Kusumwa Kukutonga

Gadziriro yedare inoumba musimboti wechaunga chipi nechipi chinodzorwa nomutemo. Iro isangano kupfurikidza naro kukakavadzana kunopedzwa, mitemo inoturikirwa, uye ruramisiro inogoverwa. Nepo gadziriro yakananga yematare ichisiyana munyika nenyika, gadziriro yedare yavose iripo: matare omunzvimbomo pachivande, matare eappelte ari pakati, uye dare rapamusoro pamugumo. Kunzwisisa ichi chimiro hachisi bedzi nokuda kwamagweta navatongi; kunokosha nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose angada kufambisa nzvimbo yepamutemo. Nyaya ino inonzvera mwero mumwe nomumwe muudzame, inotsanangura kuti nhau dzinofamba sei nomugadziriro, uye kusimbisa ukoshi hwedare rinosanosarira pajiro.

Kuti anzwisise zvizere gadziriro yedare, munhu anofanira kutanga anzwisisa pfungwa youdzori. Juriscion anonongedzera kuchiremera chedare chokunzwa ndokusarudza nhau. Inogona kuganhurirwa nenhau yejirafiti, nhau yenhau yegakava, kana kuti chitsama chemari inobatanidzwa. Somuenzaniso, dare remongi romunzvimbomo mutaundi duku harigoni kunzwa mhaka yomutero yehurumende, kungofanana nedare rapamusoro rehurumende risinganzwi nhau inobatanidza mutemo womunzvimbomo bedzi. Vakuru vakuru vematare vanorongedzerwa kuvimbisa kuti mhaka iri yose ine mhaka yakafanira uye kuti matare makuru anogona kururamisa mhaka inoitwa navakaderera. Iyi gadziriro inokamura mitero yehurumende inogovera zvose zviri zviviri budiriro nokuzvidavirira.

Chivako chedare chinobudirira chinotsigirawo nheyo yomuitiro wakafanira. Muitiro wakafanira unovimbisa kuti kutonga kwapamutemo kwakarurama uye kuti vanhu vamwe navamwe vane ziviso nebanza rokunzwa. Apo dare rakaderera rinoita chikanganiso kana kuti kuputsa muitiro wakafanira, matare anoratidzira aripo kuti abate zvikanganiso izvozvo. Pasina vakuru vakuru vedare vakajeka, paisazova negadziriro yokuhwirudzura, uye ruramisiro yaizova isina mufungo.

Muzvikamu zvinotevera, tichanzvera matare omunzvimbomo, matare edare, uye matare makurusa. Tichanzverawo matare chaiwo, musiyano pakati pegadziriro dzehurumende nehurumende, uye tapuro huru yezvisarudzo zvedare.

Matare Omunzvimbomo: Murairo Weruramisiro

Dare renyika ndimo munogara vanhu vakawanda vanobatana negadziriro yedare. matare aya anobata nyaya dzakawanda uye ndiwo mwero wokutanga wemhesvadzo. Anowanzonzi matare edare kana kuti matare enhau epakutanga nemhaka yokuti anobva panhau. MuUnited States, matare omunzvimbomo anosanganisira matare emanisiparati, matare edare reruwa, uye matare maduku. Mune dzimwe nyika, anganzi matare eruwa, matare erugare, kana kuti matare eruwa.

Basa guru rematare omunzvimbomo nderokunzwa ufakazi, kusarudza maidi, uye kushandisa mutemo kusvika mutongo kana kuti mutongo. Anoitisa matare, angave nemutongi kana kuti dare rinobetsera, uye anopa mirairo kana kuti mitongo.

