Kutanga Kunoita Kuti Pave Nokuchinja Zvisarudzo Zvemiitiro Yokuchinja

Kududzira mashoko echiito, senzira yokududzira kwebumbiro remitemo, kunoreva kuti revo yeBumbiro remitemo yakatsaurwa panguva yokushata kwayo. Vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti vatongi vanofanira kunamatira kurevo yapakuvamba yavose yorugwaro, panzvimbo pokuvandudza kududzira kwarwo kuti varatidze mipimo yezera rapanguva ino. Mumakumi amakore apfuura, uzivi uhu hwakabviswa kubva kurumidzo rwechiziviso kuenda kurevo huru yeAmerica yejurisprudence, ichishandisa pesvedzero ine simba pamabatiro ayo matare esimba renyika, kodzero dzehurumende, uye (jeka) `icho chinonetsa kubatana pakati petsika dzepakuvamba nomutemo wokutama hazvisi pachena nguva dzose, bva zvichienda pasi pekodzero dzechiremera pamuganhu kukodzero dzepamutemo dzehurumende mukati muganhu weUnited States, kurangarira kwokurangarira kwechigadzi kwapakuvamba, kuumba maruramiro echipotenziro, uye muganhu kwenhau dzinoumba.

Mutemo wokuisa mubatanidzwa unogara pamhatsa yeuchangamire, chengeteko yenyika, hurumende, uye rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Nokuda kwavafundisi, idzi nzvimbo dzinodzorwa negadziriro dzakananga dzebumbiro remitemo idzo revo yakadzikwa pakavambwa. Iyi gadziriro inogona kuva nemiuyo iyo inoganhurira kana kuti inodzivirira maruramiro avatami, zvichitsamira pachinyorwa chenhau. Kunzwisisa kuti mavambo anoshanda sei muna aya mashoko apakuvamba kunoda kunzverwa kwokungwarira kwavavambi ̱ mirangariro pamusoro pokutama, nzwisiso yapakuvamba yesimba renyika, uye nzira iyo kurangarira kwapakuvamba kwakadzoreswa nayo muzvinoitika zvenyika yakatanhamara uye zvenguva ino. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kwakawedzera kwebasa rapakuvamba mumiitiro yokuchinja yokutama, kugovera udzamakuru hwenhau, kunzvera dzidziso, uye kurangarira kwemifungo inopesana.

Hwaro Hwokufunga Kwokutanga

Chiratidzo hachisi chinhu chimwe chete. Tsamba mbiri huru ivavariro yapakuvamba, idzo dzinotsvaka kuwanazve zvinangwa zvetsika dzapakuvamba zveFramers, uye revo yavanhu yapakuvamba, idzo dzinonangidzira pakunzwisisa kwadzinoita rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo kumunhu ane mufungo panguva yeratiation. Rwechipiri, runotsigirwa naJustice Antonin Scalia nedzimwe, rwazova chimiro chikuru chetsika yapakuvamba mumutemo wazvino uno webumbiro remitemo. Muiyi nzira, basa romutongi richava rokushandisa revo yakatsikirirwa yorugwaro kumigariro mitsva, kwete kuvandudza revo iyo inowirirana nemitemo inowirirana nezvinoteverwa. Iyi misengwa yokugadza magwaro inonzi inoshanda kuungwa, kufutunurwa kwamashoko, kuchekererwa kwazvinochekererwa.

