Hwaro Hwegadziriro Yakafanira Nedziviriro Yakaenzana

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Nepo zvitsama zviviri zvamashoko zvichibatira zvinangwa zvakasiyana - siyana (kutangira muitiro unonangidzira ngwariro paruramisiro yemiitiro nedziviriro yerusununguko rukuru, uye dziviriro yakaenzana inoraira kuti vanhu vari munzvimbo dzakafanana vabatwe zvakafanana //nzvimbo dzavo kazhinji kazhinji. Kunzwisisa iyi mhesano kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuti Dare Gurusa rinosvika sei nhau dzakaoma kunzwisisa batanidza rusarurano, kuzvitonga kwomunhu oga, uye miganhu yesimba rehurumende. Senyanzvi yepamutemo David A. . STUS]

Nheyo Yenhau: Mhedziso Yegumi Negumi Negumi Yamavambo Netsananguro Dzapakuvamba

Chibvumirano chegumi namana chakaberekwa mudenho hurusa yenhambo yeReconstruct: nzira yokubatanidza nayo mamirioni mana eAfrica achangobva kusunungurwa kuva vagari veAmerica sevagari veAmerica vakazara. Pamberi pokuvakwa kwayo, Bill of Rights yakashanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende, uye hurumende dzakanga dzakasununguka zvikurukuru kugadza mitemo yaitsaura kana kuti kunyima vanhu kodzero dzinokosha. Vagadziri vemitemo vaitsvaka kuchinja ikoku kupfurikidza nokuisa mitemo yehurumende pachiito chehurumende.

Kuhwirudzura Nokubudisa Mashoko

Rugwaro rweChikamu 1 che 145 Amendment runorava, kuti: "Hapana Hurumende ichaita kana kuti kusimbisa mutemo upi noupi uchavhara ropafadzo kana kuti kudzivirira vagari veUnited States; uyewo Hurumende ipi neipi haisati ichizonyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo; kana kuramba kumunhu upi noupi ari mukati moudzoro wayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. Dare reThe Bate Proces and Acial Classibless ndiroo regadziriro, pamwe chete neropafadzo kana kuti Immunion Claus, kunyange zvazvo rapashure rave richisarirwa zvikurukuru chifo chokurava kweDare Gurusangwe raro mu [FLD: 0] . .Vataput-IS [FLT] [FLT] [FLD] [3] [3]

Dare raMakurukota John Bingham weChikamu 1, rakataura kuti chitsama chacho chakanga chiri madikanwa kusimbisa nheyo dzeChibvumirano cheKuzvimirira uye kudzivisa hurumende kuisa mutemo wokudzivirira. Izvo zvinotaura mutemo wehurumende zvaizoshanda zvakaenzana kuvanhu vose, pasinei zvapo nedzinza. Muvambi wedare John Bingham weChikamu 1, akarangarira kuti chitsama chacho chakanga chiri madikanwa kutevedzerwa nemitemo yeChibvumirano cheKuzvimirira uye kudzivisa hurumende kusaisa mutemo wokusasarura. IProject Claus Clausle, inoreva, yainzwisiswa kurayira kuti kurasikirwa noupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kutevedzerwa nemiitiro inoruramisira, uye dare risingasaruri.

Dzidziso Yokutsinhirana Nokukura Kwegadziriro Yakafanira

Kwakawanda kwezana ramakore rechigumi namapfumbamwe namakumi maviri apakuvamba, Gungano reChibvumirano chaAuth Claus yakaita basa rakaganhurirwa zvikuru muhutu hwehurumende. Zvisinei, dzidziso ye inonatsa.Nzirairo iyo Dare Gurusa rakashandisa nayo gadziriro dzeRegister of Rights kuruwa kupfurikidza neGazati reGazleti re 144th Amendment [Dramssion] Clauslee=Drametersty [])]. Kuvamba no Gitlow v. New York[FLD:25] [FF] [FT] [25], iyo yakashandisa dziviriro yeYamapaumbo Yokutanga kukutaura pachena kumashoko, Dare zvishoma nezvishoma rakabatanidza pedyo neGeneseicesa rekodzero, kushandura ukama hwehurumende.

