Good Friver Agreement, yakasainwa pana 10 April 1998, inomira seimwe yebvumirano yorugare chaidzosa zvikurusa yomugumo wezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. Yakagumisa makore makumi matatu erwisano yamasimba masimba muNorthern Ireland inozivikanwa se "Matambudziko" uye yakatanga gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yakarongedzerwa kuparira dzikamo isingagumi kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwesimba, kuzivikanwa, uye batira pamwe. Makore makumi maviri gare gare gare, chibvumirano chinoramba chiri mavambo egadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeNorthern Ireland, kunyange zvazvo kubudirira kwacho uye zvisaririra zvamagariro zvavanhu zvichipfuurira kuedzwa nezviito zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinochinja.

Mavambo Enhau Erwisano

Rwisano yakamuka muNorthern Ireland mukupera kwama 1960 yakasimbiswa namazana amakore eparadzano pakati penzanga mbiri huru: vabatanidzwa, avo vane zvikurukuru vaPurotesitendi uye vanoshuva kuramba vari rutivi rweUnited Kingdom, uye vamati enyika, avo zvikurukuru vari vaKaturike uye vanoshuva Ireland yakabatana. Iyi rwisano yakasimbiswa nenhau refu yorusaruro, kusaenzana kwemari, uye kusarurana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Chisiko cheNorthern Ireland muna 1921, chinotevera kukamurwa kweIreland, chakasiya mushoma zvikuru worudzi mukati mehurumende yakadzorwa namabasa makuru. Kwamakumi amakore, hurumende dzechikwata chakachengeta kudzora kupfurikidza negwehena, kupfuradziridza sha, uye kusarura mabasa, uye simba rehurumende renyika yose rakanga richisariranwa nevokwa navanhu venyika dzose.

Kusvika kwemauto eBritain muna 1969 kwakatanga kuva nechinangwa chokudzivirira varwi, asi kuvapo kwavo kwakakurumidza kuva kudzorwa nehasha dzehurumende. Mapoka emauto echiIrrican Republican Army (IRA), mapoka akavimbika akadai seUlster Colourification Force (UVF), uye vamwe (85] vakaitira mauto eBritain chisimba kuti vadzivirire varwi, asi kuvapo kwavo kwakakurumidza kuva chidzoreso chehasha dzeRepublican. Mapoka ehondo kumativi ose ari maviri nemativi ose eIRA.

Pakasvika mavambo a1990, kwakanga kwava pachena kuti hapana rutivi rwaigona kuwana rukundo rwehondo. Rwisano yacho yakanga iri panzvimbo yakaoma, nendyiko dzakakwirira muupenyu, kuvadziko yemari, uye shurikidzo yamarudzi ose. Hurukuro dzakavanzika dzakavamba kunzvera nzvimbo yokutaurirana, kuvaka pamavambo seSunningdale Revention (1973) uye Anglo - Irish Revention (1985). Mamirire okunze ezvamatongerwe enyika akapfuurira ne 1993 Dowinding Street Declaracment na 1994 kupera kwemoto dzakaziviswa namapoka eIRA akavimbika. Izvi zvinoitika zvakagadzirira nzira yekurukurirano dzamarudzi akawanda idzo dzakaguma muChibvumirano Chashanu Chakanaka.

Gadziriro Huru Yechibvumirano Chakanaka CheChishanu

Good Frive Agreement yakanga iri chinyorwa chakaoma icho chaikurukura nhau huru dzezvamatongerwe enyika, dzebumbiro remitemo, uye dzechengeteko idzo dzakanga dzaparira rwisano. Yakanga yakarongedzwa pamativi matatu eukama hwesangano: pakati peNorthern Ireland udzori (Strand 1), batira pamwe yokuchamhembe pakati peNorthern Ireland neRiphabliki yeIreland (St2), uye ukama hwekumabvazuva nepakati pegungwa pakati peIreland neUnited Kingdom (Strand 3). Pasi apa pane gadziriro huru.