Kumuka kwedzidziso yapakuvamba serondedzero inotsinhirana kwakawana simba muma 1980, murutivi semhinduro kukuita chiito kunofungidzirwa kweWarren neBurger Courts. Attorney Edwin Meese III akadudza nhau nokuda kwedonzo rapakuvamba munhevedzano yehurukuro, uye nyanzvi dzakadai saRobert Bock akakudziridza rondedzero dzengano. Pakasvika nguva yokugadza kwaSahlulerorista Scalia kuDare Gurusa muna 1986, chiMurangari wepakuvamba akanga ava simba roungwaru guru. Nhasi, rinogamuchirwa nevoruzhinji rwesangano remitemo retsika retsika retsika uye rakapesvedzera vatongi pamutezo uri wose wejudiary yehurumende, kubatanidza ruramisiro inoverengeka paDare gurusaro rekare.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu okutamira, pesvedzero yemavambo yakakura zvikuru nemhaka yokuti mutemo wokubuda unomutsa mibvunzo yehwaro pamusoro porudzi rwouchangamire noukuru hwesimba rorudzi. Bumbiro reMitemo harishandisi zvakajeka shoko rokuti “kutora,” asi rinopa Congress simba rokugadza mutemo mumwe wokuita zvinhu nenzira yomusikirwo (Article I, Chikamu 8, Claus 4) uye kudzora kutengeserana namarudzi okumwe (Chikamu 8, Clause 3). Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva kwenguva refu simba roumambo rakagadzwa kudzora nokubvisa zvigadziko, simba iro rinotangira Kuiswa muBumbiro remitemo rimene uye harina kuganhurirwa kuronga gadziriro. Vazivi vechiGiriki vanofanira kurwisana kana simba iri rapakuvamba richiwirirana negadziriro yehurumende yakaganhurirwa.

Nzwisiso Yapakuvamba Yesimba Rokutama

Chizvarwa chakagadzwa chakagara nhaka gamuchidzanwa remitemo yavose yeEngland, iyo inobvuma chiremera chakafara chechitongi pakupinda nokudzingwa kwavaenzi. Blackstone’s Detaltioners, manyuko makuru nokuda kwavaFramers, yakarondedzera maruramiro amambo okubvisa kana kuti kubvisa vatorwa sorutivi rwe “simba renyika. ” Iyi mamiriro ezvinhu anozivisa kunzvera kwapakuvamba kwechiremera chehurumende chokupinda munyika. Zvikamu zveConfederation zvakanga zvisina kupa hurumende yorudzi simba rakajeka pamusoro pokutama, asi kugamuchirwa kweBumbiro remitemo yemitemo yomusikirwo, yakabatanidzwa noKukodzera kwapamutemo neChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheHurumende yehurumende.

Zviito zvapakuvamba zvesangano zvinosimbisa iyi nzwisiso. Chibvumirano chaMamiriro okunze eUnited States cha 1790 chakagadza mitemo yokutanga yakafanana yokuva mugari wemo. Alien Friends Act ya1798, rutivi rweAlien neSedition Acts dzinoitiranwa nharo, dzakabvumira Purezidhendi kubudisa vasingachinjiki vanonzi “vane ngozi kurugare nechengeteko zveUnited States.” Kunyange zvazvo chizvarwa chokutanga cheAlien neSedition Acts zvakakwikwikwidzwa mune zvematongerwe enyika uye zvakapera kana kuti zvakabviswa, havana kutongodenhwa nenzira inobudirira mudare pazvikonzero zvemitemo. Iyi nhau inoratidzira kuti chizvarwa chokutanga chenyika dzeAmerica chainzwisisa hurumende kuva nechimiro chikuru, kunyange zvazvo chisina kuganhurirwa, simba pamusoro pezvisingachinjiki.

Vazivi vemitemo vanowanzosimbisa kuti rugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo runofanira kuraviwa mukuwirirana nenhau umo rakanyorerwa. Gakava renhau paKokorodzano yeBumbiro reMitemo uye mukokorodzano dzehurumende dzine kurukurirano dzakasiana- siyana dzekubuda munyika, asi nzwisiso yavose yeuchangamire nenhau dzokumwe inonongedzera zvakasimba kuudzori hwerudzi. Alexander Hamilton, achinyora muThe Federalist No. 11, akataura kuti muitiro wezvokutengeserana wakabatana waizogonesa United States ku “kubvisa kugamuchirwa kwevokumwe vanhu vokumwe” nomutoo unowirirana nefariro yorudzi. James Madimasi, muThe Federalist No. 42, akabatanidza simba remhesvo revatano nero yevatano mhiri kwamaruwa, achikarakadza kuti vaFrames aizoita kuti nyika dzisarudzi rumwe norumwe dzisarira kudzo mugadziriro kutama.