Kuzvinyima kwakanga kusiri kwoga kana kuti kwokungofunga. Dare rakashandisa nzira yakasarudzwa, richibvunza kana kodzero yakati iri "yakananga kugadziriro yeruramisiro yeAmerica" uye "inopa pfungwa yerusununguko rwakarongwa," yakabva kuMutongi Cardozo] Connecticut[[[FLT]] [1937] [1937]]. Panosvika nguva ye DHANHANHANHANHANHA v. [[FLT] [1968]] [8]), iyo yakabatanidza maruramiro kutongwa kwedare mumhaka yetso, Dare rakanga rabatanidza dziviriro yakawanda yemiitiro youtsotsi, yeFirst Amendment, uye mamwe mapepa akasiana nezvinopitina. Nhasi bedzi, maruramiro akapfumba eGenetic derst Redecimationstionstions.

Zvakakodzera: Mutambo Usingadzorwi uye Musiyano

Muitiro wakafanira unokamurwa nenzira yetsika kuva mifungo miviri yakasiana asi inowirirana: muitiro wechakafanira nemuitiro wakafanira wakaderera. Zvose zviri zviviri zvine mavambo makuru mugamuchidzanwa remitemo reEngland neAmerica, asi mifungo yazvino uno inoparirwa zvikuru nehumwe hudzori hweMitemo yeMitemo ye14.

Kufanoteverwa Kunofanira Kuita: Kugadzirira Kuitwa Kuchakanaka

Muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti hurumende itevere miitiro inowirirana isati yanyima munhu mumwe nomumwe upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Chimiro chakatanhamara chinobva mu Mathews v. Eldidge [77], umo Dare Gurusa rakatanga nzvero yemativi matatu kuti rione kuti muitiro upi uri madikanwa. Matare anofanira kuyera: (1) fariro yomunhu oga inotapurwa nechiito chehurumende; (2) ngozi yokurasikirwa nedziviridzo dzinobvira kupfurikidza nemitezo yokuwedzera; uye (3) fariro yehurumende, kubatanidza mitoro yemariro neyokutarisira izvo miitiro yokuwedzera yaizobatanidza.

Iyi gadziriro yakashandiswa mumigariro isingaverengeki, kubva pakunzwa kwekusachengeteka kweSocial Security kusvikira kumugumo wezviito zvebasa zvavadzidzi kuchirango. Njere huru ye [[FLT: 0] Maws ndeyokuti muitiro wemuitiro wakafanira hausi chinodikanwa chimwe chakaenzana; panzvimbo pezvo, chitsama chegadziriro chinodikanwa chinotsamira pachimiro chefariro padanda uye mamiriro ezvinhu umo kushaiwa kwacho kunoitika. Somuenzaniso, munhu anotarisana nebetsero dzegarikano anotarisana nokunzwa asati anzwa, nepo munhu anodenha kuramba marezero echipokisimutya anganzi angova bedzi anotsamira pakunzwa.

Muitiro Wakafanira: Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzinokosha

Muitiro wakafanira wokusasarura unomutsa nharo zvikuru nemhaka yokuti unobatanidza dziviriro yedare yamaruramiro asina kududzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo. Dzidziso yacho inodavira kuti rusununguko rwakati runokosha (hwukadai sekodzero yokuroora), maruramiro okuva navana, maruramiro okutendeseka mumuviri, uye maruramiro okuita zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga zvakavanzika zvomunhu oga zvakadzika midzi zvikuru munhau yenyika namagamuchidzanwa zvokuti hurumende haigoni kuvadzivisa pasina ruramisiro inogombedzera.

