro zvakasarurwa zvikurusa zverusaruro rwedzinza mugadziriro yemitemo. Savensionling Commission yakawana yawanwazve kuti vapara mhosva vechiBlack vanogamuchira mitsetse 15-20% yakareba kupfuura izvo zvakaiswa kuvachena vapari vemhosva vakapomerwa mhosva dzakafanana. Mukaha uno unoramba uchipfuurira kunyange pashure pokudzora kukanganisa, nhau dzoutsotsi, nezvimwe zvinhu zvapamutemo. Federal cocaine inopa mirayiridzo yecaine, iyo yakarapa kuva necrack (inowanzoshandiswa nevaVrack vanoshandisa) sekapetapu yakanyanya kuva yakakomba kupfuura cocaine (inowanzoshandiswa nevashandisi vechena), yakaratidzwa kuva nourudzi. Fair Ser Regineclection Act yeh of 2010 yakaderedza kusarura vanhu kusvikira ku 18:1, asi mafaro emitemo iyi anopfuurira kupfumba.

Zvisarudzo Zvinoratidzira Kusaruramisira Kwedzinza

Nemhaka dzakawanda dzine mativi akakwirira dzakapinza mhesano yorudzi nomuitiro wakafanira mukuona kwavose, dzichidzora masangano okuchinja uye unyanzvi hwapamutemo.

Central Park Mishanu

Muna 1989, vechiduku vashanu Black neLatino vari kuyaruka .Antron McCray, Kevin Richardson, Yusef Salaam, Raymond Santana, naKorey Weander . vakawanirwa mhaka yakaipa yokudenha nokubata chibharo mukadzi wechichena muNew York City City. Kutendeseka kwavo kwakanga kwakavakirwa pakureurura kwamanikidzwa, kushaikwa kwoufakazi hweDNA, uye kukurudzirwa nezvinobudisa nhau izvo zvakavanyora se "paketi ye". Vachiri kuyaruka vakapedza makore matanhatu negumi namatatu vari mutorongo pamberi pokubvuma mhaka chaiyo yeDNA ndokusimbisa kuva nemhaka kwake. Mhaka yakafumuranisa sei miitiro inodikanwa yakafanira yeboka: kureurusa yakawanwa pasina zano, uye mapurisa vakafuratira ufakazi hwedare. Mugore wa2014, vakaisa kodzero dzevagari vemo yehurumende yehurumende yemirioni yemirioni yemirioni yeSakata yeSalmy.

Rodney King neLos Angeles Uuniversing ya1992

Muna 1991, Rodney King, mutyairi wemotokari weBlack, akarohwa noutsinye neLos Angeles Police Department pashure pokumhanya kukuru. Mutevedzeri wevhidhiyo akawana kurova, kwakaratidza vakuru vakuru vachirova Mambo kanopfuura kamakumi mashanu. Pasinei zvapo noufakazi hwakajeka, dare rakasununguka vakuru vakuru muna 1992, richimutsa matare, richimutsa maruramiro matanhatu enyongano, uye muparadzi akasiya vanhu 63 vakafa uye vakuvadzwa 1 000. Chisarudzo chakaratidzira kuti kunyange apo muitiro unochengetwa nenzira yapamutemo, dare, dziviriro, dziviriro yedare inogona kutungamirira kukundikano hurusa ruramisiro. Mhaka inonyandura kodzero dzavagari vehurumende mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vakuru, inoguma nemhosva nokuda kwavo, asi kukuvadziko yehurumende yakatanhamara yemhosva inobvisa pamutemo mumipimo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yevachena.

Michael Brown NevaFerguson Protests

Kupfura kwakauraya kwa2014 Michael Brown wemakore 18 nemukuru mukuru wemapurisa muForson, Missouri, kwakamutsa kuratidzira munyika yose uye Black Live Matter sangano. Department yeRuramisiti yakawana fungirano yedzinza yakapararira muFruguson Police nedare redare, iyo yakatsamira pafaindi uye mari yaibva kuvagari vemo veBrack kuti vabudise mari. Mushumo waDOJ wakagumisa kuti mapurisa eguta racho nemiitiro yedare zvakaputsa kudzivirira kwe1449th Amendment nemitemo yakakodzera. Mhaka yaBrown yakasimbisa kuti urudzi hwetsika hwetsika yedare romunzvimbomo hunogona kutapura sei gadziriro yose yeruramisiro yomunzvimbomo, kurasha vagari vemo veBrack vadzoromabhiri kubva pamugwagwa wokutanga kumira dare rokupedzisira.

