Kutanga: Kunzwisisa Kuchinja Kunoita Kuti Vanhu Vasave Nepfungwa

Kuzvidzora kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwabuda sechinhu chikuru chokuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu munyika iri kusimukira uye yakabudirira. Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira chiremera, pfuma, uye simba rokuita zvisarudzo kubva kuhurumende dzapakati kusvikira kuzvinhu zvamarudzi akadai sematunhu, maruwa, maganisi, kana kuti maruwa (matunhu) chinangwa chokuunza hurumende pedyo nevagari vemo. Chimiro chehurumende chakananga: vatungamiriri vomunzvimbomo, kuva vanowirirana zvikuru nenzanga dzavanobatira, vanogona kuwirirana zviri nani nezvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo, kuita chimwe chinhu nokukurumidza kunjodzi, uye kusimudzira kuzvidavirira kukuru. Mumakumi mana emakore apfuura, nyika dzinopfuura 80 dzakagamuchira chimiro chakati chokuchinja magariro akanaka. Chinodzorwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nezvinodikanwa zvokuderedzwa, kufambiswa kwakaisvonaka, uye kufambiswa kwebasa kwakaisvonaka.

Ukama pakati pekuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika nemuuyo wenzanga yezvemari hahuna kusiana kana kuti kuvandudzika kwose kwose. Nepo vatsigiri vachipikisa kuti kuva nomukurumbira kunogona kusimudzira kukura kwezvemari, kuvandudza kunaka kwebasa ravose, uye kupa simba mapoka akaenzana, vatsoropodzi vanongwarira kuti ingava nokusaenzana kwemaruwa, kudzvinyirira simba rehurumende, kana kuti kutanga nzira itsva dzokuita nadzo zvinhu zvakatanhamara. Nyaya inopa kuongorora kwakakwana kwematanho ezvamatongerwe enyika okubudirira mune zvenzanga, kukwezva ufakazi hwenhau, uye kuongorora. Inovavarira kushongedzera vadzidzisi, vagadziri vemiitiro, uye unyanzvi nokunzwisisa kwakakodzera apo kunoshanda uye apo kunoitwa.

Kuwedzera Kwematongerwe Enyika Kunorevei?

Kupfavisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunonongedzera zvikurukuru kukutamisirwa kwechiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika nesimba rokuita zvisarudzo kumasangano enyika yose ayo anosarudzwa uye anozvidavirira kuvagari vomunzvimbomo. Kwakasiana nokuisa chiremera muhurumende (mabasa okuisa pakati pehurumende) uye kupfavisa kwapachibharo (kuratidza mari nendyiko). Mukushanda, zvimiro zvitatu zvinowanzova, asi kuva nechiremera chakafanira chezvamatongerwe enyika ndechekubatanidza kuderera kwesimba kumakurukota akasarudzwa munharaunda, vanameya, kana kuti vatongi vane chigaro chokuita zvisarudzo zvenhau zvakadai sedzidzo, utano, zvivako, uye kushandiswa kwenyika.

Zvikamu Zvikuru Zvekuparadza Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

  • Mhindumupindu: Chimiro chakasimba zvikurusa, apo hurumende huru inotumira chiremera pamusoro pomuitiro, kutarisirwa, uye mari kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo idzo dziri mukuwirirana nomutemo uye dzinosarudzwa nehurumende.
  • Chibvumirano:[ Hurumende yeCentral inogovera mabasa chaiwo kuvamiriri vomunzvimbomo (kazhinji kazhinji vakagadzwa) vanoshanda nokuda kwenzvimbo yacho, vane chiremera chakaganhurirwa chakazvimirira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kutora: Chimiro chakaneta zvikurusa, chinobatanidza kugoverwa kwemitoro yokutarisira mukati memahofisi omunda ehurumende amene.

Kuchinja zvinhu kunobudirira zvikurusa kunosimbisa devolution, sezvo kuchiparira kuva nomunzvimbomo kwapachokwadi nokuzvidavirira. Zvisinei, kunyange kubvisa shanduka - shanduka kunoda gadziriro dzakasimba dzapamutemo, mugove wakajeka wemabasa, uye kutama kwehurumende kuti kubudirire.

Michina Inobatanidza Kuchinja Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nemigumisiro Yenzanga Yezvemari

Kunzwisisa kuti kufambira mberi mune zvematongerwe enyika kunotapura sei kukura kwenzanga nezvemari kunoda kunzvera nzira dzainoshanda nadzo.