Kutsinhana 1: Hurumende Inotonga Nesimba

Chikuru chapamhete kubvumirano chakanga chiri kutangwa kwehurumende yakabviswa muNorthern Ireland, yakavakirwa panheyo yesimba rinoparira. Gungano reNorthern Ireland rakasikwa seboka rakasarudzwa nedemokratiki, asi nemiitiro chaiyo kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvose zviri zviviri nzanga dzemubatanidzwa nedzenyika zvakanga zvine revo mukutonga. Chinokosha zvikurusa chaizvozvi chakanga chiri conication [[ zvisarudzo zvikuru muGungano zvaida muyambuko-komno, zvimwe kupfurikidza nebvumirano ine retekodzero (voruzhinji vavose vari vaviri mitezo mibatanidzwa neve yorudzi vaivoruzhinji vaivhotera murudzo) kana kuti kupfurikidza nouremutengo (60% yemitezo yose, kubatanidza iduku duku duku duku imwe neimwe yenzanga imwe neimwe). Izvi zvakadzivisa nzanga ipi neipi munzanga imwe neimwe.

Mukuru mukuru wacho akarongwa pamusoro penzvimbo dzeMutungamiriri weForst nemuteveri woMutungamiriri weMabasa wokutanga, uyo akasarudzwa pamwe chete neGungano uye aiva namasimba akaenzana. Gungano roushumiri raigoverwa pakati pamapoka maererano nesimba raro muGungano richishandisa nzira yeD'Hondt. Ikoku kwakavimbisa kuti vose vari vaviri vamasangano omubatanidzwa nevezvourudzi vaichengeta ushumiri, vachiita kuti mukuru mukuru wacho ave asingawirirani. Chibvumirano chacho chakagadzawo CBICBICOFORUM kuti chipe inzwi nokuda kwenzanga, kunyange zvazvo ichochi gare gare chakamiswa.

Strand 2: Dare Roushumiri Rokumaodzanyemba neSouth South Ithrometication Bodys

Kukurukura zvishuvo zvourudzi nokuda kwebatano huru neRiphabliki yeIreland, nepo ichiremekedza itiro hanya dzechikwata pamusoro pouchangamire, chibvumirano chakaparira North-Southern Service Council. Dare iri rakaunganidza vashumiri vakabva kuNorthern Ireland Procedism nehurumende yeIreland kuti vabatirane panhau dzefariro, dzakadai sezvokufambisa, zvokurima, zvakapoteredza, zvakapoteredza, uye zvokushambadza. Mitumbi mitanhatu yakaumbwa kuti ipedze mibato yeminamato yeminamato yemitengo yemukwayamuko, kubatanidza Waterways Figationiation Board, uye Food Reformation Programmes Coution.

Dare rakashanda pahwaro consensus, kureva kuti mativi ose ari maviri aifanira kubvumirana pazvisarudzo. Iyi gadziriro yakarongedzerwa namaune kudzivisa dare kupinda muchiremera chakabatana cheIreland uye kuvimbisa vabatanidzwa kuti chinzwano cheIreland hachigoni kuiswa pasina kubvumira kwevoruzhinji muNorthern Ireland.

Kubatana 3: Dare reBritain neIngirini uye Musangano Wehurumende

Nzvimbo yamabvazuva neNorthern Ireland yakaumbwa kupfurikidza ne British - Irish Council, iyo yakabatanidza vamiriri vakabva kuhurumende dzeBritain neIreland, vatarisiri vakabva mumativi mana eScotland, Wales, uye Northern Ireland, uye korona yeIslex yeIslet àsbourgs. Mutumbi uno wakabatira pamwe kuyambuka zvitsuwa pazvinetso zvakawiriranwa. Mukuwedzera, British-Irish Hunganirano yoUngano yeMamiriyo yeIngi yeUnited States yagara iripo pakati penhau mbiri dzehurumende dzinotonga panzvimbo dzose panzvimbo dzisina kusinzwa kumusoro, dzakadai sekodzero dzavanhu muNorthern Ireland, sekodzero dzevanhu vanhu.

Gadziriro Dzebumbiro Remitemo Nezivikanwo

Rimwe ramativi akakomba zvikurusa ebvumirano rakanga riri kubata kwouchangamire. Hurumende yeIreland yakagadziridza kutaura kwayo kwebumbiro remitemo kuNorthern Ireland (Mazita 2 ne3 eIrish Constitution) kuziva kuti Ireland yakabatana yaigona bedzi kusvika ne bvumirano yoruzhinji muNorthern Ireland. Hurumende yeBritain yakasimbisa kuti yakanga isina fariro youdyire kana kuti yezvemari muNorthern Ireland uye yaizogamuchira Ireland yakabatana kana vanhu veNorthern Ireland vakaiiivhotera.

