Kutanga Kuwana Rusununguko Rworudzidziso muUnited States

Rusununguko rworudzidziso nderumwe rwekodzero dzinokosheswa zvikurusa uye dzinopokanidzwa mugadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica. Runopa vanhu rusununguko rwokubata, rwokutaura, uye rwokuita chimwe chinhu pazvitendero zvavo zvechitendero pasina kupindira kwehurumende kusina chikonzero, nepo ruchidzivisawo hurumende kuisa rudzidziso pavagari vayo. Iyi dziviriro mbiri inoparira kusawirirana kukuru pakati pekutangwa uye zvikamu zvakasununguka zveFirst Amendment, kusawirirana uko matare, matare edziviri, uye vanhu vose zvinopfuurira kufamba. Kunzwisisa rusununguko rwerudzidziso kunoda kunzvera midziro yayo yenhau, purogiramu yemitemo, rondedzero huru, uye magakava azvinorwisana zvazvinoedza ganhuriro dzawo.

Nhoroondo Yorusununguko Rwechitendero

Pfungwa yorusununguko rworudzidziso muAmerica haina kuoneka pasina chinhu. Yakatangwa mukurwisa kwehondo dzorudzidziso dzeEurope, chitambudzo, uye mirangariro yeChenjero iyo yakadenha zvitendero zvehurumende zvakatenderwa. Vadzori vapakuvamba vamene vaiwanzotiza chitambudzo chorudzidziso kuti vatange machechi avo vamene akagadzwa, sezvinoonwa muPuritan Massachusetts kana kuti Virginia.

Zvinokosha mukutangwa kworusununguko rworudzidziso zvinosanganisira:

  • Chinjo yePurotesitendi [[FLT:] (zana ramakore rechi 16): Yakabatanidza chinzwano chechiKristudhomu chokuMadokero, kuchitungamirira kumazana amakore erwisano pakati pavaKaturike, vaLutheran, vaCalvin, uye vaAnabaptist. Ichi chinjo chakamanikidzira vafungi kurangarira kana mhatsa yorudzidziso ingagona kugarwa pasina hondo yavagari vemo.
  • Roger Williams naRhode Island (1636): Williams akatanga Providence Plantations panheyo ye "mweya wakasununguka," achiramba kuti hurumende yehurumende yakanga isina chiremera pahana. Koroni yake yakava nzvimbo yakachengeteka nokuda kwavaBaptist, vaQuaker, uye vaJudha ._a kuedza kukuru mukuparadzana.
  • Virginia Sigment for Religious Freedom [1] (1786]: Wakatemerwa naThomas Jefferson uye akatsigirwa naJames Madison, uyu mutemo wakabvisa Chechi yeAnglican muVirginia ndokuzivisa kuti "hakuna munhu achamanikidzirwa kupfuurira kana kuti kutsigira kunamata kupi nokupi kworudzidziso, nzvimbo, kana kuti ushumiri." Yakava muenzaniso weFirst Amend Amendment.
  • Amendment Yokutanga[[FLT: 1] (1791): Yakasimbiswa sorutivi rweBill of Rights, yakagovera rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo: "Koreta harisati richizoita mutemo pamusoro pokutangwa kworudzidziso, kana kuti kurambidza kurovedzwa kwaro kwapachena.

Izvi zvinoitika zvinoratidzira kupwiswa kunowedzera kwokuti rusununguko rworudzidziso ikodzero yomuzvarirwo, kwete inopiwa nehurumende, uye kuti rusununguko rwechokwadi runokura apo mugariro unoramba usingatori rutivi pakati pezvitendero uye pakati pechitendero nokusatenda.

Mutezo Wokutanga: Nheyo Yechibvumirano

Mitsetse yorudzidziso yeFirst Amendment inoshanda pamwe chete kudzivirira rusununguko rworudzidziso. Chibvumirano chaClaus chinodzivisa hurumende kutendera kana kuti kutsigira chitendero chorudzidziso, nepo Free Express Claus Expressice inodzivirira maruramiro okudavira nokuita chiito pazvitendero izvozvo. Pamwe chete, zvinoumba gadziriro iyo iri zvose zviri zviviri inodzivirira neyakaoma.