Bias Yakakwana Nekuzivikanwa Kwayo Kwapamutemo

Kufungira kwakakwana kunonongedzera kuzvimiro zvendangariro kana kuti mirangariro zvinoumba zvisarudzo zvedu nemiitiro. Mugadziriro yapamutemo, fungidziro dzakajeka inogona kupesvedzera mutambi ari wose: vakuru vakuru vamapurisa avo vane bviro huru yokurangarira vanhu vatema savanotyisidzira, vachuchisi vanorangarira vaBlack vapomerwi savasingavimbiki, vatongi vanoisa mitongo ine hasha pavarume vechiBrack, uye vatongi vanopa uremu hukuru zvikuru kuuchapupu kubva kuzvapupu zvichena. Kunzvera kuchishandisa nzvero dzesangano (IAT) kwakasimbisa kuti vazhinji veAmerica vanochengeta masangano echizivisodzano chezveni kana kuti chitema, kubatanidza vatongi vazhinji namagweta.

Matare ave achinonoka kukurukura fungidziro dzakajeka. Nepo mamwe mativi anoraira zvino rovedzo yorusaruro yakakwana nokuda kwavatongi navakuru vakuru vamapurisa, tapuro yerovedzo yakadaro pamiuyo chaiyoiyo inoramba yakaganhurirwa. Nzvero ya2017 neNational Center for State Courts yakawana kuti vatongi avo vakava nerovedzo yefungira vakanga vachiziva zvikuru mirangariro yavo asi havana kuchinja havo mufambiro wavo wokutonga. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakadana nokuda kwechinjo dzenzvimbo, dzakadai segadziriro dzemipimo yemipimo yemitemo nenzvero yengozi yemitemo, asi idzodziwo dzinogona kuisa mirangariro kana dzisati dzakaitwa nokungwarira. Denho iri mukuziva kuti muitiro wakafanira, sezvinofungwa, hauna kurangarirwa, dzinonzwisisa, dzinova hazvo.

Kuedza Kuchinja Zvinhu uye Kunyengedza

Mukupindura kutsinhirana kunopfuurira kwedzinza nomuitiro wakafanira, chinjo dzakawanda dzakakarakadzwa ndokuitwa pamwero yomunzvimbomo, yehurumende, uye yehurumende. nhamburiko idzi dzinovavarira kuderedza mativi, kuvandudza nhevedzano yetsika, uye kudzorera chivimbo mutsika yemitemo.

Kuremekedza uye Kuzvidavirira

Kuchinja mumapurisa kunobatanidza kushandiswa kwamakhamera omutumbi, zvirambidzo pamiitiro yedzinza, uye kuitwa kwemirayiro yokubvumirana (mutoo, kunzvera kweDOJ kwomuenzaniso kana kuti kurovedza). Mamwe maguta akaedza nokurovedza kwokubvisa nokupindira kwenjodzi kuti aderedze kusungwa kusiri madikanwa kwavanhu nechirwere chendangariro kana kuti nzanga dzakaganhurirwa. ACLU anopfuurira kutsigira kutarisirwa kwazvigaro kwamadhipatire emapurisa nokubviswa kwedziviriro kwezvikwaratiso zvinokwaniriswa, izvo vakuru vakuru vanodzivirira pamigaro dzavagari vemo kunyange apo pamutemo inopunzwa.

Kuchinja Kwezvinhu Nezvavasati Vamboitwa

Mitezo inoverengeka, kubatanidza New Jersey, New York, neCalifornia, yakashandura kana kuti kubvisa mabheyi okushandisa mari nokuda kwemhosva zhinji. Iyi chinjo dzinotsiva migariro yemari nenzvero dzakavakirwa pangozi, uye fundo dzinoratidza kuti dzakaderedza mwero yokuchengetwa pamberi pokutongwa pasina kundikano dzinowedzera kuoneka. Zvisinei, funganyo dzinosara pamusoro pedzinza nefungidziro yeboka zvinopinzwa mumipimo yengozi. Mapoka echikwata akadai sePremistry Justice Institute ari kusunda nokuda kwokuvandudzikazve uye mubato wenzanga mugadziriro yamaturuko akadaro.

