Kutanga: Policies muIndia Inosimudzira Kutarisirwa Kwenjodzi Kwakakomba

Nzvimbo huru yeIndia yenzvimbo yapasi, inovambira pamakomo eHimalaya kusvikira kumapani emhenderekedzo dzegungwa, inoiita imwe yenyika dzine ngwavaira hurusa munyika. Nyika ino inowana anenge marudzi ose enjodzi dzomusikirwo — kudengenyeka kwapasi, mafashamo, dutu, kusanaya kwemvura, kudengenyeka kwapasi, uye kupisa kwemvura — nepo ngwavaira dzakaitwa zvakadai setsaona dzamabasa okugadzirwa namabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu uye kurasika kwamakemikoro zvinowedzera kuoma zvikuru. Nechiverengero chavagari vanopfuura 1.4 bhiriyo, bhiri kwamabhirioni, bhirioni okurasikirwa kwomunhu nepfuma zvakakura. Mumakumi maviri amakore apfuura, India yakachinja kusvika kusvika pakubetsera kwokubetsera kubetsera kunoitwa kwezvinonyandura, kudzivirira, kugadzirwa, uye kuporemara. Iyi nyaya inogovera kuoneka mugadziriro inoteverwa mugadziriro yenjodzi, uye kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kwegadziriro kwenjodzi muIndia nhasi.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwetsika Yokutarisira Njodzi muIndia

Rwendo rwekuIndia rwokutarisira njodzi runganzwisiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana - siyana, chimwe nechimwe chakaumbwa nezviitiko zvine ngwavaira izvo zvakafumura misiyano mugadziriro iripo.

Nguva Yapamberi pa 6000 000: Rusununguko Nemhinduro

Chiuru chemakore chisati chatanga, vatarisiri venjodzi ndivo vaiva zvikurukuru mutoro weMinistry of Agriculture and the Department of Relation. Pfungwa yacho yakanga ichidokuva yapashure peyamuro nemushonga, pasina kuisa ngwariro kukuvadziko yengozi kana kuti kugadzirira. Bhopal Gas Track (19984) uye kudengenyeka kweLatur (1993) yakasimbisa kudikanwa kwokuwedzera kubatanidzwa, asi gadziriro ine udzame yakaramba iripo.

Kuchinja: Odisha Super Durkun (1999) uye Gujarat tsengi (2001)

Chirwere cheOdisha Super Synome cha1999, chakauraya vanhu 10 000, uye kudengenyeka kwenyika kweBhuj (kufa kwe20 000) zvakanga zviri nguva dzakapera. Tsoka idzi dzakaratidza kuti nzira yokuita zvinhu yakanga isingakwani. Dzakakonzera kuumbwa kwedare renyika dzine simba guru pakutarisirwa kwenjodzi uye pakupedzisira dzakatungamirira kukurongwa kweDissaster Management Act, 2005 — chishandiso chimwe chinokosha zvikurusa chepamutemo chinodzora munda.

Nguva Yazvino Uno: Kubva Pakutarisira Njodzi Kuenda Kukuderedzwa Kwenjodzi

Kubvira muna 2005, India yave ichibatanidza mitemo yayo nezvirongwa zvenyika yose, zvikurukuru Seragrama yeReduction (2030). Simbiso yachinja pakuvaka mamiriro ezvinhu enzanga, kubatanidza kuderera kwenjodzi mukuronga kugadzirwa kwenjodzi, uye ruzivo rwekuwedzera rwokunyeverevedza nokupindura. National Policy on Disaster Management (2009) uye National Disaster Management Plan (209)

Tsika Huru Nemabasa Apamutemo Anodzora Kutarisira Ngwavaira

Kudzora njodzi kweIndia kuri pamitemo yakawanda uye panzvimbo dzakasiyana - siyana dzemitemo.

Murayiro Wokutarisira Njodzi, 2005

Pepanhau reDM Act ra2005 ijiro remitemo rakatanga chivako chesangano repasi pevhu:

  • National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)] — inogarwa neMutungamiriri weHurumende, ane mutoro wokuisa mitemo, zvirongwa, uye nhungamiro.
  • State Disaster Management Magumoult [SDMAs] [[FT:1] — inodzorwa naVatungamiriri vakuru, vane mutoro wokuronga nokubatana kwehurumende.
  • [ Deparement Disaster Disaster Management Magumo abaphathi vengwavaira [maDDMAS] — akagadzwa neMagi oruwa, ane mutoro wechiito chomunzvimbomo chakaderera.