Kutangwa kwaClaus

Chibvumirano chaClaus chinorambidza hurumende kuita mutemo upi noupi unonzi "kuremekedza kutangwa kworudzidziso". Ikoku kunoreva kuti hurumende yehurumende haigoni kuvamba chechi yapamutemo, kufarira rumwe rudzidziso kupfuura rumwe, kana kuti kuzvibatanidza imene zvisina kufanira namasangano orudzidziso. Dare rapamusoro rakakudziridza kuedza kunoverengeka kuyera kuputsa kunonzi:

  • Muedzo weRemon (kubva Lemon v. Kurtzman[, 1971): Mutemo unofanira kuva nedonzo renyika, kwete zvikurukuru kufambira mberi kana kuti kudzongonyedza rudzidziso, uye kudzivisa kuiswa mungozi kwakanyanyisa norudzidziso.
  • Muedzo weTsvakano (kubva Lynch v. Donnelly, 1984): Muitiro wehurumende hauwirirani kana mucherekedzi ane mufungo angaurangarira sounotsigira rudzidziso.
  • Muedzo weCoercion (kubva [[FLT:]] LEE v. Weisman, 1992): Hurumende ingasadzvinyirira vanhu kutora rutivi mumiitiro yorudzidziso.

Chiratidzo chapanyika chinobatanidza Engel v. Vitaire (1962), iyo yakarova munyengetero wekuzvipira kwehurumende muzvikoro zvavose; Abington v. Schempp [1963] [inorambidza kurava Bhaibheri sechiito chokuzvipira muzvikoro; uye Sant Fependent School v. Doe[FLT:] [2]

Kurovedza Claus Kwakasununguka

Free Execle Claus inodzivirira zvose zviri zviviri kodzero yokudavira uye kodzero yokuita chimwe chinhu pazvitendero izvozvo. Kunyange zvazvo kodzero yokudavira iri yakakwana, kodzero yokuita chimwe chinhu inogona kuganhurirwa nemitemo inoita kuti hurumende ifarire. Tsananguro yeDare Repamusorosoro yachinja nokufamba kwenguva:

  • Zviitiko zvapakuvamba zvakadai se Reynolds v. United States (1879] (1879) yakatsigira mitemo inorwisana nebarika, ichisiyanisa chitendero chorudzidziso nomufambiro.
  • Muedzo weSherbert (kubva STBber v. Verner, 1963) aida kuti hurumende iratidze fariro inogombedzera pamberi pokuremedza muitiro worudzidziso uye kushandisa mitoo mishoma inoganhurira.
  • Kuchinja mu [FLT] Division v. Smith [1990]) yaidavira kuti mitemo isingatori rutivi rwenzanga haiputsi Free Expressifice Claus, kunyange kana yaidzongonyedza rudzidziso runoremedza. Ichi chisarudzo chakaparira kusawirirana kwakapararira, kuchitungamirira Chibvumirano kupfuudza Religio Religiodition Reconsole Act (RRA) muna 1993, uko kwakadzorera kuedza kweSherbert nokuda kwemitemo yehurumende.

Dare Gurusa Rinoshora Rusununguko Rworudzidziso

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rakasarudza nhau dzakawanda dzinokosha dzorusununguko rworudzidziso.

