Munyika yazvino uno, pfungwa yerepublic inowanzokurukurwa mumashoko akapoteredza egadziriro dzokutonga nedzezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa republic kunokosha nokuda kwavose vari vaviri vadzidzi navadzidzisi, sezvainoumba hwaro hwenzanga dzakawanda dzedemocracy. Iyi nyaya inonzvera mavara anokosha erepublic, kubudirira kwayo kwenhau, misiano yayo, uye revo yayo mukutonga kwapanguva ino. Inonzverawo zvinetso zvinotarisana namarepublicscs nemabasa avagari vemo anoitwa mukutsigira ivo. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa izvi zvinhu, varavi vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti kushanda kwehurumende inomiririra sei uye nei inoramba iri gadziriro inosarudzwa yokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe uye kusimudzira kudzora mamiriro ezvinhu ose.

Republic chii?

Republic chimiro chehurumende umo nyika inorangarirwa se "nhau yavose" (kubva muchiLatin [[FLT: 0]] inopa vanhu, inoreva kuti "chinhu chavose" kana kuti "nhau yavose". MuRepublic, nhau dzehurumende ndedzevanhu vose panzvimbo peyomutongi kana kuti madzimambo anotonga. Simba rinoshandiswa kupfurikidza navamiriri vakasarudzwa vanozvidavirira kuvagari vemo. Ikoku kunomira mukupesana nezvigaro zvamadzimambo, zvigaro, kana kuti zvigaro zvoutongi umo chiremera chinoiswa mumunhu mumwe kana kuti boka duku.

Zvinhu zvinokosha paripabhuriki zvinosanganisira:

  • Kuzivisa: Vagari vakasarudzwa vamiriri kuti vaite zvisarudzo nokuda kwavo, vachidzikamisa kutora rutivi kwakananga nokudzora kunoshanda.
  • [ Mitemo yoMutemo: inodzora rudzi, uye munhu ari wose(kubatanidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende) idzorwa nomutemo. Hapana munhu ari pamusoro pawo.
  • [ Kodzero Dzevanhu: Republic inodzivirira maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe mukurwisana nechido choruzhinji, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nebumbiro remitemo kana kuti rugwaro rwamaruramiro.

Nyika dzinotonga dzazvino uno dzinodokuva nguva dzose dzinoshanda mukati megadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inoganhurira simba rehurumende uye dzinobatanidza rusununguko rukuru. Mufungo werepublic wakabatana zvikuru nepfungwa youchangamire hwakakurumbira — nheyo yokuti chiremera chapamutemo chinobva mukubvumira kwevanotongwa.

Kufambira Mberi Kwenhau YamaRepublic

Kunzwisisa nhoroondo iyi kunobatsira kutsanangura kusiyana - siyana kwemasangano ari munyika nhasi.

Vatungamiriri Vekare

Maripabhuriki mbiri dzakare zvikuru dzakanga dziri Roman Republic namaguta akasiyana- siyana echiGiriki. Roman Republic (509 BC\27 BC) inowanzorangarirwa kuva mufananidzo mukuru. Yaishanda negadziriro yakaoma yechekero nedzikamo, kubatanidza Dare, magungano akakurumbira, uye vatongi vakasarudzwa vakadai savamiri navatatus. Kuparadzana kwemitemo nesangano zvamasimba zvakapesvedzera vacherekedzi vepashure seCicero, avo vakanyora zvikuru pamusoro pemitemo yetsika nebasa rehurumende.

MuGirisi yekare, maguta akadai seAtene aiita zvimiro zve democracy (kutora rutivi kwakananga kwevagari vemo) apo vamwe vakafanana naSparta vakanga vane gadziriro dzakavhengana. Kunyange zvazvo hurumende yehurumende yetene yakanga isiri republic mupfungwa yazvino uno, [1] kusava namasangano amiriri nebumbiro remitemo remitemo (bumbiro remitemo) kusimbisa kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo uye mutemo zvakabetsera kuumba mifungo yeriphabliki. Wezvenhau wechiGiriki Polybius akanzvera chibvumirano cheRoma Republic, achipikisa kuti kubatanidza miganhuro yemonarchy, yechikuru, yechikuru, uye yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yakaparira kugadzikana kwendangariro yazvino unovapo muparadzano yetsika dzamasimba enyika.