Chitendero chazvino uno chemuitiro wapamberi peroorano chakavamba ne Griswold v.Connecticut (65), iyo yakakurira mutemo wehurumende unorambidza kushandiswa kwekudzivisa kubereka pavhu kuti yakaputsa "chakarurama kuvandika." Justice Douglas, anonyora nokuda kwevoruzhinji, akakurumbira akawana iri rudyi mu "penbras" uye "mannement" yeBill of Rights, kunyange zvazvo zviitiko zvinotevera zvichidzika maruramiro echo chose chose chose muMutezo weInimagend Refective yatation inodzivirira. [FLT:] Douglas v.[5] V[FLT]] [FLT]][FLT]3]

Shashington v. Glucksberg (1997) mhaka, yadudzwa munyaya yapakuvamba, inokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwokuva kwayo ne(kubetsera kuzviuraya) kuti maruramiro okubetsera haasati ari rusununguko runokosha (asiwo rwemiitiro yaakataura. Chiratidzo chikuru Rehnquist chakagadzwa mumurangariro wekuedza kuviri nokuda kwokuziva kodzero itsva huru pasi poMutengo waClausce: pakutanga, kodzero inofanira kuve yakadzika midzi zvikuru munhau ino yorudzi negamuchidzanwa"; uye yechipiri, inofanira kuva "chiko mumurangariro wakarongwa werusununguko" zvokuti kusava kana kuti ruramisiro kugona kuvapo kudai yakatoitwa." Uku kuve kwakatove kwave kwakatorerwa nokushorwa nokusakafanira, kuidzwa nokudzivirirwa kwarongerwa kwarongerwa pamutemo kwenhau yemitemo uye kudzorwa.

Dziviriro Yakaenzana: Kubva Pakuparadzana asi Kukuenzana Nokusagona Kunyora

Kuvimbiswa kwaro kwokubatwa zvakaenzana pasi pomutemo kwave kuchikurudzira mamwe masangano anokosha zvikuru enzanga uye zvisarudzo zveDare Repamusorosoro munhau yeAmerica.

Kumuka Nokuwa Kwokuparadzana Asi Kwakaenzana

Nhau yapakuvamba yeFolding Plaise Detection Claus inoratidzirwa nokusabvumirana kukuru pakati parugwaro rwayo nokuchengetwa kwarwo. Mu Pnety v. Ferguson (1996], Dare Gurusa rakatsigira mutemo weLouisiana waida dzinza pamotokari dzenjanji, kugamuchira dzidziso yokuti "kuparadzanisa asi yakaenzana. Mutongi Henry Billings Brown, anonyora nokuda kwavazhinji, akarangarira kuti Indanetith Amendment yaiitirwa "kusimbisa kuenzana kwakakwana kwakakwana kwemadzinza maviri pamberi pomutemo," asi kuti uku kuenzana uku hakudi kubviswa kwetsika dzenzanga dzakavakirwa padzinza. Chisarudzo chapa murairo chirevo chemitemo kuna Jimrow muSouth neast Classics mujectal pamakumi amakore matanhatu.

Dare rakazoramba [[FLT:] Plarect] Plare Brown v. Dare reDzidzo (1954) kuti Dare rakaramba Plasty[[FLT]]. Chirevo cheSahluleri, kunyorera Dare, raidavira kuti nzanga yedzinza muzvikoro zvevoruzhinji yakaputsa dziviriro yaClauscendity nemhaka yokuti yakaparira "kunzwa kwokuderera" muvana vashomanene "zvingatapura mwoyo yavo nendangariro munzira isingambofungidzi kutongotongotongopedzwa. Dare rakazivisa kuti "Masangano edzidzo haawirirani," nheyo iyo ichazotambanukira kudzimwe nzvimbo dzoupenyu. [FLD][FFF]