Mhaka Hurusa dzeDare: Kunyora Musimboti Kunoshanda

Nhau Dzokuparadzana dzechiChina

Dare guru rokutanga pasimba rokubuda rehurumende rakauya mukupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi namapfumbamwe, munhevedzano yenhau dzinozivikanwa seInclusion Cases yeChina. Mu Chae Chan v. United States, Dare rakatsigira simba rehurumende rehurumende rokubvisa vashandi veChina vapakuvamba vaivimbisa kupinda pachena. Mutongi Stephen J. Munda, achinyorera voruzhinji, akakumbira simba roumambo romuzvarirwo renyika iri yose yakazvimirira kudzora miganhu yayo. Nepo Dare racho risina kushandisa shoko rokuti “umwari hwekare,” kurangarira kwaro kwaivimba zvikuru nepfungwa yokuti simba rehurumende yokumwe nyika kubvisa nzanga yakanga ine chiremera cheUnited States chaichine chiremera chifo chakashatsatswa uye chiyasina kushatiswa.

Nyanzvi dzezvokuvamba nhasi dzinokakavadzana kana Exclusion Cases dzeChina dzakasarudzwa zvakarurama murevo yapakuvamba yeBumbiro remitemo. Vamwe vanotaura kuti dzidziso yesimba rinogarwa nhaka inopesana negadziriro yeBumbiro reMitemo yemasimba anorongwa uye kuti chiremera chehurumende padzimwe nzvimbo chinofanira kuganhurirwa kumasimba iwayo akapiwa nenzira yakajeka murugwaro. Vamwe vanoomerera kuti simba rokudzora miganhu ichinoitika chiri madikanwa chouchangamire hworudzi icho vaFramers vakarence vakabvumira kubvumirwa uye kuti Bumbiro remitemo richengetedze chose chose chose. Iyi gakava rinopfuurira munharo dzapanguva ino pamusoro pechiremera chikuru chokurambidza kutama.

[[FOLT:0] Fong Yue Ting v. United States[ (1893)

Mu Fong Yue Ting, Dare rakatambanudza mufungo wa [[FLT:] Chae Chan Ping kubudisa, kurangarira kuti simba rehurumende rokubvisa risiri renyika rakanga rakafara sesimba raro rokudzinga. Mhaka yaibatanidza vashandi veChina vakanga vasungwa nokuda kwokukundikana kuva nezvikonzero zvokugara zvaidikanwa neGeary Act. Dare rakaramba zvibvumikiso zvaidzorwa kuranga kwoutsotsi kunoda rutongeso rwedare redare redare muRepublic Restem. Gas Horace Gray, kunyora nokuda kwevoruzhinji, simba rokudzinga vashanyi se “chinoitika chouchangamire hwehurumende yeUnited States senhengo yemhuri yeUnited States.

Nzvero yapakuvamba ye Fong Yue Ting inonangidzira pauko kana revo yapakuvamba yavose yeBumbiro reMitemo ingadai yaziva musiyano pakati pokubviswa nokudzingwa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvebumbiro-mitemo. Chizvarwa chakavamba chakanga chine ruzivo rwakaganhurirwa rwokudzingwa, asi AlenF Friends Act ya1798 yakanga yabvumira kubviswa kwepfupikicha yezvisingachinjiki kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yavakuru vakuru, pasina dare. Iyi nhau inokarakadza kuti Hurumende yapakuvamba yakagamuchira simba rakafara rehurumende kuidzorwa kudzorwa; zvisinei, Allien Friens Act Act yakanga ichimutsa nharo huru uye yapera pashure pamakore maviri, ichisiya kamuri yemavambo kuti yakanga isina kutanga nzwisiso yadzikati yakagadzwa mumutemo. Mubvunzo unoramba uri mumugariro wazvino uno uno uno unovapo pamusoro pekodzero dzinonzi dzakatarisana nedzo dzakatarisana.