MaRepublic EMiddle Ages Neakatangazve

Pashure pokuwa kwoUmambo hweRoma, utongi hwehurumende yehurumende yavagari vemo hwakanyangarika zvikurukuru muEurope, asi hwakapfuurira mune dzimwe nharaunda. Mukati meMiddle Ages. MuMiddle Ages, nharaunda dzakazvimirira dzeguta muItaly(haiwa zvikuru Florence, Venice, uye Genoa) masangano eRepublic yakabudirira. Somuenzaniso, Republic of Venice, yakagara makore anopfuura chiuru, ichidzorwa negadziriro yezvisarudzo yakaoma yaibatanidza Doge (mutongi), Dare Guru, uye mabhii akasiyana - siyana akagadzirirwa kudzivisa kudzorwa kwechinhu chimwe nechimwe. Iyi maripabhuriki yeItaly yakadzorerazve kuva refariro yehurumende yokuzvitonga yogaro yehurumende neyamutsiripidhi yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mamwe marepublic akatanhamara eMiddle Ages anobatanidza Switzerland Confederacy (iyo yakavamba sesangano recantons) neDutch Republic (Maruwa eUnited eNetherlands), ayo akabuda mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 16 seripabhuriki renyika inotungamirirwa naUnited States General. Dutch Republic yakava simba renyika yose rezvokutengeserana uye chidzitiro cheshiviriro yorudzidziso netsinhano youngwaru.

Nhambo Yezvimurenga Nezvimiro Zvazvino Uno

Kujekeswa kwezana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi 18 kwakagovera hwaro hwouzivi nokuda kwechiRepublic.

United States, yakavambwa muna 1776, yakatanga republic huru yazvino uno ine bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa, kuparadzana kwamasimba pakati pemitemo, vadzori, uye mapazu okutonga, uye Bill of Rights. Bumbiro reMitemo reU. yakava muenzaniso nokuda kwamarepublic akawanda akatevera. Hurumende yeFrance yeFirst Republic (1792-1804) yakabatanidzawo mirangariro yeRepublic, kunyange zvazvo yakatarisana nenyongano yomukati uye pakupedzisira youdzvinyiriri mupasi paNapoleon. Mumazana ose amakore rechi 19 nerechi20, republicracyments yakapararira muLatin America, Asia, uye Africa, kazhinji kazhinji inotsiva hurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Nhasi, inopfuura hafu yenyika irepabhuriki dzorudzi rwakati, kunyange zvazvo zvimiro zvadzo zvichisiana zvikuru. Kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pechibvumirano chenhau cherepublic, shanyira kupinza kweBritanica pariphabliki[.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha zveRepublic

Kunzwisisa republic kunoda kuziva mavara ayo anojekesa, ayo anoitsauranisa nezvimwe zvimiro zvehurumende zvakadai sehurumende inotonga vanhu chose chose, youdzvinyiriri, kana kuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga.

Mutungamiriri Ane Ungwaru

MuRepublic, vatungamiriri vanosarudzwa kupfurikidza nesarudzo — zvimwe vhoti yakananga (vavhoti vakasarudzwa vakasarudzwa (vamiriri vakasarudzwa avo ipapo vanosarudza vatungamiriri). Kusarudza kunofanira kuva kwakasununguka, kururamisira, uye nguva nenguva kuva nechokwadi chokuzvidavirira. Ikoku kunopesana nokutevedzana kwenhaka muhurumende dzamambo kana kuti kuchinjwa kwamasimba masimba mumaautocrac.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Simba rinokamuraniswa pakati pamapazu akasiyana- siyana ehurumende() anodzora, emitemo, uye edare (*) kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza chiremera chikuru zvikuru. Iyi gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo inobvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe kuganhurira masimba avamwe, kudzivirira muudzvinyiriri. Mamwe marepabhuriki anoparadzanisawo masimba pakati pemwero yenyika nerenyika dzose (chirechi).

Kugadzirwa Kwemitemo

Bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa kana kuti risina kunyorwa rinoratidzira chimiro chehurumende, kuparadzira masimba, uye kuronga maruramiro avagari vemo. Mabumbiro emitemo akakwirira zvikuru kupfuura mitemowose uye anogona kugadziridzwa bedzi kupfurikidza nemiitiro chaiyo. Uyu mutemo wenheyo yemitemo inovimbisa kuti chiito chehurumende chinodzorwa nemirau yapamutemo. Bumbiro reMitemo reU.U.S. muenzaniso wakaisvonaka; unogona kurava rugwaro rwayo pa .S.U.Constitution Anatedmentation.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

MaRepublic anodzivirira zvakajeka maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe − akadai sorusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, gungano, uye muitiro wakafanira(kudzivisa kudzongonyedzwa nehurumende kana kuti voruzhinji) Iyi dziviriro inowanzoiswa mugweta rekodzero kana kuti vimbiso dzebumbiro remitemo dzakafanana. Kuziva kuti mativi makuru anogona kuva anodzvinyirira ikokero yerondedzero yeRepublic, kuchia inoanzamuranisa nomutemo mukurusa.