Kutongwa uye Kuzvidavirira

Kuderedza kupfupikisa kuzvidavirira pakati pavagari vemo navamiririri vavo. Apo vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo vanotsamira pamitero yomunzvimbomo kana kuti sarudzazve kunoitwa navavhoti vomunzvimbomo, vane sundo dzakasimba zvikuru dzokugovera mabasa anowirirana nezvinodiwa nenzanga. ] iyi iwirirano yezvokuzvidavirira[ inogona kuderedza ushati, kuvandudza kunaka kwebasa, uye kuwedzera gutsikano yevagari vemo. Zvidzidzo zvemitero zvinobva kunyika dzakadai seBrazil neIndia zvinoratidza kuti utano hwakanaka negadziriro dzedzidzo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinodzorwa kupfuura zvinogoverwa nezvipi.

Kubudirira Kwemari Nokugara Panzvimbo Dzine Zvinhu Zvemari

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, kuva pedyo nevhu, dzinogona kuziva zvirongwa zvokutanga , zvakadai semugwagwa mutsva, kiriniki yenhomba, kana kuti gadziriro yetsvina yakarurama zvikuru kupfuura dare riri kure. Kupfurikidza nokugonesa kushanda zvakanaka kwokuwedzera [, kudzorwa kunobvumira mari yavose isingawaniki kudzoreswa uko inoparira kudzokera kwapamagariro avanhu kwakakwirira zvikurusa. Mukuwedzera, kudzorwa kwakafanira kunogona kunyandura kukura kwomugariro wemari womunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nokubvumira hurumende dzapasi pevhu kugovera kurudziro dzemitero, mari mugadziriro yemitero yomunzvimbomo, uye kuita mafashoni ebhizimisi eshamwari.

Kubatanidzwa Munzanga Nokubatana Munzanga

Kuzvidzora kwezvamatongerwe enyika kazhinji kazhinji kunoparira nzvimbo dzakarongwa nokuda kwebvumirano yevagari, dzakadai semari yokuronga kubatanidzwa kwemasangano, kutongwa kwavose, uye matare anotarisira nzanga. Masangano iwaya anogona kupa simba munhau dzakabviswa ne(vakadzi, vaduku vedzinza), varombo (kupfurikidza nokuvapa inzwi muzvisarudzo zvinotapura upenyu hwavo. Kutora rutiviwo, kunokurudzira dzimbahwe renzanga [] uye kuvimba namasangano avose vari vaviri vakabatanidzwa nemiuyo iri nani yebudiriro yenguva refu.

Zvakarurama Zvinobva Mukubvumiranwa Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika: Ufakazi Nemienzaniso

Boka guru rokunzvera rinonyora miuyo inobetsera yokusanorongwa kwezviratidziro zvakasiyana - siyana zvenzanga yezvemari. Pasi apa tinonzvera nzvimbo dzinokosha umo takacherekedzwa tapuro dzakanaka.

Kubudirira Mubasa Redzidzo Noutano

Nzvero dzinobva Indonesia, Ghana, uye Bolivia dzinoratidza kuti kurongeka kwakavandudzika kwokunyoresa nokupedza zvikoro zvepuraimari. MuIndonesia, mutemo wokuwedzera wa2001 wakatamisira mutoro wedzidzo yokutanga neyosekondari kuhurumende dzoruwa. Izvi zvakatungamirira kukugadziridza kwakati kuti dzidzo ivepo, kugadziridzwa kwezvikoro zviri nani, uye kuzvidavirira kukuru kwomudzidzisi. Nenzira yakafanana, mukutarisirwa kwakafanira kwenzvimbo dzeutano dzepuraimari muUganda kwakaguma nokuderedzwa nguva dzokumirira uye gutsika kunowedzera. Bhanki reNyika yose rakawana kuti nyika dzine migumisiro yakakwirira zvikuru yezvidzidzo zvechikoro, kubatanidza migumisiro youtano yakaderera zvikuru yokufa kwavacheche.