Kutanga Kwekunyora Zvescrutiny

Chidzitiro chazvino uno chakaenzana chikarongwa kumativi ose enhevedzo. Mitemo inoisa mativi akavakirwa pa inoratidzira mawiro a[ yakadai sorudzi, mavambo erudzi, uye, mune dzimwe ndima, marato akarongwa [[FLT:]] kunzvera [[[FLT]], zvinoreva kuti hurumende inofanira kuratidzira kuti mutemo unosanogadzirirwa kubatira fariro inogombedzera. Mitemo inova yakavakirwa pa [[FLT:]] uye, inoda kuratidzira kuitirwa zvinhu zvinotendwa [[FL:] ussss us .[FLT] [FFF]] [5]] [5] [5] [inenge 'ichipotina chinhu chisiri chapamutemo [Fetmagne] [Fetme]] [F] inonzvera , inoda kuratidzira kupfurikidza nokuna kubetsera kutsanangura pamutemo.

Gadziriro yakakudziridzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwamakumi amakore anoverengeka. Mupimo wokunzvera kwakakomba nokuda kwokutsauranisa rudzi wakatangwa nenzira inobudirira mu Korendatsu v. United States (19444) (kunyange zvazvo Dare rakaishandisa nenzira ine mukurumbira kutsigira mativi echiJapani) uye gare gare gare wakasimbiswa muzvinoitika zvakadai se [[FLT:] LYP] v. [1977], iyo yakarova mitemo inorwisana ne-miscegenation. Mupimo wapakati weidzo wetsika yevatano yevatano yakabuda mu [FLT].[FLD] V[FFFFF] [FFF] [5] [6] [6], iyo yakaderedza mutemo wakasiana-mutengwa wavanhu mumazera akasiana napakati.

Kuwiriraniswa Kwegadziriro Yakafanira uye Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Chisakiso chakaorera zvikurusa cheparamende yebumbiro-mitemo chiri pamhando dzemiitiro yakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana. Apo mutemo kana kuti chiito chehurumende chinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri rusununguko rukuru nefungidziro kana kuti zvimiro zvekunyumwira, matare anofanira kunzvera mhaka yacho kupfurikidza negirazi remashoko ose ari maviri. Iyi rondedzero yamativi maviri inowanzoparira kurangarira kwakapfuma zvikuru uye kwakawanda kwakaiswa mubumbiro remitemo.

Kugadzirira Kunoita Kuti Vadzivirirwe Zvakaenzana

Imwe nzira yokunzwisisa nayo ukama hwacho ndeyokuti muitiro wokuisa panzvimbo yakagadzwa unoita uriri: kana kodzero iri huru, hurumende haigoni kuiputsa pasina ruramiso inogombedzera, pasinei zvapo nokuti kudzorwa kwacho kunosarudza kana kuti ndekwenyika yose. Dziviriro yakaenzana inowedzera rumwe rutivi: kunyange kana mutemo usinganyimi munhu upi noupi kodzero huru, ungangoramba uchiputsa Bumbiro remitemo kana rikatsaura pahwaro husingakwaniswi. Nokudaro, zvitsauko zviviri zvinoshanda pamwe chete kuvimbisa kuti rusununguko rwakati runodzivirirwa nokuda kwomunhu ari wose uye kuti hapana munhu anodzivirirwa nokuda kwokubatwa kusina ruramisiro pasina chikonzero chakanaka.

Nyaya: Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

chisarudzo che cheObergefell v. Hodges chinomirira zvichida roorano yakajeka zvikuru neinochengetwa yemuitiro wakafanira nerangariro yakaenzana munhau yeDare Gurusa. Mutongi Kennedy anorangarira kuti varoorani vorudzi rumwe chetevo vane kodzero yemitemo yokuroora mumitemo yose iri miviri. Dare rokutanga rakanzvera mubvunzo wacho pasi pomuitiro wakafanira, richizivisa maruramiro okuroora sorusununguko rukuru runovakirwa mu "chinokosha chetsika dzomunhu oga oga" uye "dzidziso huru dzegamuchidzanwa redu rebumbiro remitemo") ipapo rakatendeukira kudziviriro yakaenzana, richisimbisa kuti varoorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano yakaenzana "kubhadhara kusunungurwa kwapamhindaro yepakati" uye "Bribhirigori pakati petenziro yekuenno"