Murayiro wacho unorayirawo kuumbwa kweNational Disaster Response Force (NDRF) — simba chairo rakarovedzwa nokuda kwenjodzi dzakasiyana - siyana — uye National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) kuti chivako chokuvaka. Inopa kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kwegadziriro dzokutarisira njodzi pamwero yose uye inogovera mari yakadai seNational Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) neNational Disaster Mitigation Fund (NDMF).

Kutarisirwa Kwenjodzi, Muna 2009

Inofukidza denderedzwa rose rokutarisira ngwavaira — kudzivirira, kudzikamisa, kugadzirira, mhinduro, uye kunaya. Gadziriro dzinokosha dzinobatanidza:

  • Simbiso pa [[Nto:0] community àsity protection às percentage kusvika.
  • Kupinza kukura kweDR mumativi makuru akadai segadziriro dzehwaro, utano, dzidzo, uye maguta.
  • Kusimbisa gadziriro dzokunyevera dzapakuvamba uye kuvaka simba rezviremera zvomunzvimbomo.
  • Kuratidza kuti munhurume kana kuti mukadzi ane chirwere uye kuti ane mapoka asina kudzivirirwa (kwechikuru, akaremara, uye evana).

National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP), 2016 & 2019

NDMP inoshandura muitiro kuva nhungamiro dzinoshanda. Yakawiriraniswa neSendai Framework uye inobatanidza zvirongwa zvakati zvengozi dzakasiyana - siyana. 2019 inovandudza yakawedzera zvitsauko zvine udzame pamusoro penjodzi dzezvinhu zvipenyu nemamiriro okunze outano avanhu vose — zvinokosha pashure pedenda reCOVID . Gadziriro yacho inogoverawo mabasa akajeka kupakati pemitezo yebasa, hurumende, uye masangano omunharaunda.

Chinodzorwa Nehurumende Nenzvimbo Yoruwa

Nyika imwe neimwe ine chirongwa chayo cheDascale Management Plan, chakagadzirirwa kunjodzi dzomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, Uttarank and Himachal Pradesh vanonangidzira ngwariro huru parudungwe rwegomo uye mafashamo egungwa, nepo nyika dzomumhenderekedzo dzegungwa dzakafanana naOdisha neTamil Nadu dzinoisa mhepo netsunami. Rongedzero dzeruwa dzinotova dzinowedzera kujeka, dzinobatanidza mepu dzengozi, zvirongwa zvokugadzira zvinhu, uye nzira dzokubuda nadzo.

Basa Rokugadzira Zvinhu: Ndiani Anoita?

Kutarisira njodzi kunobudirira kunoda kuti vanhu vakawanda vakwanise kushandira pamwe pasina muchina.

Nyika

  • NDMA — inogadza mitemo, inobvumira gadziriro, uye mamonijatisi anoshandiswa.
  • [[NT:0] Mivhenganiswa yeMibvunzo yeKumba (MHA) — ushumiri hwepondo nokuda kwavatarisiri vengwavaira, inotarisira NDRF neNational Emergency Response Centre (NERC).
  • National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) — 16 mabhuroka akarovedzwa nokuda kwokununura chaiko nokupindura.
  • India Meteorological Department (IMD)[FL:1] — inogovera kudeya kutaura kwemamiriro okunze nedutu.
  • Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)[[FLT 1] — nyevero dzetsunami nedutu.
  • National RenowMoning Centre (NRSC) — mufananidzo wesatellite wemapu yengozi nokunzvera kuvadziko.

Chirefu cheHurumende

  • [ State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA)
  • [ Zvomudungwe Revolution Force (SDRF)
  • [[[ITS. 0] Bheni uye Madhipatimendi okuyamura[[MVURA]
  • State Emergency Examists Centres (SEOCs)

Mwero Weruwa nowomunzvimbomo

  • [[[[NU] Chiremera chePrefeculture Disaster Direculty Control (DDMA)
  • [ Panchayats dzemo neUrban Mitunzi yomunzvimbomo
  • [[[Ndo] Community baamurozi 76 Based Disadeal Management commond Komiti (CBDMC)

Ichi chivako chine nhurikidzwa chinovimbisa kuti kuita chisarudzo kunoitwa zvakanaka uye kuti kuita kwacho kunogona kutanga pamwero uri pedyo zvikurusa kuchiverengero chavagari vemo chakatapurwa.