  • Reynolds v. United States (1879) Dare rakatsigira nokubvumirana mutemo wehurumende unorambidza barika, uchitonga kuti chitendero chorudzidziso hachigoni kushandiswa kururamisa zviito zvinoputsa mitemo youtsotsi. Ikoku kwakavamba zvitendero/ musiano webhizimisi.
  • [FLT] Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)[FLT: Dare rakabatanidza Free Expressice Clause mukurwisana nenyika kupfurikidza nePramendment yechigumi namana, richiparadza chinodikanwa chinoparira kukumbira rudzidziso.
  • [FLT Virginia v. Barnette (1943) Dare raidavira kuti vadzidzi vechikoro chavose havangagoni kusungirwa kusaruta mureza kana kuti kudzokorora chipikirwa chaAllegiance kana ikaputsa zvitendero zvavo zvorudzidziso. Murangariro waJackson wakazivisa nenzira yakakurumbira kuti "haine mukuru, mukuru kana muduku, anogona kurumbidza chichava chegamuchidzanwa mune zvematongerwe enyika, urudzi, rudzidziso, kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvemurangariro."
  • [FLT] . .Verner (1963): AAdventist akaramba betsero dzourovha nokuda kwokuramba kushanda paChitanhatu. Dare rakashandisa nzvero yakakomba, richigadzira chivako chakakwirira chemitoro yehurumende pakurovedza kworudzidziso.
  • Wiconsin v. Yoder : Vabereki veAmish vakawina maruramiro okubvisa vana vavo pachikoro chavose pashure pegiredhi rechisere patendi yorudzidziso rwapachokwadi. Dare rakawana kuti fariro yehurumende mudzidzo yenyika yose haina kukunda kushandiswa kwapachena.
  • ] Imodzi yeMitemo Imodzi v. Smith (1990): Vashandi veAmerica vemo vakanyimwa betsero dzourovha pashure pokushandisa peyote mumutambo worudzidziso. Dare rakatonga kuti kusatora rutivi, kazhinji kazhinji mitemo isingaputsi kurovedza kwapachena, kunyange pasina fariro inogombedzera.
  • [FLT][FOR:1] Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.[FLT:] (014:: MuUriri RFRA, Dare rakabvumira masangano akasanochengetwa kuramba kubhadharwa kwechibharo chakarongwa neAfford Care Care Able Act yakavakirwa pazvirambidzo zvorudzidziso zvavaridzi.
  • Macages Workshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2017]): Dare rakatonga nokuda kwomubiki webiki uyo akaramba kugadzira keke romuchato nokuda kwavaroorani vezera rimwe chetero, asi panzvimbo nhete kuti mumiririri wenyika akanga aratidza kuvenga rudzidziso. Kurwisana kukuru pakati porusununguko rworudzidziso naLGBTQ+ kodzero dzakasiyiwa.
  • Fulton v. Guta rePhiladelphia [ Dare raidavira kuti Filadelphia raisagona kuita kuti mutemo usingadzorwi utsigire sangano rokuchengeta vaKaturike rakaramba kuzivisa vakwanyina vevatano imwe cheteyo yevatano. Chisarudzo chacho chakadzivisa kuputsa [[[FLT:]Smith[FL:5] asi rakasiya suo rakazarura bhii nokuda kwezvinetso zvomunguva yemberi.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Murusununguko Rworudzidziso

Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, rusununguko rwechitendero rwave rwuri musimboti wenharo dzinonetsa pamusoro pokutarisira utano, dzidzo, basa, uye LGBTQ.

Kuora Mwoyo Kworudzidziso Nokutarisira Utano

Imwe yenzvimbo dzinokwikwidzana zvikurusa inobatanidza kuramba kworudzidziso kugovera kana kuti kugamuchira betsero dzokurapa.

  • Bhegiro reProject: Pashure pechiito cheAffordal Care Act chaida mushandirwi anoumbwa negadziriro dzoutano dzokufukidza kudzivisa kubereka, masangano akadai seHobby Lobby uye Vakadzi Vaduku veMarombo vakatsvaka kusunungurwa. Dare Gurusa mu Hobby Lobby[ rakapa rusununguko kumasangano akasanoita kuti pave nemitemo yorudzidziso yakakudza kushairwa kwavashandi navanobhadharwa.
  • Vaccine mirairo[: Mukati medenda reCOVOID, vashandirwi vazhinji nehurumende vaida kudzivirira. Kusunungurwa kworudzidziso kwakavakirwa pazvinopesana nokushandisa mitsetse yamasero mwana ari mutemo mukukura kwenhomba kana kuti chishoro chikuru. Madare aitsigira mirairo yamajekiseni apo airaira kuti kusunungurwa kworudzidziso kuitwe pamwe chete nokumwe kushaiwa kushaikwa.
  • yamuro inorapa mukufa[[FLT: 1]: Vamwe vatarisiri vezvoutano vanoramba kubetsera rufu pazvikonzero zvorudzidziso, vachimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuwana murwere nokuramba kwokutungamirirwa nehana.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso Nekodzero

Kupindirana kworusununguko rworudzidziso neLGBTQ+ kodzero kwakaparira kumwe kwegakava gurusa mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Nhau huru dzinobatanidza:

  • Macage hood maskethop (208): Chisarudzo cheDare chakanangidzira ngwariro pamirangariro yorudzidziso yehurumende asi chakasiya pachena kana mutengesi womuchato angagona kuramba minamato yechitendero yakavakirwa pachishoro chetemu chetemu inorambidza rusaruro rwevatano.
  • [FLT] Fulton v. Philadelphia[FLT] [202]]: Dare rakatonga kuti muitiro wokusasarura weFiradelphia waisagona kumanikidzirwa mukurwisana neMabasa enzanga eKaturike nemhaka yokuti chibvumirano cheguta chakabvumira. Chisarudzo chakaramba kudzokororwazve [[FLT:]Smith, asi Justice Alito's Convention akabudisa chiratidzo chokuchidzosarudza kuishandura.
  • 303 Creation LLC v. Elenis[FLT] [2023]: Dare raidavira kuti mugadziri wewebsite yeSayebhusayiti aisagona kumanikidzwa pasi penzvimbo dzokugara dzavose dzeColorado kuti atange mawebsite okupemberera michato mimwe cheteyo yetedhi. Dare rakawana kuti kumanikidza kutaura kwake kwaizoputsa chitsama chomutauro wakasununguka, asi chisarudzo chacho chine revo nokuda kwezvirevo zvorudzidziso.