Kukura Kwemari Nokuzvigadzirira Kwomunzvimbomo

Nokubvumira hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kugadziridza miitiro yezvemari kuti ive yakaisvonaka, kupfava kunogona kunyandura kukura kwebhizimisi kuduku nokukwezva kuisa mari mubhizimisi. MuChina, kudzorwa kwemiuyo yezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo) kwakaita basa guru mukubudirira kwemaruwa emhenderekedzo dzegungwa mukati mema1980 na 1990. Nepo gadziriro yeChina haisi yokubatanidza chose chose chose chose, nheyo yokuronga chiremera chomunzvimbomo nemiuyo yemari inorairidza. Kwakafara zvikuru, mhezi dzemari dzokwa-dzo dzomukwaya yezvo yomunzvimbomo dzinokarakadza kuti kumwe kukura kwematongedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika kwakaresaidzwa ne [FFF:] muwerongedzero yeGPP] munenge 1 FGOUP kusvika ku1.

Uori Hwakaderera Ndokuwedzera Kuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Kuparadza kunogona kushanda senzvero pauori kupfurikidza nokuparadzira simba mumativi akawanda ehurumende uye kupfurikidza nokugonesa masangano omunzvimbomo anorinda. MuBrazil, maminisita akagamuchira bhajeti yokushandisa mari yokushandisa mutengo neapo vagari vemo vanosarudza zvakananga pakushandisa zvinhu zvinokosha, uye vakaona kuderera kukuru kwemari. muuyo wetsika wakakwirira [ wakasimba zvikuru apo vateverwa norusununguko rwakasimba rwezvinobudisa nhau nemugaro wenzanga.

Simba Remapoka Ane Mitsetse

Kuzvidzora kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunowanzobatanidza zvigaro zvakachengetwa kana kuti zvikamu zvezvikamu zvamapoka anopinzwa pasi. MuIndia, Pession ye 73th Constitution yakachengeta chikamu chimwe chezvigaro muzvikamu mudare romumusha (Panchayats) nokuda kwavakadzi. Nzvero yakaitwa naChattopadhyy naDuflo (2004) yakawana kuti vatungamiriri vechikadzi vanopa mari yakawanda muzvinhu zvavose zvinoda vanhu vose, zvakadai sokunwa mvura nezvivako zvoutano. Nenzira yakafanana, maakanisi muBolivia nevoruzhinji vagari vemo vakawana hurumende dzinodavirira zvikuru pashure pekuchinja kwapamutemo muma19909.

Zvinetso Neganhuriro: Apo Kuderera Kwomuviri Kunoitika

Panhau imwe neimwe yebudiriro, pane zvinoitika umo kukudzwa kwakaodza mwoyo kana kuti kunyange kutoipisisa miuyo.

Zvipingamupinyi Panzvimbo Yemabhaisikopo

Hurumende zhinji dzomunzvimbomo munyika dzinowana zvishoma dzinoshaiwa unyanzvi hwemichina, gadziriro dzemari, uye pfuma yavanhu zvinodikanwa kupa mabasa akaoma. Kuendesa mitoro pasina kuvakwa kwamabasa kunowirirana kazhinji kazhinji kunoparira kusashanda, tsvina, kana kuti basa kuparara. MuSierra Leone, somuenzaniso, kudzokororwa kwakafanira kwedzidzo yokutanga kwakadziviswa nokuperevedza kwavatarisiri vemari navakuru vakuru vezvirongwa zveruwa, kuchiguma nokunonoka kubhadhara mari yavadzidzisi nezvivako zvechikoro zvinoderera.

Kusiyana Kwenharaunda Nokubatwa NavanaElite

Kuderedza kusaenzana kunogona kuwedzera kana nzvimbo dzakapfuma dzine zvivako zvemari zvikuru uye zviremera zvinobudirira zvikuru. MuGhana, Region yeAshanti ine simba guru zvikuru kupfuura Upper East Regimenti, kuchitungamirira kupesana kwedzidzo noutano. Kupfuurirazve, vakakwirira vomunzvimbomo (vechipiri), vakuru vemabhizimisi, vamabhizimisi, bangatora masangano akaisvonaka nokuda kwebetsero yavo vamene, kuderedza varombo. [[FLT: 0]] vanobata chinetso chedzidzo neutano chakati. Zvikurukurukuru mumiitiro zvakashata namasangano apamutemo uye kutarisirwa kwenzanga yavagari vemo.

Kukundikana Kwokubatana Nokuparadzana

Apo mirwi mizhinji yehurumende (pakati, purovhinzi, uye yomunzvimbomo) inogoverana mutoro wechikamu chimwe chete chakadai sokutarisirwa kwemvura kana kuti chokufambisa / kudzongonyedza kugona kuparira nyongano nokunonozetsa. Kukurumidza kwemumaguta eIndia kwave kuchiperekedzwa nehondo dzehurumende pakati pamasangano emanisiparati, hurumende, uye masangano makuru, achidzivisa kukura kwemitengidzo yemasangano. yesangano rehurumende inoda gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakajekajeka negadziriro dzerwisano dzakatsaurirwa, idzo kazhinji kazhinji dzinoshayikwa.