United States v. Wong Kim Areka (198)

Mukubva kwekombamiro inoganhurira yeTchaina Exclususion Cases, Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakachengetwa mu Wong Kim Ark kuti mwana akaberekwa muUnited States kuvabereki veChina avo vakanga vari vagari vemo vechigarire vakanga vari vagari veU.S. mugari wemo weChigarwa muU.C. pasi peChigarwa chaClaus weMberindidzo ye145. Mutongi Horacle, kunyorazve nokuda kworuzhinji, akabatanidzwa mukunzverwa kwomutemo wakakwana wenhau wekodzero younzi (juli) uye akagumisa kuti revo yapakuvamba yeChizvarwa chounzi Claus yakabatanidza vanhu vose vakaberekerwa muUnited States uye pasi poudzoro, nokusariranwa kwayo bedzi nokuda kwavana vorumwe rudzi, varwi, varwi, uye mitezo yeIndia.

Ichi chisarudzo chinowanzodudzwa somuenzaniso wakatanhamara werangariro yemavambo iyo yakabudisa muuyo unowirirana. Kupfurikidza nokuisa dudziro mukunzwisiswa kwenhau kwougari hwemo pamutemo wavose uye donzo ravagadziri mukunyora Indaneti, Dare rakaramba nharo kuti vaChina vokuAmerica vakanga vasina kodzero yokuva vagari voufundisi. Vazivi vechiGiriki nhasi vanonongedzera ku [FLT: 0] Wang Kim Ark soufakazi hwokuti umwari hwapakuvamba hahuna kuganhurirwa chose chose chose maruramiro avatami; panzvimbo pezvo, hunopa miuyo yakavakirwa pakurava kwakanakisisa ufakazi hwenhau hwenhau, pasinei zvapo netapuro dzazvinobatanidzwa zvazvino.

Kupindwa Kwezvirongwa Zvekuisa Musi wePurogramme

Chiremera Chine Simba uye Kurambidzwa Kwokufamba

Muenzaniso wakatanhamara zvikurusa wapamisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi wokurangarira kwapakuvamba mumutemo wokutamira munyika ichisarudzo cheDare rapamusoro zvikurusa mu Trump v. Hawaii [2017], iyo yakatsigira kudzorwa kwerwendo rwechitatu rwaPrezidhendi Trump rwaidzora pamutemo munyika dzakawanda dzechiMuslim-majorist. Chiretwa chikuru John Roberts, anonyora nokuda kwavazhinji, akatsamira pachisarudzo chakafara chakapiwa mu mpinguro mukuwirirana naPurezidhendi naNationality Act uye chiremera chenhau chapamusha chebazu revakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru. Gas Cladentie, mukurangarira kunowirirana, akaenderera mberi, achiramba kuti chiremera chapamhiko chamato mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende pamusoro pokutama nokuchengeteka uye rudzi rwakanga rwakatopfuura ndangariro zvikuru.

Mutongi Thomas anobvumirana naye mubatanidzwa wetsika dzakafanana nemuenzaniso wekuongorora kwapakuvamba. Akaronda kunzwisisa kwenhau kwesimba rehurumende pamusoro penhau dzokumwe kubvira panguva yakatanga Republic, achisimbisa kuti Purezidhendi, somumiriri bedzi worudzi muukama hwokumwe, ane chiremera chaakazvarwa nacho chokubvisa kusafarira kuchengeteka kwenyika. Akakumbirawo revo yapakuvamba yeTaicial Clause uye Ves Clause kuti atsunge kuti simba renhau dzaPrezidhendi redzimwe nyika harina kuganhurirwa kumira kumira pamitemo nezvibvumirano asi kuti rireve chiito chokuzvimirira. Nepo vazhinji vasina kugamuchira chirongwa chapakuvamba cheTomas, kurangarira kwake kukura kwechinjo yedare revasmo revasmoss juscillance.