Chibvumirano chacho chakazivawo kuva pamutemo kwezvose zviri zviviri zvorudzi: British neIreland. Vanhu vakaberekerwa kuNorthern Ireland vakapiwa maruramiro okuva nohugaro hweBritain, kuva mugari wemo weIreland, kana kuti zvose zviri zviviri. Ichi chakanga chiri chiito chine simba chokufananidzira chaibvuma kuzivikanwa kwavagari vazhinji uye chakabetsera kuderedza pfungwa yokuparadza inonzwiwa navagari venyika.

Kodzero Dzevanhu, Kuenzana, uye Kuchinja Zvinhu

Chibvumirano chacho chakabatanidza chibvumirano chakakwana chekodzero dzeNorthern Ireland, kuti chishandiswe ne Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission. Yaidawo kutangwa kwe [[FLT:]sta mudzidzisi weEconficity Commission [ kusimudzira mukana wakaenzana noukama hwakanaka. Policialism yakanga iri nhau inotapurika zvikuru. Royal Constom Constacy (RC), iyo yakanga ichidikanwa zvikuru kuva muPurotesitendi uye yakanga yapomerwa mhosva yemasangano akavimbika, yakatsiviwa ne [FLT:] protessicolic yakaitwa kuti ive nzvimbo yeIzimu yeNorthern Ireland (NP).[FUP]

Kusunungurwa Uye Kusunungurwa Mujeri

Chimwe chirongwa chaimutsa nharo asi chinokosha chakanga chiri chibvumirano chokubvisa zvombo zvehondo . Mapoka ose ehondo aifanira kuisa zvombo zvawo kupfuvura mukati mamakore maviri ebvumirano. Ikoku kwakava kwakaoma kushandisa, kuchitungamirira kunjodzi dzezvematongerwe enyika dzinodzokororwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, pakasvika 2005, IRA yakanga yabvisa matura ayo ose, akasimbiswa namatunhu amarudzi ose aizvimirira. Nenzira inowirirana, chibvumirano chakapiwa vasungwa vokutanga kusunungurwa vamasangano avarwi] vakanga vazivisa kuti matonge arega kupfumba. Vasungwa 400 vakanga vasunungurwa mumakore maviri, kufamba vairwa nepfuti vaidzorwi vairwa asi vaionekwa sezvinodikanwa kuchengeta rugare munzira yomumugwagwa.

Tapuro Yenguva Pfupi Neyenguva Refu Pakusagadzikana Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Good Friver Agreement yakatenderwa zvikuru navavhoti muzvose zviri zviviri Northern Ireland (71% vaifarira) uye Republic of Ireland (94% yaidiwa) panguva imwe cheteyo murusando rwakaitwa musi wa22 May 1998. Iri murairo wakakurumbira wakapa chibvumirano kuva pamutemo. Mumakore okutanga pashure pokusaina kwacho, mwero wemasimba masimba ezvematongerwe enyika wakaderera zvikuru. Nhamba yenzufu dzinoparirwa kuzvinetso dzakaderera kubva pa 55 muna 1997 kusvika ku11 muna 1999 uye dzakaramba dziri pasi pashure pazvo. Masangano echiuto akarega kupfutamisa mirano yenhau yakavamba kuva nechengemunyuko yenhamo kwamakumi amakore.

Masangano esimba anobatira pamwe, zvisinei, haana kugadzikana nokukurumidza. Hurumende yokutanga inobvisa tsvina inotungamirirwa naMutungamiriri weUnion Dawn Trime (Urster Union Party) uye muteveri waMinister Yokutanga Seamus Mallon (Social Democratic and Labour Party), yakamiswa kanoverengeka nemhaka yokusabvumirana pamusoro pokubvisa simba nokuchinja. Kudzorwa kukurusa kukuru kwakauya muna October 2002, apo Gungano rakaputsika pakati pepopopo retsori dzeIRA paShonant. Kutonga kwakananga kubva kuLondon kwakadzoserwa kusvikira muna 2007, apo St Andrews Adreactive Adrount-har, nguva inotungamirira boka remumatomutemocratic Union Union (DUPN) uye Sinner Prince Piner Pierrince Pirner pasi pount Pannernerner.[5]