Zvikamu zveMatare Omunzvimbomo Nokupomerwa Kwazvo Mhaka

Matare omunzvimbomo anouya muzvimiro zvakawanda, chimwe nechimwe chine simba guru. Matare eMinicipa anowanzobata kuputswa kwemitongo yomumugwagwa, kupiwa mhaka kwomunzvimbomo, uye mhaka duku dzoutsotsi dzakadai semufambiro usina mufambiro wakarurama. Magstate matare kazhinji kazhinji anobata nokutongwa kwokutanga mumhaka dzemhosva, kuisa bhera, uye kupa miuyo. Matare emhuri anonangidzira ngwariro chose chose panhau dzakafanana nechatanuro, kuchengetwa kwavana, masimba masimba omumba, uye kurera mwana. Matare edare anotonga zvido, nzvimbo, uye matare anochengeta.

Rudzi rumwe norumwe rwedare romunzvimbomo runoshanda mumiganhu yakasanotsanangurwa. Somuenzaniso, dare reparamende harigoni kunzwa mhaka inobatanidza kusawirirana kwemisoro yenzvimbo nemhaka yokuti iri pasi pedzo yedare rapamusoro kana kuti dare rehurumende rinogarwa navanhu. Uku kuzivikanwa kunovimbisa kuti vatongi vane unyanzvi hwakafanira uye kuti mhaka dzinogadzirwa zvakanaka. Mukuwirirana neHofisi yehurumende yeU.S. Dare rehurumende [, matare eruwa (matare edare mugadziriro yomutemo wehurumende) ane chiremera pamusoro poutsotsi hwehurumende, zvibayiro zvavagari vemo pasi pomutemo wehurumende, uye matare emhatsa yakasiana-nji inobatanidza vagari vemo.

Pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yakaderera muvafundisi, matare omunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji ndiwo anotapura zvikurusa vagariwo zvavo. Chinoitika chokutanga chomunhu negadziriro yapamutemo chingava mudare remhuri kurwira kuchengetwa kana kuti mudare duku rinoedza kuwana mari yokuchengetedzwa. Zvisarudzo zvinoitwa pamwero uno zvinogona kuva netapuro huru paupenyu hwomunhu mumwe nomumwe, uko kuri chikonzero nei kodzero yokukwirira kudare rakakwirira zvikuru.

Zvirongwa Nezvinhu Zvikuru

Matare omunzvimbomo masangano evolume akakwirira. Mumativi mazhinji, vatongi vanobata mhaka dzakawanda pazuva. Izvozvi zvinoreva kuti mitemo yetsika inofanira kuteverwa zvikuru kuti ichengete nhevedzano. Somuenzaniso, vakwirirwi vemhosva vanowanzopiwa mhaka nokukurumidza pashure pokusungwa, apo pomero dzinoraviwa, uye zvikumbiro zvinopinda. Mitemo yavagari vemo inotevera nguva yokunyora, kuwana, kufamba, uye kutongwa. Federal Reslation of Civilecédect nerences dzinogovera gadziriro. Nepo iyi mitemo inonangidzirwa, matare omunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji inochinjirwa kuwirirana nemhosva dzavo.

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha chematare omunzvimbomo kushandiswa kwechisarudzo chenharo dzinotsiva (ADR) zvakadai sokuyananisa nokutonga. Matare akawanda omunzvimbomo zvino anoda kuti vamiririri vaedze kutongwa vasati vatonga, zvikurukuru mumutemo wemhuri uye nhau duku. ADR inogona kuderedza mutoro pamatare ndokutungamirira kumigumisiro inokurumidza, shomanene. Zvisinei, kana ADR ikakundikana, nhau yacho inopfuurira kukutonga kwegamuchidzanwa pamberi pomutongi kana kuti mutongi.