DACA uye Ungwaru Hune Chiremera

Chirongwa chinotsiva Kutora Vana (DACA) chakaparirawo nharo dzapakuvamba. Vatsoropodzi veDA vanotaura kuti bazu guru harina chiremera chebumbiro remitemo kuti riite chirongwa chikuru chinodzorwa chinoitwa icho chinonyorazve mitemo yokubuda yakapiwa neCongress. Vatangi vanonongedzera kuparadzano yemitemo yemasimba, vachitaurira kuti simba rokugadza mapoka okuvapo kwapamutemo netendero zvebasa ndereChirongwa chose chose pasi peNatural Clausce neMonion Clauslease. Rump yaie inoedza kunyorazve mitemo yokubuda yakapiwazve neDCAAAAAAA, yakadents akadentswa mudare, uye nhau yacho haina kusvika kuDare gurusa mu [FLD:] . Retgenslands of University of the California Froult. [2020]

Nyanzvi dzezvokuvamba dzinoramba dzakakamuraniswa neDACA. Dzimwe dzinotaura kuti revo yapakuvamba yeTake Care Claus inoda Purezidhendi kusimbisa mitemo yokutama seyakanyorwa, kusasiya nzvimbo nokuda kwepurogiramu inoramba chose chose kubvisa boka guru ravasiri vamagariro. Vamwe vanotaura kuti kungwaririra kwomuchuchisi kune mavambo enhau uye kuti nzwisiso yapakuvamba yesimba rechiremera inobatanidza chiremera chokuisa mitengo yezvokushandiswa kwemari, kunyange kana ikoko kuchireva kuramba kuronda kubviswa mumapoka akati enhau. Uku kunosimbisa kuoma kwenheyo dzepakuvamba dzokushandisa kumibvunzo yehurumende yazvino unoshambadzwa.

Kuberekwa Wakakwana Kwougari Hwomunyika Ne Amendedzero Yegumi Negumi

Nhau youdangwe yazova pfundo guru munharo dzemitemo yokubuda, namasangano apakuvamba achipikisa kuti Hurumende yeChizvarwa yaClaus haidi kuti ipe kuva mugari wemo kuvana vakabva kunzvimbo dzisina kunyorwa kana kuti vashanyi vechinguvana. Nzwisiso yegamuchidzanwa, yakavakirwa pa [[FLT: 0] Wang Kim Ark, ndeyokuti rugwaro runofukidza vanhu vose vakaberekwa muUnited States uye pasi poumambo hwarwo, nemhene yemitemo yavose bedzi. Vasaidzokororesa, zvisinei, vanoomerera kuti revo yapakuvamba ye “kuzviisa pasi porukudzo kurudzoro". Vari vogaro kusiri vapamutemo kana kuti vabereki vavo havasati vari pasi pezvirevo zvizere kuU.S.

Uyu murangariro wokuhwirudzura wakaziviswa nenyanzvi dzakadai saPeter Schuck naRogers Smith, uye wakawana tsigiro pakati pavatongi vane mwero navanogadzira mitemo. Reformation, inotsigirwa navazhinji mu Wong Kim Ark, ndeyekuti ufakazi hwenhau hunotsigira zvakajeka kunzwisisa kwakafara kwoudangwe. Nharo pamusoro pekodzero dzechipo dzechivoko neGandertersmendi dzinoratidzira kuti Congress arces arost Court yairment mu [Flve:2] Scottb v. [FFLT] [FFFF]] [57] [185] uye kuvimbisa kuti vanhu vose vakaberekwa muUnited States, pasinei mamiriro ezvinhu echikarevo avagari vemo, vaiworuzhinji vai vanotaura kuti rugwaro rwakakurumbira mu [Flut:] DC.D [Foctedlth trains) inoshandura kuti chitejiritiotisitiko chitsaienzirimu chitsai chitsaidzo chitsa kuti

Kunetsa Kwoumwari Mumutemo Wokuchinja

Kurerekera kunyika hakusati kuri kusina vatsoropodzi vayo, uye zvirambidzo zvinoverengeka zvinomuka zvakananga mumugariro wokupinda nokupinda. Chitendero chimwe chinozivikanwa navose ndechokuti ngwariro yapakuvamba panzwisiso dzechigumi nenhenhatu nerechipfumbamwe yakasarudzirwa kunyika yose yokutama kwamarudzi ose, ugandanga hwenyika yose, uye hurumende dzougandanga dzakaoma kunzwisisa. Vatangi vaisagona kuva vakakarira mwero norudzi rwokubuda munyika yazvino uno, uye kuedza kushandisa vavariro dzavo dzinofungidzirwa kuzvinetso zvenguva ino dzingaparira miuyo isina mufungo. Somuenzaniso, nzwisiso yapakuvamba ye “nyika dzamarudzi okumwe” ingasatambanukira nyore nyore kumite yourongwa hwazvino uno hwevhimapepa, miitiro yokudzivirira, kana kuti miramiramira miteo yamabasa.