Kutora Rutivi uye Mutoro

Varidzi vehurumende vanofanira kuzvizivisa, kutora rutivi muzvisarudzo, uye kuita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavirire.

Marudzi ERepublics

Mapazi ehurumende neanoona nezvemitemo ndiwo anonyanya kurongwa.

MaRepublic aPurezial

Murepurezidhendi wehurumende, purezidhendi anobatira sezvose zviri zviviri musoro wehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende, anosarudzwa akaparadzana nedare remitemo, uye ane masimba anozvimirira anokosha. Purezidhendi anowanzogadza mitezo yedare uye anogona kuita mutemo. United States, Brazil, uye Mexico mienzaniso. Rutivi runokosha kuparadzanisa kwakananga kwamasimba pakati pamapazu ehurumende neapamutemo, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kuchigona kutungamirira kukuwedzerazve kana boka rapurezidhendi risingadzori chigaro.

Mareparera

Murepareji yeparamende, mukuru mukuru wehurumende (kazhinji kazhinji purezidhendi ane mabasa etsika) akasiana nomukuru wehurumende (gurukota guru). Mutungamiriri wehurumende nedare vanotorwa kuparamende uye vanozvidavirira. Bazu guru rinotsamira pachivimbo chevoruzhinji vehurumende. Kana hurumende ikarasa chivimbo, sarudzo itsva ingadanwa. Mienzaniso inobatanidza India, Germany, Italy, uye Israel. Mitezo yeparamende inowanzoparira utongi hwakawanda nemhaka yokuti mapazu ehurumende nemitemo zvinobatanidzwa.

Semi-Presideenness

Masangano aya anobatanidza zvinhu zvese zviri zviviri zvemienzaniso yapurezidhendi neparamende.

Unitary Republics

Republic dzinogonawo kurongwa nokuparadzirwa kwesimba pakati pehurumende dzepakati neruwa. Murepublic yehurumende yehurumende (jere, United States, Germany, India), simba rakakamurwa mumutemo pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende kana kuti maruwa. Mwero mumwe nomumwe une masangano akasarudzwa uye nzvimbo dzechiremera. Murejimendi yebatanidzwa (g. France, Italy), uchangamire hunoiswa muhurumende yenyika, kunyange zvazvo hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzingapiwa masimba okutarisira. Hurumende inobvumira mhatsa nenzvimbo dzomunzvimbomo asi inogona kuparira zvinetso zvebatira pamwe chete.

Republic neRwanda.

Kunyange zvazvo mashoko aya maviri achiwanzoshandiswa zvakafanana muhurukuro yazvino uno, haatauri zvakafanana murondedzero yezvematongerwe enyika.

  • Ubati ushe hwedemocracy hunobatanidza kuvhota zvakananga pamitemo nemitemo pasina kukurukurirana. Ikoku kwaishandiswa muAtene yakare asi hakushandi kunyika huru, dzazvino uno.
  • Kumirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu [ (imo ndimo marepabhuriki mazhinjisa) kunobatanidza vagari vemo vanosarudza vakuru vakuru kuvaitira zvisarudzo. Ichi ndicho chinhu chikuru choutongi hweRepublic.
  • Republic inosimbisa zvakananga mutemo, dziviriro yekodzero shoma, uye gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inoganhurira zvose zviri zviviri ruzhinji nehurumende. Vamwe vatsigiri vezvamatongerwe enyika vanotaura kuti riphabliki rudzi ruduku rwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, nepo vamwe vachiirangarira segadziriro yakasiana inoisa rusununguko necherekedzo pachido chakakurumbira.