Kurwisana Kwematongerwe Enyika Nengozi Dzinodzorwa

Kubviswa kwemari mutsika ndekwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoitwa muzvarirwo uye kunogona kunyandura chirambidzo kubva kuvatongi vepakati navezvamatongerwe enyika vanorasikirwa nesimba. MuKenya, bumbiro remitemo ra 2010 rakaparira hurumende 47 dzeruwa dzine udzori hwakasimba hwakakura, asi nhamburiko dzakatevera dzehurumende yenyika dzokudzora nhambo pfupi yapfuura pamusoro poutano nemari yedzidzo dzakaparira kusawirirana kunopfuurira. Mudzimwe nyika, kuderera kwakaderera kwakachinjwa kana kuti kubviswa pashure pokuchinja mutungamiriri mukuru, kuchideredza kurongwa kwenguva refu nokukwereta bhizimisi.

Kuongorora Zvirwere: Zvakaitika Zvakasiyana - siyana Pakuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika

Kuongorora zviitiko zvekongiri kunoratidza zvinhu zvakapoteredza zvinoumba migumisiro yakanaka.

Indonesia: Makore Gumi Okuchinja

Pashure pokuwa kwaSuharto muna 1998, Indonesia yakatanga imwe yepurogiramu dzenyika dzinodzorwa zvikurusa. Mitemo yakaitwa muna 1999 na200 yakatamisira mutoro wedzidzo, utano, mibato, uye zvokurima kuhurumende dzeruwa. Migumisiro yacho yave inoshamisa: hurumende dzomunzvimbomo zvino dzinotarisira 70% yokupedza purofiti yavose. Kunyoresa mudzidzo yesekondari kwakawedzera kubva pa 65% muna 2000 kusvika 80% panosvika 2015. Zvisinei, kubvisa mitoro inopfuurira pakati penharaunda dzepfuma yemari (g. Papua) nenzvimbo dzine urombo, uye uori panzvimbo yomunzvimbomo zvinoramba zviri denho. Chidzidzo chinokosha ndechokuti [[FLT: 0]] kunyoresa kwakanakisisa mumaruwa makuru uye kuungana yavagari vemo.[FFFFF]

Brazil: Kushandisa Mari Nokuranga Kunoita Mari

Pamusana peBrazil pakanga pasisina simba retsika kuruwa nehurumende. Kutangwa kwemitemo inoyera itsananguro yokubhadharwa kwemari (PB), kunopayona muPorto Alegre muna 1989 uye gare gare kugamuchirwa namazana amaguta. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti PB yakaderedza mwero yourombo nokuwedzera kusvika kuutsanana nedzimba. Panguva imwe cheteyo, Mutemo weFiscal Junice weBrazil (2000) unoisa miganhu yakaganhuriro yorumano pakukwereta, kudzivirira rudzi rwemhoshonga dzezvisaro yoga inoonekwa muArgentina. Brazil inoratidzira kuti [[FLT:]] kudzorwa kwemicheto yezvisaro zvakawedzerwa nemirautsa.

Nigeria: Zvinetso Zvemasangano Asina Simba

Bumbiro remitemo reNigeria rakatanga gadziriro yehurumende ine nzvimbo 36 ne74 dzehurumende yomunzvimbomo (LGAs). Zvisinei, hurumende yehurumende inochengeta udzori pamari yeoiri, uye LGAs anotsamira zvikuru pamigove yomwedzi nomwedzi kubva pakati. Uori negadziriro dzemitengo inobhadharwa zvakadzika midzi pamwero yose, kuderedza kupiwa kwebasa. Kufundwa kwezvoutano hwapakuvamba kuchamhembe kweNigeria kwakawana kuti mari iri pasi pe40% yeyakagoverwa inosvika kunzvimbo dzoutano. Chiviti cheNigeria chinosimbisa kuti chikanga chaitwa pasina gadziridzo kurongwa uye kutarisirwa kwemibayiro kunogona kukundikana kuvandudza miuyo yemiuyo .