Chikamu chechipiri chinotaura kuti mavambo anoda kutendeka kurevererwa kwenhau kuti aruramise migumisiro inopesana. Vatsoropodzi vanonongedzera kuChrestclusion Cases yeChina, iyo inowanzotsoropodzwa soudzori hwedzinza, soufakazi hwokuti kurangarira kwapakuvamba kunogona kushandiswa kutsigira mitemo isina kururama. Kana kuti kurangarira kwapakuvamba kuchida kutendeka kurevo yapakuvamba kurevo yapakuvamba yeBumbiro remitemo, uye revo yapakuvamba inoshivirira rusaruro rwedzinza nedzisiri dzechienzi, ipapo kuvamba kungasawirirana nokupfuudzira kusaruramisira kwenhau kwenhau. Vafundisi veChinyorwa chemitemo chemitemo yeMitemo vanopindura kuti nheyo yacho inosimbosiyaniswa nezvishandiso zvakananga zvenheyo izvozvo, uye kuti kudzorese kudzivirira Claus, kunonyatsorambidzwa mumashoko apakuvamba, kurambidza mitemo yokutama kwechinyakare.

Chikamu chechitatu chinoitira hanya chinetso chekusanzwisisa nhau. Chinyorwa chenhau pamibvunzo yakawanda yebumbiro remitemo hachinzwisisiki, uye vatangira kazhinji kazhinji havabvumirani pakati pavo vamene pamusoro pezvinoda revo yapakuvamba chaizvoizvo. Mumutemo wokutama, uku kusabvumirana kwakakomba: nokuti kurukurirano iri yose yenhau inotsigira simba renyika, kune kupesana kwenhau kunonongedzera kukuvambwa kwechiremera chakadzikama. Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuti chiKristu chinokundikana kupa chipikirwa chacho chemipidhiro nemhaka yokuti vatongi vanogona kutsigira inodokuva mhedziso ipi neipi. Vazivi venhau vanobvuma kuti kunzvera kwenhau kunobatanidza rutongeso asi kuti mutoo wenhau unopa kudzorongedzerwa kukuru pamusoro pekurarama kwemitemo, uko kusati kuchipa chinyorwa chakavakirwa pamavambo pazvose.

Kutanga Nenguva Yemberi Yomutemo Wokubvisa

Sezvo voruzhinji veDare gurusa vanosachinja, kutendeseka kwapakuvamba sezvingabvira kuchaita basa rakatokura zvikuru mukuumba zvisarudzo zvemiitiro yokubuda. Kugadzwa kwevatongi avo vanosungirwa kumiitiro yapakuvamba yerevo yavose, zvakadai seMutongi Neil Gormoth na Justice Brett Kavavaugh, zviratidzo zvokuti mhaka dzenguva yemberi dzokutama dzichapfuudzwa ndokusarudzwa nengwariro yapedyo kurugwaro, chimiro, uye nhau. Ikoku hakusati kuchideya kutaura hako muuyo unowirirana mumitengo iri mumitezo yapamberi yenhau; mutoo wapakuvamba unoshandiswa mumhaka yenhau neka, uye ufakazi hwenhau hunogona kucheka mumipimo yakasiana - mamiriro ezvinhu anotsamira pamubvunzo chaiwo webumbiro yemitemo panhau.