Kutongera Kuchinja Zvinhu

Gamuchidza mutongo wekutsiva, wakadai seFirst Step Act ya2018, wakaderedza mitongo miduku inosungirwa nokuda kwemhosva dzakati dzemirimo uye wakabvumira kushandiswa kweChiito cheFair Senending Act. Chiito chacho chakakudzawo "pavharatisi" inobvumira vatongi kutora mitsetse iri pasi pezvisakafanira nokuda kwemitengo yakaderera, vaiti vemhosva vasina masimba. Pamwero wehurumende, majereta mazhinji ari kubvisa zvikamu zviduku zvinodikanwa uye kuderedza mitsetse yezvitendero. project yomutemo wokudzora inogovera mirayiridzo nemuenzaniso kuti itungamirire nhamburiko idzi. Kunyange zvakadaro, vatsigiriri vanoramba kuti kusatenderwa kwetsika kunoda kuva nezviito zvokushandisa zvinodhaka uye kuderedza mishonga yenzanga kuti isha yapaswe.

Kuchinja uye Mhatsa Yematare

Kunangana nefungidziro mukusarudza vatongi, dzimwe nyika dzakarambidza denho dzinodzima chose chose (kutevera nhungamiro yenyika dzakadai seArizona neCalifornia). Dzimwe dzinoda kuti kudenha kwose kuve kwakavakirwa pa "chisakiso chakanaka". Mhatsa dzedare ingwarirowo: kuwedzera chiverengero chavatongi veBlack neHispanic, varovereri vemhosva, uye vadziviriri vehurumende vanogona kuvandudza kuratidzwa nokururamisira kwetsika. Masangano akafanana neNAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund ([FLT: 0]] LDF[F:1])

Kubatanidzwa Kwenzanga Nedzidzo

Kushanda kwomutemo kwoga hakugoni kupedza zvinetso zvikuru zverusaruraganda. Zvirongwa zvedzidzo yenzanga zvinodzidzisa vanhu nezvekodzero dzavo, maitiro akakodzera, uye mashandiro egadziriro yemitemo zvinokosha. Marojabhuti anoziva kodzero dzako, anogadziridza ruramisiro, uye kurukurirano pakati pokudzikamisa mutemo nenzanga dzeruvara zvinogona kuvaka kunzwisisana nokuzvidavirira. Zvikoro namayunivhesiti zvinoita basa rinokosha nokubatanidza dzidziso yedzinza nedzidzo yepamutemo imota dzezvokunyora, zvichigadzirira chizvarwa chinotevera chevagari vemo nezvinotsigira kudenha kusaruramisira.

mhedziso

Kupindirana kwedzinza nomuitiro wakafanira mutsika yemitemo hakusi kunetseka kwemitemo, kunotangira pakuti chipikirwa cheAmerica cheruramisiro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo ndechechokwadi here kana kuti kwete. Ufakazi hwenhau nehwapanguva imwe cheteyo hunoratidzira kuti rudzi runoumba nenzira yakarongwa zvinoitika zvavanhu panhambo dzose dzeruramisiro, kubva kutongerwa kutongerwa. Zviitiko zvemapepa zvakaunza iyi misiyano kuchiedza, asi chinjo ine revo dzinoda nhamburiko dzinopfuurira pamwero mizhinji: kuchinja mutemo, kuzvidavirira kwedare, kuronga nzanga, uye dzidzo yomunhu oga. Vadzidzisi navadzidzi, vanonzwisisa iyi mhesano yokutanga kutoo yokutonga nokutonga. Sezvinopfuurira rudzi rwacho kurwisana nenhaka yarwo yourudzi, kuvimbisa kuti muitiro warwo zvirokwazvo unova wakapofumira kuruza rumwe rwezvinetso zvedu zvikurusa.