Rimwe basa rinokosha rematare omunharaunda iko kudzorwa kwemirairo inodzivirira nemirairo inodzivisa kwechinguvana. Mumhaka dzomumba, mutongi mudare romunzvimbomo anogona kukurumidza kupa murayiro wokudzivirira nyajambwa. Nenzira yakafanana, mugakava remuridzi wenzvimbo, dare romunzvimbomo rinogona kuraira kudzingwa kana kuti kugadziriswa. Iyi mishonga inodenha inoita basa rematare omunzvimbomo muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Kuganhurirwa Nokudikanwa Kwokukwezverwa

Nemhaka yokuti matare omunzvimbomo anobata dare guru rakadaro uye kazhinji kazhinji anotungamirirwa nomutongi mumwe, zvikanganiso zvinogona kuitika. Mutongi angadudzira zvisina kufanira mutemo, angabvisa ufakazi hunokosha, kana kuti kuita kuwanwa kweidi risingatsigirwi noufakazi. Mukuwedzera, vatongi vedare vomunzvimbomo vangasarudzwa kana kuti kugadzwa, uye zvisarudzo zvavo zvinogona kupesvedzerwa nemirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti yomunhu oga. Gadziriro yedare iripo kururamisa idzi zvikanganiso. Pasina kuhwirudzura, rutongeso rwematare omunzvimbomo rungava rwokupedzisira, kunyange kana kukanganisa.

Zvikumbiro zvinobva kumatare omunzvimbomo zvinoenda kudare rapakati, kunyange zvazvo mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzine mwero miviri bedzi, kukwirira kungaenda zvakananga kudare rakakwirira zvikurusa. Muitiro weappellate unovimbisa kuti mutemo unoshandiswa nguva dzose uye kuti kodzero dzinokosha dzinodzivirirwa. Kunzwisisa kuti zvisarudzo zvedare romunzvimbomo zvinofanira kudzokororwa kugovera cheki inokosha pasimba rokutonga.

Matare Anodenha: Ganhuriro Dzekusachinja - chinja Kwemitemo

Matare anobvunzurudza ane mitsetse yapakati yedare rinotonga. Basa rawo guru nderokuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakaitwa nematare omunzvimbomo. Kusafanana nematare edare, matare anotonga, matare haavi nemhosva itsva, kunzwa ufakazi hutsva, kana kuti uchapupu. Panzvimbo pezvo, anoyera chinyorwa chenhau dzedare rakaderera kuti aone kana zvikanganiso zvepamutemo zvakaitika izvo zvakatapura mugumisiro wenhau yacho. dare redare redare reAppelellate rinogona kutsigira, kuchinja, kushandura, kana kuti kuchinja mutongo wedare rakaderera.

United States ine gadziriro mbiri huru dzedare: matare ehurumende edare reruwa edare rekukwirira nedare rehurumende. Sangano rehurumende rine matare 13 ezvikumbiro, rimwe nerimwe rinofukidza nharaunda yenzvimbo yakati nokunzwa kubva kumatare oruwa mukati medunhu iroro. Zvivako zvehurumende zvinosiana: zvimwe zvine dare rimwe, zvimwe zvine dare redare rapakati nedare rapamusorosoro. Somuenzaniso, California ine matare matanhatu eruwa rwokukwidza, nepo nyika dukusa saVermont ine dare gurusa rimwe bedzi rinonzwa kukwirira kwose.

Mipimo Yokuhwirudzura

Dare rebvunzurudzo rinoshandisa mipimo yakasiana- siyana yehwirudzuro kutsamira parudzi rwenhau inokwidzwa. Nokuda kwemibvunzo yomutemo – zvakadai sokuti mutemo wakadudzirwa zvakarurama here – dare redare redare repamusoro rinohwirudzura chisarudzo chedare rakaderera de novo (tsva), kureva kuti harisati richipa kutera kududzirwa kwedare rinotonga. Nokuda kwenhau, zvakadai sekuti ufakazi hwakanga hwakakwana kutsigira chisarudzo, dare rinoshandisa mupimo unovandika zvikuru, unowanzonzi “mhoshoo huru" kana kuti“ ufakazi husingachinjiki".