Imwe nharaunda umo mavambo angava netapuro huru ikokusunungurwa kwehurumende mumutemo wokubuda. Nyika dzakatsvaka nenzira inowedzera kuita zviteshi zvadzo zvinoverengeka zvokuchengetedza kubuda, kuvambira paSB 1070 kusvikira paPurgheading Court mu [Flut:0] Azora v. United States[FLT] (202) yakaputsa gadziriro dzinoverengeka dzeSB 1070 panzvimbo dzokubudisira, asi kunzvera kwapakuvamba kwepamberiast kunoramba kuri kukwikwikwikwidza. Vamwe vapakuvamba vanopikisa kuti chimiro cheClaus yeBumbiro reMitemo yemitemo, zvikurukuru chinoitwa neFolectry Claus, hapana kamuri rekudzora kutama, sezvo chizvarwa chakanzwisisa kuti kudzokororwa kwedzimwe nzvimbo kudzokororwa kwemitemo yeTen.

Imwe nzvimbo inokosha ndeyehurumende yehuvanze hwenzvimbo youtiziro neyavasingaregi. Act yeVapoteri ya1980 yakabatanidza misengwa yamarudzi ose pasi pe 1967 Porotocol Relating to the Most of Refugees, asi vatangiri vemitemo vanopanikira kana Bumbiro reMitemo rimene richida dziviriro pakudzokera vanhu kuchitambudzo. Chizvarwa chakavamba chine ruzivo rushoma rwekupotera, uye revo yapakuvamba yeGungano reVapo neRespeciation Claus angasasvika panzvimbo isina kukumbira vatsvaki vanotsvaka kupinda. Dare rapamusoro harina kupindura mubvunzo uyu, asi sezvo nhau dzekuchengetera dzinopfuurira kuroverera matare omubatanidzwa, nharo dzekare sezvingabvira ichaendeswa kumativi ose. Vamwe vanodavira kuti kunzwisisa kwenhau youmambo yenhau yokwapa ruzhinji kubvisa kupfurikidza nokurangarira vamwe vanhu.

Kupindirana Pakati Pokutanga Nokuchinja Mutemo

Kududzira pamutemo hakupo pasina chinhu; kunobatira pamwe nedudziro yemitemo, mutemo wokudzora, uye nzwisiso yemapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika yemabasa avo ebumbiro remitemo. Kunyange sezvo matare anoshandisa kurangarira kwapakuvamba kunhau dzokutamira, Congress anochengeta simba guru rokugadzira muitiro wokutama mukati memiganhu yemitemo. Muitiro wetsika yetsika unogona kubetsera kujekesa miganhu iyoyo, kugovera nhungamiro kuvagadziri vemitemo vanoda kupukunyuka kuhwirudzura mabasa avo edare. Panguva imwe cheteyo, dzidziso yapakuvamba inoisa ganhuriro dzingavhiringidza nharidzano dzemitemo yetsika (muenzaniso, kana revo yapakuvamba yesimba rokuchinja Claus Claus ichiita kuti pave nesimba rokutumira chiremera chokutama kuPrente, kana kuti kunzwisisa kwokudzivirira kwapakuvamba kuganhurira kushandiswa kworudzi rworudzi rworudzi rwokutama munyika.

Gakava riri kuramba richiitwa pamusoro pekuchinja kubuda kwevanhu muCongress rinowanzobatanidza mipimo yebumbiro remitemo inoumbwa nemufungo wokutanga. Apo vagadziri vemitemo vanorangarira zvikarakadzo zvokuchinja gadziriro yokutama yakavakirwa pamhuri, itai boka idzva revhiza nokuda kwavashandi vanourawa zvikuru, kana kuti inogovera nzira kumugariro wapamutemo nokuda kwavatami vasina kunyorwa, vanofanira kurangarira kana zvikarakadzo zvakadaro zvichiwirirana negadziriro yapakuvamba yeBumbiro reMitemo. Nyanzvi yemitemo yeCrenational inogona kuzivisa izvi kupfurikidza nokupa mirangariro yenhau pamusoro pesimba rehurumende, kuva mugari wemo, uye kodzero dzevasati vari vako. Somuenzaniso, kunzwisisa kwapakuvamba kwezvinodikanwa zvokufanana muKushanduka kwetsika kungaganhurira mano eChirongwa cheClaus Claus remitemo yomuzvarirwo kuita mitemo yomuzvarirwo nokuda kwenyika dzakasiyana - kana kuti nzvimbo, kunyange kana mitemo iyoyo ichiita seya yakanaka panzvimbo dzamagariro.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Kudavira Mashura Mudzimwe Dzokupomerwa