Chakaita kuti murangariro wacho uve unoshamisa kwakanga kuri kuomerera kwaKennedy kwokuti zvikamu zviviri zvemashoko hazvisati zvichingofanana chete asi zvakavambirana: "Guther Ecrom Procession Claus neMudzivisi Wechiingamiriridzwa Claus zvakabatanidzwa nenzira huru, kunyange zvazvo zvikagadza nheyo dzakazvimirira. Kodzero dzakajeka murusununguko namaruramiro anochengetwa nedziviriro yakaenzana dzingava pamirairo yakasiana- siyana uye hazvisati zvichitongova zvinowirirana nguva dzose, bva mune zvimwe zviitiko chimwe nechimwe chingava chinoraidzwa pamusoro perevo uye kusvika kune chimwe. ” Iyi synthesis inokarakadza kuti muzvinoitika zvakati, rusununguko neuenzana haisingoriwo mipimo yakasiana asi mativi maviri chete yechiono chapamutemo chorumbidzo rwomunhu.

Fundo Yenhau: Rudo v. Virginia (1967)

Anenge makumi mashanu amakore pamberi pa Obergefel, Dare mu Lovang v. Virginia zvakafanana yakabatanidzwa muitiro wakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana. Mhaka yaibatanidza mutemo weVirginia waidzorwa nemitezo yemitengo. Murangariro wedare weProviti yaKingrdare Warren wakaval akaputsa mutemo wacho wose uri wose weSuclause(n) nokuti wakanga wakavakirwa pamite yedzinza (* uye Mutemo weChiteshinga) Nhevedzo yeClaus Claus (n) nemhaka yokuti wakaputsa kuro kwakarurama kuroora. Dare rakaramba kuparadzanisa kubvunza kuviri, richichengeta kuti mutemo urege kururamiswa mugadziriro. [FLD]

Mirangariro Yakajeka Pamusoro Penzvimbo Yakawirirana

Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakapa rondedzero dzakasiana - siana kuti dzitsanangure ukama pakati pomuitiro wakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana. Dzimwe, kufanana naPurofesa Kenneth Karset munyaya yake inopesvedzera "Rusununguko rweIntimate Association," dzinosimbisa kuti zvikamu zviviri pamwe chete zvinodzivirira murangariro wakafara we "udzori" kana kuti "indiddidididic communition" izvo zvinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri rusununguko nehumuni. Dzimwe, kufanana naPurofesa Reva Siegel, dzakasimbisa nzira umo gakavara redziviriro rakafanana rinogona kudzorerazve mutoo wakafanira kupfurikidza nokuedza muitiro wenhau dzinoshandiswa nematare kurondedzera kodzero dzinokosha. Kunyange zvakadaro vamwe vanotaura kuti zvitsauko zvinofanira kuchengetwa nenzira yakasiana nokujeka nokurerekera kujeka nokuko kwedzidziso imwe neimwe.

Zvirongwa Zvenguva Ino uye Kupokanidzana Kunopfuurira

Kubva pakodzero dzokuvhota kusvika pakupinda mururamisiro yokubereka, vatongi nematare vari kurwisana nemhosva dzinoda kunyatsofungwa nezvemashoko ose ari maviri.

Kupa Kodzero Nemitemo Yevazivi Vemabhuku

Mitemo yezivikanwo yazova dziviriro inonangidzira pasimba remitemo inodzorwa nemitemo yeAmerica, inodzivisa unyengeri navavengi vanorwisana nenzira isingaenzaniswi vanobvisa vashomanene, vakwegura, uye vavhoti vakaderera. Zvinetso kumitemo yakadaro zvinowanzosimbisa zvose zviri zviviri mutoo wakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana. Chibvumikiso chedziviriro yakaenzana chinonangidzira patapuro yemitemo iyi pavhoti vashomanene, kududza ufakazi hwemifungo yokuti vagari vemo vashomanene havasati vachiwanzova nebviro duku yokuwana chiziviso chinodikanwa chinodikanwa. Chibvumikiso chakafanira chinosimbisa maruramiro makurusaicho nemutoro izvo zvinodikanwa zvesimbi zvinoiswa paikoko.