Gadziriro Yokutarisira Njodzi: Kudzivisa Kuenda Kukunaya

Mitemo yeIndia inonyatsoenderana nokutarisirwa kwenjodzi, ichiziva kuti kugadzirira kwakasimba kunokosha sokukurumidza kuita chimwe chinhu.

Kudzivirira Nokuparadza

Kudzivirira kunobatanidza matanho okudzivisa njodzi zvachose — somuenzaniso, kuisa mitemo yokuvaka yakaoma munzvimbo dzinodengenyeka nokudengenyeka kwepasi kana kuti kurambidza kuvakwa mudzimba dzinonaya mvura.

  • Kuvakwa kwenzvimbo dzokugara nedzinochengeterwa madutu (munzira, muenzaniso weOdisha).
  • Kukodzera zvivako zvinonetsa zviripo zvakadai sezvipatara nezvikoro.
  • Kutema miti uye vatarisiri vemvura vanoderedza kukoromoka kwevhu uye ngozi dzemafashamo.
  • Kunyevera vanhu nezvemadutu, tsunami, uye mafashamo.

Kugadzirira

Kugadzirira kunoita kuti nzanga nemasangano zvive nyore kuita chimwe chinhu.

  • Kurovedza mabhaisikopo kunoitiswa neNDRF neSDMAS muzvikoro, mahofisi, uye misha isina dziviriro.
  • [ Nhimbe dzokuzivisa kupfurikidza neredhiyo, zvinobudisa nhau, uye misangano yomunzvimbomo.
  • [Stock] shongwe dzezvinhu zvokuyamura [ zvakadai sezvokudya, mvura, matende, uye mishonga munzvimbo dzinoshandiswa.
  • [ Urongwa hwokudzidzisa nokuda kwavapinduri vokutanga, kubatanidza mabasa okudzima moto, mapurisa, uye vashandi vezvoutano.

Kugamuchira

Mukati mengwavaira, gadziriro yokupindura inofanira kuva yokukurumidza neyokutsinhirana. Maatomuki anobatanidza:

  • Kuitwa kweEmergency Operations Centres (EOCs) pamwero yenyika, nyika, uye maruwa.
  • Kubviswa kwemapoka eNDRF neSDRF.
  • Kurapwa uye kudzingwa.
  • Kugadzirwa kwepokugara kwenguva pfupi, mvura yokunwa, uye utsanana.
  • Kukuvara uye kuda kunzvera kunotungamirira kugoverwa kwemari.

Kunaya Nokuvandudza

Kunaya kunopfuura kuvakazve zvinhu zvinorarama nazvo; kunobatanidza kudzorera zvokurarama nazvo, kutsigira utano hwepfungwa, uye kuvakazve.National Policy inosimbisa kuti gadziriro dzokunaya dzinofanira kubatanidza matanho eDR kudzivisa kuvakazve mikana. Mienzaniso inobatanidza kuvakwazve pashure penzvimbo dzemiganhu yeIndia yeNepal (kudengenyeka kwepasi kunotambudza) uye mafashamo eG201879, uko imba itsva yakagadzirirwa mipimo yakakwirira.

Kutora Rutivi Nebetsero Yomunzvimbomo

Mitemo yeIndia inobvuma kuti nzanga ndidzo dzinopindura mungwavaira ipi neipi. Aapda Mitra (Shamwari yemazano) inorovedza vazvipiri mumaruwa engwavaira. Manyika akawanda akaumba matare emunzvimbomo okutarisira ngwavaira pamwero womusha. Vakadzi vari kubatanidzwa nenzira inowedzera, sezvo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanochengeta zivo yomunzvimbomo uye vanokosha mukutarisira vana navakuru mukati menjodzi. Kutama kubva pamusoro pema91 kusvikira kumugumo wenzvimbo yegungwa reIndiyave iri imwe yevandudziko hurusa mukudzora kwengwavaira yeIndia.

Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu uye Kukurumidza Kunyevera

India yakatanga kuzivikanwa semutungamiriri wezvokunyevera vanhu, kunyanya nezvemadutu netsunami.

Gadziriro Yedutu Inonyevera

India Meteorological Department (IMD) yakavandudza mano ayo enyevero neDoppler meradars yemamiriro okunze, mashoko esatellite anobva kuINSATÍ3D, uye kuvandudza. Muuyo: kufa nedutu kwakaderera zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, Sheall Phailin (2013) yakatapura vanhu vanopfuura mamirioni 12 asi nzufu dzinenge 50 bedzi dzakashumwa, zvichienzaniswa navanopfuura 10 000 mudutu guru ra1999. Hurumende yeOdisha inoita kuti vanhu vane mamiriyoni 1,2 — inotungamirirwa nenyevero dzakananga IMD — inhau yebhuku.