Nzwisiso Dzinoenzanisa

Kunze kwenhau idzi, zvinhu zvitatu zvinogara zvichifanotaura kubudirira: (1) kuzvitonga kwomunzvimbomo kwakakwana uye unani, (2) masangano ehurumende yomunzvimbomo neouzivi hwezvehurumende, uye (3) miitiro yokuzvidavirira yakasimba (muchine muenzaniso, kuongorora nokuyera). Uko iyi migariro isipo, kuva norupfave kazhinji kazhinji kunoitwa pasi pezviito kana kuti miuyo.

Kunetsa Kunoita Mitemo: Kugadzira Kuchinja Kunobudirira

Vachishandisa uchapupu hwacho, vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kutevera nzira yakatevedzana uye yokukurumidza kunzwisiswa yokuita kuti zvematongerwo enyika zvive zvakanaka.

Kuvaka Nzvimbo Yokugara Pakutanga

Vasati vachinja mabasa makuru, vape mari yokurovedza vatarisiri venzvimbo, vasimbise masangano ezvemari, uye kushongedzera hurumende dzenyika yose noruzivo rwemashoko rwazvino uno. World Bank’s Local Governance and Service Regation Survice Project inogovera muenzaniso, uko kuvaka nzvimbo kunopa mari inobvumira kuderera kwedzidzo uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu.

Kuongorora Kufambiswa Kwehurumende Kusingasaruri

Kudzivisa kukura kwemhatsa dzomunharaunda, hurumende dzapakati dzinofanira kugadzira nzira dzokuchinja nadzo mari dzinoita kuti mikana yemari ienzane mumativi ose. Division of Revenue Act yeSouth Africa inoshandisa mutoo wakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo, mwero yeurombo, uye mubato wemari kugovera mari kumaruwa nakumanisita. Nzira dzakadaro dzinogona kutsigiswa nezvipo zvakaganhurirwa nokuda kwemitezo yakananga sezvoutano nedzidzo kuti zviite mipimo yebasa yakaganhurirwa.

Kusimbisa Mitoo Yokuzvidavirira

Kuiswa muboka kunofanira kuiswa zvishandiso zvokutarisira vagari vemo. [[FLT:] Transparency ndiyo mushonga wokubata vanhu vakakwirira [[FLT]

Kushandiswa Kwoungwaru uye Kwokukodzera

Panzvimbo pe “kuchinja kukuru”, nyika dzinofanira kuita kuti nzvimbo kana kuti nzvimbo dzisave dzakakodzera dzisati dzakwira. Mutemo weBolivia Popular Paratition Guatition wa1994 Paratition wakatanga kupfaviswa bedzi noutano nedzidzo, nemimwe mibatanidzwa yakawedzera kupfuura makore gumi. Kuda kubvumira hurumende kudzidza kubva mukundikano ndokuvaka bvumirano yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mugumisiro: Kubatanidzwa Kwezvikamu Zviduku

Kupfavisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kune chipikirwa chapachokwadi chokuvandudza kukura kwenzanga nepfuma kupfurikidza nokuwedzera kuzvidavirira, kusanoita, uye kutora rutivi. Ufakazi hunobva Indonesia, Brazil, uye dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzinoratidzira kuti chinjo dzinosanopfuudzira dzinogona kusimudzira dzidzo, utano, uye kushanda kwemari, zvikurukuru nokuda kwamapoka akaderedzwa. Bva ufakazi humwe chetehwo hunonyevera kuti kupfaviswa hakusati kuri chivako chapamutemo. Pasina simba rakakwana renyika, kugoverwa kwazvipo kwakakwana, uye kutarisirwa kwakasimba, kunogona kukudza kusaenzana, kugonesa uori, uye kugonesa ushati, uye kupiwa kwebasa ravose.

Vagadziri vemitengo vanofanira kuwirirana nokunzwisisa kwakajeka kwezvokutengeserana kwayo. Budiriro inoda kwete bedzi kutamisira simba asiwo kuisa mari mumasangano nedzimbahwe ravanhu zvinoita kuti ubati ushe hwomunzvimbomo hubudirire. Masangano amarudzi ose akadai se World Bank[, [[FLT] United Nations Development (UNDP) Programme [UN]) [UNP] [UNP]] [[FLT]], uye nzvimbo dzedzidzo dzakadai se [[FLT:] UU-WM [[FLT] inopfuurira kugovera nhungamiro inokosha pakugadzira mashandiro enhauro ezvo zvamatongerwe enyika pachadenga.