Mubasa, marepublic azvino uno anodokuva anomirira hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu nguva dzose. Zvisinei, havasati vari hurumende dzose dzinosarudzwa navanhu dziri hedu nyika dzose: somuenzaniso, madzimambo emitemo (seUnited Kingdom) ihurumende inosarudzwa navanhu asi kwete republic nemhaka yokuti musoro wenyika ndimambo. Nenzira inopesana, republic inogona kuvapo pasina kuva nehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakakwana yakakwana (891,5 Hurumende inotonga hurumende inotonga vanhu) ichizvigadzira sa "vatongi vehurumende yavanhu voruzhinji" apo inenge ichidzvinyirira kusarudza nokusabvumirana. Naizvozvo, shoko rokuti "republic" rinorondedzera chimiro chehurumende yakavakirwa pauchangamire hwavanhu, asi vadzose vanotsamira parusununguko rwavanhu uye kutora rutivi runodzivirira chaizvoizvo.

Kubatsira kweRepublic

Marepublic anopa betsero dzinoverengeka dzinobetsera kuudzori hwakatsiga, hunogamuchira, uye hunoremekedza kodzero.

  • Kusarudza kunobvumira vagari vemo kusarudza vatungamiriri vavo nokuvabvisa panzvimbo kana vakakundikana kuita. Uku kuzvidavirira kunoderedza kugamuchira uye kunoderedza ngozi youdzvinyiriri hwakadzika midzi.
  • Kudzivirirwa kwaMaruramiro:[[FLT: 1] Mabumbiro emitemo namatongi anozvimirira anodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu mukurwisana nepfupiso nehurumende kana kuti navakuru vakuru vakakurumbira. Ikoku kunobatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, pepanhau, uye gungano.
  • Kutsakatika neKonfiti: Gadziriro yapamutemo yakajeka nokuda kwokutamisa simba (sarudzo namashoko) inoderedza masimba masimba nokusava nechokwadi izvo kazhinji kazhinji zvinoperekedza nhevedzano mumibatanidzwa yehurumende kana kuti midzori.
  • Masangano anotsigira anosimudzira kurukurirano nokutaurirana pakati pefariro dzakasiyana - siyana, kuchitungamirira kumiitiro inorangarirwa zvikuru kupfuura mavhoti mazhinjisa angaparira.
  • Kugamuchirwa:[ Mabumbiro emitemo anogona kugadziridzwa, uye mitemo inogona kuchinjwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yemitemo, kuchibvumira gadziriro kushanduka nezvinodikanwa zvechikaro pasina chinjo.

Matambudziko Akasangana NemaRepublic

Pasinei nokuti nyika dzine simba rakadini, dzinosanganawo nematambudziko akakura, asi dzimwe dzinobva mune zvematongerwo enyika, mune zvemari, kana kuti mumagariro evanhu.

Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika

Apo vakuru vakuru vanosarudzwa vanoisa kuvimbika kwebato pamusoro pezvakanaka zvakarovedzeka, zviremera zvinodzora, uye chivimbo chavanhu zvinoderera. Kuchinja kazhinji kazhinji kunowedzera mumasangano apurezidhendi umo mapazu evakuru vakuru neanotonga anodzorwa namapati anokwikwidzana.

Uori Nepesvedzero

Vakuru vakuru vanokweverwa vangashandisa zvinzvimbo zvavo nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga, kugamuchira chiokomuhomwe, kutusa zvibvumirano kuvatsigiri, kana kuti kushandisa nzvimbo dzavose kufambisira mberi fariro dzavo vamene. Kunyange munyika dzakashata zvikuru, pesvedzero yemari mune zvamatongerwe enyika ($) kupfurikidza nemipiro yenhimbe, kukurudzira, uye maPAC makuru. Uori hunoshatisa chivimbo chavanhu uye hunogona kuparira kurwisana kwevapurisa.

Kusakendenga Nokuodzwa Mwoyo

Muvhoti akaderera, zvikurukuru pakati pechiverengero chavagari vemo vaduku navakaderera, anonetesa kuva pamutemo kwehurumende uye anogona kuguma nemiitiro isingaratidziri fariro huru yavanhu. Kusakendenga kunowanzobva mukuodzwa mwoyo negadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, mufungo wokuti vezvematongerwe enyika vose imhinganidzo imwe cheteyo, kana kuti mhinganidzo dzokuvhota (muchibvemo, kunyoresa, kudzvinyirira kwomuvhoti).