Kubvira muna 2007, masangano anobvisa zvikamu zvakadzikama akashanda nedzikamo huru, kunyange zvazvo pasina njodzi dzenhambo nenhambo. Mutevedzeri wesimba rinopinza simba wakamanikidzira vamiririri vemibatanidzwa nevenyika kushanda pamwe chete pazuva kusvikira kuzuva kudzororororo. Masangano anoshandira pamwe chete, dzidzo, masangano aro (masangano aisambofungwa kuti angabatsira mukati mezvinetso. Kudzikamiswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika uku kwave nebetsero dzepfuma. Northern Ireland yakawana purofiti yemitezo, chikamu chinokura chezvokufambisa kuenda kunzvimbo. Kukamuranisa rugare kunooneka mumaguta akadai seBelfast neDerry, umo hotera, masangano matsva, mabhizimisi, uye maruwa zvakatsiva zvinzvimbo zvaichimbova nzvimbo dzehondo.

Munzanga, chibvumirano chacho chakaparira mamiriro ezvinhu anoshivirira zvikuru. Nepo mapoka enzanga akawanda achiripo, nzvimbo dzinogara dzichiri kuganhurirwa nerudzidziso(8) mwero wemasimba masimba esekete waderera. kurukurirano yenhau ye , zvikurukuru zvinoitika zvinokakavara zvakadai semafambiro eDrumcree, zvazova zvine masimba masimba mashoma munguva. Kubatanidza kwedzidzo kwawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, uye kuzivikanwa kwemasangano ose ari maviri kwabvumira vanhu kuratidzira rudzi rwavo pasina kutya, uye nhamba yevanhu vanozivisa kuti "Northern Ireland" kwakura, kuratidzira kuvhengana kwemas aCVFMFS.

Zvinetso uye Nhau Dziri Kungoramba Dzichimuka

Pasinei zvapo nezviitwa zvaro, Chibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu chakatarisana nezvinetso zvinopfuurira izvo zvinopfuurira kuedza kudzikama kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwachakaparira.

Kusagadzikana Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika uye Kuparadza Kwenhambo Nenhambo

Mupimo wesimba unopa simba unova usina kusimba nemhaka yokuti unoda batira pamwe pakati pamapati ane zvishuvo zvikuru zvebumbiro remitemo. Makore apakuvamba akaratidzirwa nenjodzi dzinodzokororwa pamusoro pokubviswa kwebasa. Gare gare, gakava pamusoro penhau dzetsika . zvakadai sokubhururuka kwomureza weUnion paBelfast City Hall nokupfuudzira kweParades commission (kuparira kubuda kwemission). Kuputsika kwakakomba zvikurusa kwapanguva pfupi yapfuura kwakaitika kubva muna 2017 kusvikira ku202020, apo Gungano rakamiswa pamusoro pechisakiso chepfuudzori chinobatanidza chirongwa chokudzisaidzwa chinobatanidza (RHI). Mukati nhambo ino, mutemo wakananga hauna kubviswa; panzvimbo pezvo, vabatiri vehurumende vakamhanya mabasa avose, vachiita kushata kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Kudzorerwa mu 2020 kwaida chibvumirano chitsva (Amakumi 2020, Chipfuro chapano chapamhiswo chitsva) chakana kugadziridzwa chiya chaidzwa mugadziriro choutano asi chisina kugadziridzwa.

Kusatsigira Zvehondo

Kunyange zvazvo mapoka makuru ehondo akaputsa kana kuti kubvisa zvombo zvawo, mapoka anopandukira eparabhuriki akadai seNew IRA neÓglaigh na hÉirean anoramba achishingaira. Mapoka aya anorambawo Dare reGood Weverever uye anopfuurira kurwisa zvisaidzo zvenhambo nenhambo pamasimba echengeteko navanhuwo. Simba rawo rakaganhurirwa, asi anogona kuparira masimba masimba ayo madestances uye anoderedza chivimbo chavose. Machiuto akavimbika akachengetawo zvimwe zvivako, zvinobatanidzwa muutsotsi hunorongwa uye panhambo nenhambo nenhambo pakati pazvo amene. Mapurisa namabasa ouchenjeri anonzvera anosanonzvera aya mapoka, uye mwero muNorthern Ireland zvinoramba zviri "chisimba" mukuwirirana neNorthern Ireland inowirirana nougandanga.