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakataura idzi nhau mumhaka dzakadai se [[FLT]]Crawford v. Marion County EFomatity Board, iyo yakatsigira mutemo weID yaIndiana muso payakavakirwa panzvero inoremekedzerwa. Mutongi Stevens akashandisa murangariro waibatanidza kuhwirudzura kwapahwaro, achigumisa kuti mitoro yomutemo yakanga yakaganhurirwa uye fariro dzehurumende mukudzivisa kubiridzira uye kuchengeta chivimbo chavose muvhoti. Zvisinei, Dare rakasiya bviro yokuita seyapinzwa, uye kudzo yakatevera yakapfuurira kuedza miganhu yemitemo yokuvhotera pasi pezvikamu zviviri.

Kutama Uye Kodzero Dzevatorwa

Mutemo wokutora inzvimbo umo muitiro wakafanira nedziviriro dzakaenzana kazhinji kazhinji zvinobatanidza asi umo simba rakafara rehurumende pamusoro penhau dzokupinda munyika rinonetsa kuhwirudzura. Vasinganzi, kubatanidza vatami vasina kunyorwa, ndi "persons" mukati merevo yeSeed Process Claus uye naizvozvo ine chiremera chokudzivirira procedation apo inotarisana nokubviswa. Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva iyi nheyo mu Zvydas v. Davis[[FLT:] [2001], iyo yainorangarira kuti hurumende haigoni kudzivirira isati iri yagara iripo pashure pomurairo wokubvisa murairo ichava yokupedzisira, sezvo kuchengetwa kwakadaro kwaizoputsa muitiro wakafanira.

Zvinetso zvakaenzana mumashoko okubuda zvakabudirira zvishoma, murutivi nemhaka yokuti Dare rakashandisa mupimo wenhau unowirirana zvikuru nokuiswa kwehurumende kwokupinda munyika. Mu Mathews v. Diaz, Dare rakatsigira mutemo wehurumende wakaramba kuti Medicasares dzinobatsira kuvagari vemo vemo vasina kubvumirwa nomutemo kweanenge makore mashanu. [FLT:] Mathews v. [FLT] At'sss] At "mitemo yeUnited States inoremekedza kubatwa kwevaeniomhiyo uye kutungamirira. BB, zvisinei, mitemo inodzorwa nomutemo yaisa zvigadziko dzakatarisana nedziviriro zvakatsikirirwa zvikuru. Munongedzero dzako dzakatongedzedzedzedzedzenzi. [FLT] Azhikor.[F.[F.3]

Kodzero Dzokubereka Nadzo Nokuenzana Kwevanhu

Masangano emitemo akapoteredza kodzero dzokubereka achinja zvinoshamisa mumakore achangobva kupfuura. Pamberi pa Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [202], iyo yakatonga [ Roe[ uye [[FLT]] [FLT]] [4] Plantive v. Casey[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [1992] uye yairangarira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo hariisi kodzero yokubvisa pamuviri, kodzero dzokubereka dzakanga dzatorerwa zvikurukuru mumuitiro wakafanira. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzakawanda navatsigiri vezvo kwenguva refu vakataura kuti kubvisa mimba kudzivirirawo, nemhaka yokuti vanotakura mitoro yakasiyana neyakasiyana neyakasiyana neyakasiyana yetsika dzetsika dzevatano.