Kubudisa Mabhodhoro Nokudzorera Kunosarudzwa Nehurumende

Vatungamiriri vezvokuwana purojeta vangahwina sarudzo kupfurikidza nokukumbira kuzvinyunyuto nokuvimbisa ku "pinda mumadhaka," bva pane imwe nguva musimba ivo vanodenha masangano akazvimirira (zvivako, zvinobudisa nhau, basa ravagari vemo), vachisekesa kutonga kwomutemo, uye vachibvisa tsika dzehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji. MaRepublic anogona nokudaro kuchinja kuva "hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzechinyakare" kana kuti hurumende dzemibatanidzwa umo kusarudzo dziripo asi dzisina kunaka kana kuti kusununguka. Ichi chinoitika chakacherekedzwa munyika dzinoverengeka mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura.

Bvudzi Romuviri uye Kusakwanisa Kushanda

Kuparadzana kwemasimba dzimwe nguva kunogona kudzivisa chiito chokukurumidza, zvikurukuru mukati menjodzi. Nzvero nedzikamo zvingashandiswa kuvhiringidza mutemo uri madikanwa kana kuti kubvumira shambidziko. Mugadziriro dzemari, hurumende dzakabatana dzinogona kuva dzisina kusimba uye dzinokombamira kuputsika. Kudzikamisa kudikanwa kwokubudirira nedziviriro mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri kunoramba kuri denho inopfuurira.

Nokuda kwokunzverwa kwakadzama kwedenho dzazvino uno dzeRepublic, ona [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legal Information Institute yehurumende yeRepublic[[FLT: 1].

Basa Revagari vomuRepublic

Vavambi veUnited States, kubatanidza James Madison naThomas Jefferson, vakasimbisa kuti hurumende yeRepublic inoda mwero wakati werunako rwevanhu, “‘ kudisa kwevagari vemo kuzviitira hanya nokuda kwezvakanaka zvavose.

  • Kuvhota neKutora rutivi Kwezvamatongerwe enyika: ibasa gurusa rehurumende. Vagari vanofanira kuzvizivisa vamene pamusoro pavadaviriri nenhau, vhoti musarudzo dzose (nzvimbo, nyika, rudzi), uye kutora rutivi mufungidziro dzavose.
  • Kugara: Access kumashoko akavimbika kunotsoropodza. Vagari vanofanira kukwanisa kusiyanisa zvokwadi namashoko anoparadzirwa uye kuita kuti zvinobudisa nhau zvizvidavirire kururama.
  • Kurangarira Mutemo:[[FLT: 1] kugamuchira miuyo yesarudzo, kuteerera mitemo, uye kusaruramisira kunodenha kupfurikidza nemitoo yapamutemo (kudanidzira, kuomesa, kurasika) panzvimbo pamasimba masimba zviratidzo zvehurumende inovaka.
  • Chikoro chepic Education: Zvikoro, mhuri, uye masangano enzanga zvinofanira kudzidzisa nheyo dzehurumende yeRepublic, kodzero nemitoro yokuva mugari wemo, uye nhau yorudzi. Kuvhota kusaziva ichero hurusa yeriphabliki.

Seizvo Benjamin Franklin akataura nenzira yakakurumbira pamugumo weConvention yeBumbiro reMitemo muna 1787, apo akabvunzwa kuti rudzii rwehurumende urwo vavambi vakanga vagadzira: "Republic, kana uchigona kuichengeta." Ikoku kunosimbisa kuti udzori hwehurumende hahusi chibereko chapedzwa asi muitiro unopfuurira unoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose nokuvimbisana.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa republic kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti hurumende inoshanda sei uye nei yazova chimiro chikuru chokutonga munyika yazvino uno. Kuvambira pamavambo ayo ekare muRoma neGirisi kusvikira kumhindumupindu yayo kupfurikidza nemisika yeguta yeMiddle Ages nokuedza kwokuchinja, gamuchidzanwa reRepublic rinopfuurira kuumba gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika munyika yose. Nheyo dzayo dzehwaro (jena kana kuti miraudzo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo, pamutemo, uye dziviriro yekodzero dzavanhu) uye kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzavanhu dzinowirirana nenhevedzano. Panguva imwe cheteyo, republictic Republics rinotarisana nezvinetso zvinopfuurira: kuputsa, uori, kubvisa, uye kudzoromadokero. Kukurira izvozvi hakudikangodikanwa bedzi masangano ehurumende inoiswa mukuita zvakanaka navanhu uye kubatanidzwa nokuzivikanwa navanhu. Kupfurikidza nokudzidza rondedzero yetsika yavadzidzi vomunyika dzenyika dzose, vadzidzi uye vadzidzi vanogona kusimbisa kudzora maererano nemasangano ehurumende inotonga matoruzhinji.