Brexit neMuitiro Wemitemo woKuchamhembe kweIreland

United Kingdom kubuda kweEuropean Union yakamutsa denho yakakomba zvikurusa kuChibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu chifo chayo. Muganho webhizimisi pakati peUK neEU, wakabatanidzwa nokudikanwa kwokudzivisa muganhu wakaoma pachitsuwa cheIreland, wakatungamirira kukuumbwa kwe Northern Ireland Protocol[[FLD]] Programme , rutivi rweBritit Withrave Actal Act. Mutemo wakaramba zvakanaka Northern Ireland mumusika mumwe weEUROOFF, kureva kuti muganhu nemudzo zvinodzonga zvinovapo pakati peGreat Britain neNorthern Ireland. Ikoku kwakashayisa unoona masangano eURLAND senzvimbo iri mukati . DUP yakachengeta zvino zvakanaka simba rekudzorongedzero yeProvi yeProvi yePutution mu 2022, kuparirazve kuderera kwemitevendiro yeUS, asi kunopfuudza kuderera kwehurumende.

Kuchinja Kwemararamiro Avanhu Uye Kwevaikwidza

Maererano nokuverengwa kwavanhu kwa2021, vagari vemo veNorthern Ireland zvino vane 42.3% yeKaturike uye 37.3% yePurotesitendi, uye Katurike inopfuurira kukura. Iyi kombamiro yokugarika ine mirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika nemhaka yokuti vagari vomunyika vave vaKaturike zvikuru nevomubatanidzwa wePurotesitendi. Kana vavhoti venyika venyika imwe pakupedzisira vakava vazhinji, vangadana nzvero yemuganhu pamusoro pechinzwano cheIreland, sezvinogoverwa neGood Wearth Agreement. Mafungiro anoratidzira zvino anoratidza kuti vazhinjisa vazhinji vachiri kutsigira UK, asi mirangariro iri kuchinja, zvikurukuru pakati pavanhu vaduku. Bviro yeIrland yenguva yemberi ingagona kuzivisa kusavimba kuti gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yazvino unoparira.

Nhaka Yezvinetso

Kubata nezvakaitika kare kunoramba kuri imwe yenhau dzakaoma zvikurusa dzisingagadziriswi. Zviuru zvemhuri zvichiri kutsvaka zvokwadi neruramisiro nokuda kwokuuraya kwakaitika mukati meNhamo. Chibvumirano chakaparira miitiro yakadai se Historical Enquies Team uye gare gare [[FLT]] Kutendera nokuda kwaVanyajambwa naVapukunyuki , asi chikarakadzo chehurumende chokusuma chisarudziro cheTshosves reTries rePricessss (Regavracration)) yave inomutsa nharo, namapoka avanyajambwa uye hurumende yeIreland yairamba ruramisiro. Uku kutambudzika kunopfuurira kupfuurira kuva namarudzi ezvamatongerwe enyika.

mhedziso

Chibvumirano cheGood Chibvumirano cheChishanu chakabudirira mukugumisa imwe yerwisano dzisingadzoreki zvikurusa munhau yeEurope yazvino uno. Kupfurikidza nokugadza chinyorwa chesimba rinodzorwa nehurumende, kurongazve uzivi hwerudzi, uye kutanga masangano anochinjika, chakagovera gadziriro inogara nguva refu yedzikamo yezvamatongerwe enyika muNorthern Ireland. Chibvumirano chakagonesa kukuita kuti pave nebudiriro yezvemari, kuyanana, uye kuderera kukuru mumasimba masimba. Zvisinei, hachisi chibvumirano chapamhiko; kuita kwacho kwakada kuwirirana nokuchinja kupfuurira. Zvinetso zvinoparirwa neBreyi, kuchinja kwapa, uye nhau dzenhaka dzisingagadziriki dzinoratidza kuti muitiro worugare unoramba uri basa mukufambira mberi. Chibvumirano chacho isimba gurusapfuudzo pasimba racho rapa mamiriro ezvinhu anobatsira kupfurikidza nokubvumirana kubvumirana kupfurikidza nokubvumirana kwemitemo yemitemo yeNorthern Ireland kupfurikidza nokubvumirana kupfurikidza nemitemo yavanhu. Chibvumirano chinoramba kupfupikisa kupfupikisa kupfupikisa kupfupikisa kupfuudzo kupfupikisa kupfuudzo.