Mitemo iyi inoratidza mabasa okutonga uye matare aitonga. matare edare anotarisirwa zviri nani kuti aone kuvimbwa kwaanoitwa uye aongorore uchapupu nemhaka yokuti anoona uye anonzwa zvapupu zvakananga. matare anoongorora nokunzwa zvapupu achishanda kubva pachinyorwa chakanyorwa, anoisa pfungwa paruramiso rwepamutemo.

Kufadza

Kukwidza nhau, mutezo unorasikirwa unofanira kunyora chiziviso chekwidzo mukati mechikamu chakati chenguva, kazhinji kazhinji mazuva 30 kubva kurutongeso rwokupedzisira. Mutongi (anofadza) ipapo anopa nharo pfupi dzakanyorwa kuti nei chisarudzo chedare rapasi chakanga chisina kururama. Applee (bato rinorwisana nekwikwirira) inoisa mhinduro. Mumatare akawanda edare, nhau yacho inorongwa nokuda kwekurukurirano yomuromo, apo magweta anopa mapfundo anokosha uye kupindura mibvunzo kubva kuboka ravatongi (vanowanzova vatatu). Pashure pokurangarira, dare rinopa murangariro wakanyorwa unotsanangura chisarudzo charo. Iyi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji mirangariro inova muenzaniso unowirirana nokuda kwenhau dzomunguva yemberi mukati pamutemo.

Dare reInformation paCornell Law School inogovera upfupiso hwakaisvonaka hwemuitiro weappellate. Humwe udzame hunokosha ndohwokuti matare anoratidzira haatongochinji chisarudzo nemhaka bedzi yokuti dare rapasi rakaita chikanganiso chiduku. Chikanganiso chinofanira kuva “pamberi penhau” - kureva kuti chakatapura muuyo. Kana dare risingakuvadziki, dare richasimbisa rutongeso.

Zvirango Zvinotevedzerwa Nenyika

Zvimwe zvezvinjo dzapamutemo dzinokosha zvikurusa munhau zvakabva muchisarudzo chedare redare redare redare. Somuenzaniso, mu *Brown v. Board of Education* (1954), Dare Gurusa reU.S. (dare rapamusoro zvikurusa redare) rakapidigura “inopesana asi rakaenzana” dzidziso. Asi pamberi pokusvika Dare gurusa reruwa, mhaka iyoyo yakapfuura nomudare reruwa nedare reDetranscurment of Appelles. Mwero mumwe nomumwe wakapa mupiro kuidzo yechisarudzo. Nenzira yakafanana, matare ehurumende anobetsera akabudisa chisarudzo chinokosha panhau dzakafanana nokuenzana kwomuchato, kunzvera, uye chipfuro, uye chirango chorufu.

Kana matare akatonga pakutonga mhaka, dare rinopa mushonga. Iri dziviriro inokosha kuti gadziriro yokutonga inovavarira kubata vanhu vose zvakaenzana pasi pomutemo.

Matare Makurusa: Vatarisiri Vokupedzisira

Dare gurusa ndiro dare rapamusoro zvikurusa muhurumende. rine chiremera chikurusa chokududzira mutemo ndokusarudza nhau. MuUnited States, mune matare makuru maviri pamwero wakakwirira zvikurusa: Dare Gurusa reUnited States nokuda kwenhau dzehurumende, uye dare rimwe nerimwe rine dare raro rimene gurusa (dzimwe nguva rinonzi dare rechisarudzo chokupedzisira) nokuda kwenhau dzehurumende. Dare Gurusa reU.U.S. rinoumbwa navatongi vapfumbamwe vanobatira kugadza kwoupenyu hwose. matare makurusa ehurumende anosiana muukuru uye gumi – somuenzaniso, Texas ane dare rapamusorosoro rakasiana nokuda kwenhau dzavagari vemo uye utsotsi.