Izvi zviitiko zvinoenzanisira kunetseka kukuru: vanhu uye mabhizimisi ane vanoramba zvechitendero vanoti havafaniri kumanikidzwa kutora rutivi mumitambo kana kuti zviitiko zvinoputsa kutenda kwavo, nepo LGBTQ inotsigira ichipikisa kuti kuramba kwakadaro kunoenzana nokusarura mudzimba dzavose.

Rusununguko Rwechitendero Mubasa Nedzidzo

Munzvimbo yebasa, vashandi vanowanzotsvaka pokugara nokuda kwemiitiro yorudzidziso yakadai seSabata, nguva dzomunyengetero, kana kuti zvipfeko zvorudzidziso. The Committee VII of the Civil Rights Act inoda vashandirwi kugovera pokugara kwakafanira kutoti kuita saizvozvo kuchiparira nhamo dzisina kufanira. Zvisinei, chinoita "dambudziko rakakomba" rakadudzirwa zvikuru nematare [e.g. , TAI] v. Harlison, 1977, kuchiita kuti zvive zvakaoma zvikuru kuti vashandi vawane zvinhu zvinotendwa. Muna 2023, Dare Rapamusoro mu [FT:2]. [vFLT] [FFF:3]]

Muzvikoro zvavose, rwisano pamusoro pomunyengetero, mitambo yokupedza kufunda, uye zvidzidzo zvinopfuurira. Somuenzaniso, mirau yakaisa inoda kuratidzirwa kwe "Muna Mwari Tinovimba" kana kuti kubvumira munyengetero wavadzidzi, kazhinji kazhinji vachitarisana nedenho dzaClaus. Munguva ino, vabereki vakatowedzera kutaura kusava norusununguko kworudzidziso kubva kuLGBTQ+ inokamuranisa rwisano dzezvinhu nokutenda kwavo.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso Rwamarudzi Ose

United States inewo fariro yemitemo yokunze murusununguko rworudzidziso. International Religious Freedom Act ya1998 yakatanga U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) uye inoda kuti Hurumende ipedzisire gore negore pamusoro pemigariro yorusununguko rwerudzidziso munyika yose. Nyika dzakadai seChina, Saudi Arabia, Iran, uye North Korea dzinowanzodanwa se "Mitemo yeTreasur Conferal" nokuda kwokuputsa kwakarongwa. U.S. yamuro yokumwe nyika nedzvinyiriro yemibatanidzwa yehurumende zvinoshandiswa kusimudzira rusununguko rworudzidziso munyika yose, kunyange zvazvo budiriro yeizvi zviito ichikurukurwa.

Kudzikamisa Rusununguko Rworudzidziso Nedzimwe Kodzero

Hapana kodzero yebumbiro remitemo rakakwana. Rusununguko rwechitendero runofanira kudzikamiswa pakuitirana zvinhu zvakadai sechengeteko yavose, utano, kusasarurana, uye kodzero dzevamwe.

Kunyatsoongorora

Munzvimbo yeRFRA nerusununguko rwehurumende rwekudzorera, hurumende inofanira kugutsa nzvero yakatsiga apo inoremedza zvikuru kushandiswa kworudzidziso. Ikoku kunoreva kuti mutemo unofanira kubatira fariro inogombedzera yehurumende ndokushandisa mitoo miduku inoganhurira. Mukushandisa, nzvero yakakomba kazhinji kazhinji haisati iri "yere murondedzero, inoparira njodzi" kupfuura zvinokarakadza. Dare rakawana fariro dzinogombedzera mukudzivirira utano hwavanhu vose, kuvimbisa chirango chehondo, uye kudzivirira rusaruro. Mutsika, mu Lobby, Dare rakawana kuti Dare rakanga rine nzira shoma dzinodzivisa kudzivisa kudzora kudzora kudzora, zvakadai sokugovera kupfurikidza nokuwana kupfurikidza nokuwana kana kuti kudzivirira. Mumatongedzero echipo.

Kudzikamisa Fundo Yevara

Chingwa Chinoyevedza: Kutaura Norusununguko Kana Kuti Kugara Paruzhinji Here?