Kunyange zvazvo kuvamba kwakabatana zvikuru nomutemo wemitemo weAmerica, mutoo wokududzira nawo magwaro emitemo maererano nokunzwisisa kwapakuvamba kwavanyori vavo une kufanana mune dzimwe gadziriro dzemitemo. MuCanada, nheyo ye “revo yepakutanga” inoita basa rakaganhurirwa mukududzira Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, sezvo Dare reMitemo reSingle reCanada raiwanzoda“ muti mupenyu” unobvumira Bumbiro remitemo kuti ribve. Zvisinei, dzimwe nyanzvi dzeCanada dzakatsigira basa guru zvikuru rokududzira gadziriro dzomutemo woutsotsi nerevoruzhinji. MuGermany, Federal Constitution Court inonongedzera kudonzo rapakuvamba romutemo weScritage, asi Dare redare rinobvumira kushandura zviri pachena, mumitengo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo uye pasi pemabhiristone.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu okutama, dzimwe nyika hadzina kutanga mutemo wakasanorongwa wakafanana wezvehurumende yapakuvamba, zvikurukuru nemhaka yokuti magamuchidzanwa avo ebumbiro remitemo haaisi simbiso imwe cheteyo paruvara rwamashoko. Kushayikwa kwegamuchidzanwa rapakuvamba kunze kwenyika kunosimbisa kusiyana kwechimiro cheAmerica uye ukuru uhwo uhwo urongwa hwechitendero chepakuvamba hunoumba U.S. munzira dzisingatangwi kune imwe nzvimbo. Nokuda kwevaAmerica vapakuvamba, uku ndiko kunobva simba: kunoratidza musengwa wakasiyana wouchangamire hwakakurumbira nomutemo. Kushorwa.

mhedziso

Basa rekutanga mukuita kuti pave nezvisarudzo zvokutama kwakadzama uye kunokwikwidzana. Nokuisa kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo murevo yepakutanga yorugwaro, kuvamba kunogovera gadziriro yokupedza mibvunzo pamusoro pesimba rehurumende, chiremera chehurumende, uye kodzero dzevanhu izvo zviri chinhu chinokosha kumutemo wokubuda. Chinyorwa chenhau chinopa tsigiro nokuda kwemhatsa huru yemigumisiro, kubva pakudzora kwehurumende yakasimba kwemiganhu kuti idzivirire kuva mugari wenhaka uye muitiro wakafanira nokuda kwevasati vari vachatizen. Sezvo Dare rapamusorosoro rinopfuurira kushandisa kurangarira kwepakuvamba kunhau dzokutama, unyanzvi hwetsika dzounyanzvi hwezvinhu zvicharamba zviripo.[8] Kana kuti nguva dzimwe nguva kusingadeyi kuzivikanwa mukugadzirwa kwegadziriro yezvokubuda munyika yeAmerica.

Kuvanogadzira mitemo, vaiti vemitemo, vagari vehurumende, uye nyanzvi, kunzwisisa mavambo hakuchisirizve kwokuzvidira. Kana munhu achibatanidza uzivi, kuhukumbira, kana kuti kutsvaka kuhushandisa mumashoko matsva, pesvedzero yahwo pahuro hwevatami, inoramba iripo. Nharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pechiremera chehurumende, mitemo yokubuda munyika, kuva mugari wemo, uye kodzero dzokusavapo kwemunhu dzine zvose zvinotsigira kufunga kwepakutanga. Sezvo rudzi runopfuurira kurwisana nezvinetso zvokutama muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nere, kuvamba kwetsika kucharamba kuchiumba miganhuro yemitemo iyo zvinetso zvacho zvinonyorwa. Chibereko chikuru chemitemo yokutama mumutemo wevatami vehurumende chichatsamira pamugariro wokutanga, kupwirira kwepfungwa, kutevedzerwa kwepfungwa, uye kudisa kubatanidzwa kwepamutemo kwemitemo yemitemo yepamutemo.