Tsunami inonyevera nokukurumidza

Pashure petsunami yeIndian Ocean ya2004, India akatanga Tsunami Early Literable Centre (ITEWC) paINCOIS, Hyderabad. Inopa mhesano mukati mamaminiti 10 echinoitika chenyiki. Sangano yacho inoshandisa mubatanidzwa wemazasi emhepo, majeeti, uye zviteshi zvemunyu.

Kufanotaura Mafashamo

Central Water Commission (CWC) inoshanda zviteshi zvinopfuura 300 zvinodeya kutaura mafashamo panzizi huru.

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoshandiswawo pakuongorora kuparadzwa kwenjodzi — National Renow Showning Centre inoshandisa mifananidzo yesatellite inokwevera mvura kuti imese nharaunda dzakazara uye ione nzvimbo dzinogara dzakakanganiswa nokukurumidza pashure penjodzi.

Kutarisira Njodzi: Mari Nemabhajeti

Mari yakakwana inokosha. DM Act inorayira mari mbiri dzenyika:

  • National Displation Response Fund (NDRF) — nokuda kwemhinduro yapakarepo neyamuro.
  • National Disaster Mitigation Fund (NDMF) — nokuda kwezvirongwa zvirefu zvekuparadza (zvinototangwa).

Hurumende dzinochengetawo Revolution State Disaster Fund (SDRF). Mukuwedzera, Majeni Commission (mutumbi webumbiro remitemo) anopa mari kuhurumende nokuda kwemitemo yakavakirwa panjodzi pamienzaniso. Dare re 15 rePlanmendi rakarumbidza kugadza chakaparadzana National Disaster Disasterd Managed Management Management Fund (NDRMF)[FLF] ne [FLT:] Statement Disafectionment Management Control Fund (SRMFF)[FF] kubhadhara mibato yapatsiridza nokugadzirira mibato — transve huru kubva pamuitiro pakuvamba apo mari zhinji dzakapedzwa pamhinduro.

Fundo Dzenhau: Kushanda Kwetsika

Muenzaniso Wokutarisira Tsvina yeOdisha

Odisha akachinja kubva panjodzi ya1999 kusvika pakuva bhenji renyika yose mugumisiro wakananga wokushandiswa kwemitemo. Hurumende yacho yakavaka mubatanidzwa wenzvimbo dzinochengeterwa dutu dzinonzi 800+ mirwi ine chinangwa, yakatanga Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA), uye yakaiswa muvengi wevazvipiri venzanga vapakuvamba. Kubudirira kweMitemo yePrix Phailin (2013) neFhani (209) — nokurasikirwa noupenyu kushoma — kunoparirwa nouyu muitiro.

Mafashamo eUttakank (2013) uye Kuchinja Kunotevera Kunoita Mitemo

Mafashamo eUttankank akaitwa muna 2013, akaitwa nemhesano dzemvura nedzinoputika mumvura yechando, akauraya vanhu vanopfuura 5 000. Njodzi yakafumurwa mukurongwa kwezvivako (zvikurukuru, madhamu nemigwagwa zvakavakwa munzvimbo dzisina kusimba) uye njodzi munzvimbo ine makomo. Post 762013, hurumende yakagadzirisa zvirongwa zvayo zvokutarisira njodzi, yakarambidza kuvakwa kwemvura yechando munzvimbo dzinokwirira dzemabrik, uye yakavandudza nzira dzokunyevera kuti mafashamo adzokere kumakomo. NDMA yakabudisawo nhungamiro dzakananga dzokutarisira njodzi munzvimbo dzine makomo.

COVID ←19 Senjodzi Youpenyu

COVID 16) Denda rakaedza kutarisirwa kwenjodzi yeIndia. Pakutanga, NDMA yakakumbira gadziriro dzeDM Act kuti ipe nhungamiro. National Disaster Management Plan 2019 yakanga yabatanidza ganhuro pamusoro pengwavaira dzezvinhu zvipenyu, iyo yakagovera hwaro — asi mwero wenjodzi yeutano yaida kushandira pamwe kusingaenzaniswi. Zvidzidzo zvino zviri kubatanidzwa mukugadziridzwa kwomunguva yemberi, nengwariro yakasimba zvikuru pagadziriro dzoutano dzevoruzhinji uye mibatanidzwa yezvoutano yomunzanga.