Mutongi Ginsburg akanga ari mutsigiri akatanhamara weiyi mirangariro. Mumurangariro wake unovapo mu Stenberg v. Carhart [2000], akapikisa kuti "kudenha kwapamugarire ganhuriro dzisina kufanira pamiitiro yokubvisa mimba hakutsvaki kudzivirira pfungwa yakati yakavanzika; panzvimbo pezvo, zvinonyanya kusimbisa pfungwa yehuga hwemukadzi kuti azive nzira youpenyu hwake, uye kuti afarikanye kuva novuvanzi vagari vomunyika vakaenzana. [ MaDobs [, vamwe vaparidzi] havaudzi dziviriro zvakafanana kuti kubvisa kubvisa mimba, vachiramba kuti mitemo iyi inosarura pahwaro yevatano uye naizvozvo inoputsa dziviriro yaClausskaa. Kana zvichizobudirira, kana zvichiramba kunzi kuratidzira kutendeka kutendeka kwokudzivirira kwakaenzana kwekubereka ruramisiro nokuda kwekubereka.

Ruramisiro Youtsotsi Inochinja uye Kusawirirana Kwamarudzi

Gadziriro yeruramisiro inofumura kusawirirana kukuru pakati pomuitiro wakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana pamwero uri wose. Gadziriro dzinotarwa sekodzero yezano, maruramiro kukutonga kwakarurama, uye kurambidzwa kwechirango choutsinye uye chechienzi zvinoitirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti vakwirirwi vemhosva vanobatwa nenzira yakaenzana pasinei zvapo nokuzivikanwa kwavo. Bva dziviriro dzakaenzana dzinomuka apo idzi dziviriro dzinoshandiswa nomutoo unopesana norudzi. Dare Rapamusoro rarwisana nouku kupesana mumhaka muzvinoitika kubatanidza rusarurano rwedzinza mukusarudza kwedare, kushurikidza mativi akasiana, uye miitiro yamapurisa.

Mu Dare rakabva rataura kuti (1986), Dare rakaramba kuti kushandiswa kwomuchuchisi wezvinetso zvokudzivira kuti arege vatongi vakavakirwa padzinza vanopesana neSangano rePurence Claus. Chisarudzo chakapiwa kudare rakaoma rokutonga kumatare okuedza kubvunza matare matatu apo mukwiridziridzi anokwidziridza denho: kutanga, mukwiridziridzi anofanira kuita kuti primi facie riratidze rusaruro; chechipiri, muchuchishushi anofanira kupa tsananguro yedzinza-nekuta rekurova; uye rechitatu, dare rinofanira kusarudza kana mukwikwirirwi achiva nedonzo kusarura. [FLT] B[FFFF]

Mugumisiro: Revo Isingaperi Yenzvimbo Yakatarisana

Kupindirana kwomuitiro wakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana hakusati kuri kungoda kuziva dzidziso asi gadziriro inokosha yokunzwisisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzivirira sei kodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe munzanga inochinja. Sezvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rinonangana nezvinetso zvitsva — kubva pachivande chemipimo kusvikira kukusarurwa kwemitemo kusvikira kukodzero dzevanhu vanochinjanisa mativi ose.) Kubatanidzwa kweidzi ndima mbiri kuchapfuurira kuumba kutangwa kwomutemo webumbiro remitemo.

Chimwe chezvidzidzo zvinokosha zvikuru kubva munhau dzakurukurwa pamusoro apa ndechokuti muitiro wakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana hazvisi mipimo inokwikwidzani asi inowirirana. Rusununguko pasina kuenzana runogona kuva ropafadzo nokuda kwavashoma; kuenzana pasina rusununguko kunogona kuva chipikirwa chisina maturo. Apo matare anoziva batano huru pakati peidzi nheyo, anopa kutaura kwakazara kuchiratidzo cheGavhuramisita che1446 yenzanga umo vanhu vose vakasununguka uye vakaenzana pamberi pomutemo. Ruramisiro yakanyorwa mu Oberge wakasvika , "Zvizvarwa zvakanyorwa nokutendera Bill yekodzero neGeneti reformation yeD (10) zvakasaidzo yezvikamu zvamanyuko ose zvama, uye zvinoronzeverwa kuvana vamangwana kudzivirira vanhu vose kuti vazive kusunungurwa.[FLT]

Kumwe Kurava Nezviwanikwa