Kutaura kwomubiki kwakavakirwa pakutaura kwakasununguka nenzvimbo dzokurovedza muviri, nepo vaviri vacho vakataura kuti mutemo wepose pese weColorado unodzivisa rusaruro rwakavakirwa pamurangariro wevatano. Dare Rapamusoro-soro harina kupedza rwisano yacho pamikana yevatano, asi nhau yacho inosimbisa chinetso: kana varambi verudzidziso vane maruramiro okuramba mabasa eroorano dzevatano dzavanhu vorudzi rumwe cheterwo, izvo zvinoparira kupesana kunoderedza mitemo inodzivisa kusarura dzinza ravanhu? Kutonga kwakaderera kwedare kwakabatanidzwa. Vamwe vanobvumidza kushairwa nokuda kweminamato yekurukurirano (photography, marusaruvara), makeke), nepo vamwe vanoti masangano ezvokutengeserana anozaruko anokwanisa kutora ndokusarudza mitemo inodzivirira.

Hobby Lobby: Rudzidziso rweCorporate uye Chifukidzo Chokupwisa

Chisarudzo cheDare chakawedzera dziviriro dzeRFRA kumasangano epurofiti anodzorwa nemhuri imwe. Vatsoropodzi vakapikisa kuti masangano haasati ari vanhu vanokwanisa kushandisa rudzidziso, asi Dare rakawana kuti kudzivirira zvitendero zvorudzidziso zvavanatenzi kwakanga kuchikosha zvakakwana kuraira kuvadziko inopesana. Fariro yehurumende muutano hwavakadzi yakarangarirwa kuva inogombedzerwa, asi Dare rakawana kuti hurumende ingagona kugovera kupfurikidza nemimwe mitoo. Mhaka iyi inoenzanisira kuti kuganhurirwa kunogona sei kutungamirira kumitemo mishomanene iyo inobvumira kupfuurira kunze kwemitemo pasi pomutemo.

Miganhu yeCovid - 19 uye Masangano Okunamata

Mukati medenda, nyika dzakawanda dzakapa ganhuriro dzinobatanidza machechi, masmosm, uye masinagoge. Dare Rapamusorosoro pakutanga rakasundira kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende, richiramba zvikumbiro zvokusunungurwa kworudzidziso. Zvisinei, muna 2020, Dare mu Katurike yeBrooklyn v. Culmo rakavhara ganhuriro dzeNew York ganhuriro dzorudzidziso, rikawana kuti vakaparadza dzimba dzokunamatira nokuda kwokubatwa kwoutsinye kupfuura kuungana kwenyika. Dare rakashandisa "Notration" panzvimbo pokunzvera nenzira yorumanomano, richiratidzira kuti kunyange mumigariro youtano yavose, hurumende haigoni kushora rudzidziso.

mhedziso

Rusununguko rworudzidziso runoramba rwuri nzvimbo ine simba uye inodzorwa nomutemo weAmerica. Zvivako zvarwo muFirst Amendment zvinoratidza kupwiswa kwevavatangi kuti rusununguko rwehana ikodzero yehurumende isati yatanga yezvamatongerwe enyika inofanira kuremekedza. Mumazana maviri amakore, Dare Gurusa rakadudzira zvitsama zvechitendero munzira idzo dzose dziri mbiri dzinodzivirira nokuganhurira, nguva dzose dzichirwisa kudzikamisa kodzero dzevanhu nezvinorayirwa nenzanga yezvoruzhinji. Nharo dzinotemwaramwa panhau pamusoro pezvipatara, LGBTQ+ kodzero, uye utano hwavanhu hunoratidza kuti hapana chisarudzo chokupedzisira. Panzvimbo pezvo, mutemo ucharamba uchitanga kukura kupfurikidza negadziriro yemitemo, kuongorora, uye kurukurirano yetsika. Nokuda kwevagari vemo voruzhinji vanonzwisisa rusununguko rwemitemo yenhau dzenhau, uye kurangarira migumisiro yezvakaro yenhau dzinopfuurira mukurukurirano yake. Sezvakanyorwa naAmone yeChitenderoridzo chenyika inotungamirirwa nemhenidzodzodzo dzorudzo kupfurikidza nemheto dzechipotezo.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera zviwanikwa kubva ku Constitution Center yerudzi, project nokuda kwenhau dzinopetwa, uye Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life [ nokuda kwemashoko pamusoro penhau dzorusununguko rworudzidziso.