Zvinetso Mukushanda

Pasinei nemitemo yakasimba, zvinetso zvinoverengeka zvinoramba zvichiripo:

  • Nhengo dzezvivako zvisina kukwaniswa: Nzvimbo zhinji dzomumaruwa dzichiri kushaiwa nyevero yapakuvamba yakavimbika (imo., kufukidza kwenetesi inofambiswa mumakomo ari kure).
  • [[[NHAU]] Mipata youtachiona pamwero womunzvimbomo: DMAS mumaruwa akawanda haashandisi basa rakawanda uye haadiwi.
  • Chinochinja kukura: Kuwedzera nokuwedzera kwezvinoitika zvomugariro wokunze (matenheave, mafashamo anokurumidza, madutu) anopfuura matanho azvino.
  • [ Tsinga dzapakati: Mitoro inonyanyorova dzimwe nguva inoparira kunonozeka; somuenzaniso, pakati pamadhipatimendi emari ehurumende neSDMAs.
  • Kuziva: Kunyange nengwariro, dzimwe nzanga dzinozengurira kubuda mumusha nemhaka yokutya kurasikirwa nezvipfuwo kana kuti zvinhu.
  • Urban ngozi: Kupinda kwapakarepo mumaguta mumafashamo emvura kana kuti nzvimbo dzinoshingaira nokudengenyeka kwapasi (umh., Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru) inoparira mikana mitsva iyo mirau iripo iri kuvamba bedzi kutaura nezvayo.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi: Kuvaka Njodzi Yakatekeshera muIndia

Chirongwa chemuitiro cheIndia chinowirirana nenzira inowedzera nenzvimbo yokutanga yeSendai Framey ye “Basai Kudzoka Zviri Nani.” Nhano dzokuuya dzinobatanidza:

  • National Coalition for Disaster Reduction (NCDR): Chikuva chemibatanidzwa mizhinji yeDR kutsinhiranisa nhamburiko mumativi.
  • Urbine Resilience Program:[[FL:1] Yakanangidzirwa pamabasa eguta akangwara kubatanidza mafashamo emvura, matenga egirini, uye ngwavaira.
  • School Safety Programme:[[FL:1] Kuwedzera dzidzo yokutarisira ngwavaira muchikoro uye kurovedza kuseka kwenguva dzose.
  • [[NT:0] Kuronga kwokuronga: kubatanidza kutarisirwa kwengwavaira neNational Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvinoitika zvemamiriro okunze zvinozivisa mepu ine ngozi negadziriro yerongedzero.
  • Kudzora Hurumende dzomunharaunda: Dare re 15 reMari rakarumbidza kuti inenge 10% yemari yokutarisira ngwavaira yose itsaurwe kumitumbi yomunzvimbomo nokuda kwemibato inoderedza ngozi.

Kupfuurirazve, India ari kubetsera nokushingaira kuderedza ngozi yenyika yose kupfurikidza nokubatana kwezvikwata, kugoverana ruzivo rwokunyevera rwapakuvamba nenyika dzakavakidzana, uye kutora rutivi muzvikuva zveUN. National Disaster Managed Management Authority [[[FLT: 1] nguva dzose] kuvandudza nhungamiro dzayo kuti dzibatanidze miitiro yakanakisisa inobva munyika yose.

mhedziso

Mitemo yokutarisira ngwavaira yeIndia yakatanga zvinoshamisa kubva kukuyamura nguva yakapfuura kusvikira kugadziriro inodzorwa navakawanda, mizhinji yakaita seyakaderera. Disaster Management Act 2005, [[FLT:] Nationalal Policy] 2009, uye [[FLT]] National Management Management Plan [[4] Plangment Plan inogovera faces yapamutemo neroosal sistem. Huriro mudutu dzinodzo muchamupiti dzinoita seOdisha uye kugadzirwa kwemichina yezvokunyevera pakuvamba mugadziriro yapakuvamba inoshandiswa muimwe njodzi.[FF] Njongedzeidzo dzinoratidza kushanda kwegadziriro yeiyi njodzi. Zvisinei, sezvo, kuchinja mamiriro okukurumidza kushamba, uye kufambiswa kwemite yeimwe njodzi dzinowanikwa muIndia.[F]