Basa guru redare guru nderokupedza mibvunzo yomutemo inokosha zvikuru kuvanhu kana kuti inobatanidza rondedzero dzinorwisana pakati pematare epasi. Matare makurusa ane simba rokutonga, kureva kuti anosarudza kuti imhakai dzokunzwa. MuDare Gurusa reU., izvi zvinoitwa kupfurikidza nenhau dzecertiorari. Dare rinogamuchira mikumbiro inenge 7 000 gore rimwe nerimwe asi rinonzwa inenge 80 kusvikira ku 100. Zvisaririra zvinorangarirwa zvinobatanidza kana mhaka yacho ichipa mhaka yakakamukana pakati pematare epasi (dunhu rakakamukwaniswa), kana ichibatanidza nhau inokosha yemitemo yemitemo, kana kuti kana kuti kana dare rakaderera richirwisana nedare gurusa.

Simba Rokuhwirudzura

Chimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa zvedare gurusa ihwirudzuro yedare rinotonga – chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvokutonga zvisina wirirano. Iri simba rakatangwa muUnited States na * Madison* (103). Kuhwirudzura dare guru rinobvumira dare kuputsa mutemo unoputsa bumbiro remitemo, kunyange kana mutemo iwoyo wakapiwa nevoruzhinji vehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Uku kunzvera simba remitemo nerovakuru vakuru iko ikomende yemitemo yazvino uno.

Dare guru rinodudzirawo mitemo nemirau, kazhinji kazhinji richigovera zviverengero zvakasimba zvinotungamirira matare akaderera namasangano ehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvawo zvinogona kuva nemiuyo yakapararira. Somuenzaniso, apo Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakatonga muna * Obergefell v. Hodges* (2015) varoorani voutere vamwe chetevo vane maruramiro emitemo okuroora, iyo inoshayisa simba mitemo mumarudzi akawanda. Nenzira yakafanana, matare makurusa anogona kubudisa mhaka pamusoro pomupimo wekodzero pasi pemitemo yehurumende, iyo ingava inodzivirira zvikuru kupfuura ayo anoumbwa nehurumende.

Masvikire Anoita Mhaka yeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Haisi nhau iri yose inorambwa mudare gurusa. Nzira yacho inoganhurirwa kunhau dzinomutsa mubvunzo mukuru womubatanidzwa (nokuda kweDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States) kana kuti nhau youkoshi hwebumbiro remitemo kana kuti hwemitemo yehurumende (pamatare makurusa ehurumende). Mutsika yehurumende, nhau dzinofanira kuva dzakapedza zvikumbiro zvose mumatare akaderera zvikuru dzisati dzatsvaka keretari. Dzimwe mhaka, dzakadai seidzo dzinobatanidza makakavara pakati pehurumende kana kuti nhume, dzinogona kutanga muDare Rapamusorosoro muhurumende yaro yapakuvamba, asi idzi hadziwanzowaniki.

Kana nhau yangogamuchirwa bedzi, dare rinofanirwa nepfupiso, uye maacius curiae (shamwari yedare) anowanzopiwa namapoka echimuko, maruwa, kana kuti vanhu vamwe navamwe. Nharo dzinoitwa, zvikurukuru dzinogara awa imwe. Zviratidzo ipapo zvinoungana pachivande kuti vakurukure nhau yacho ndokuvhota. Murangariro wavazhinji unodzorwa neruramisiro imwe uye unoparadzirwa nokuda kwetsinhiro dzisati dzabudiswa. Kutendera nemirangariro inowirirana zvinganyorwawo.

U.S. website yeDare rapamusorosoro ino udzame hwemiitiro yaro uye inogovera kusvika kumifungo yayo. Kunzwisisa uyu muitiro kunosimbisa kurangarira kwokungwarira muchisarudzo chiri chose cheDare Rapamusorosoro.

Kukanganisa Kwazvakaita uye Nhaka Yacho

Zvisarudzo zveDare guru zvinonzwika kwezvizvarwa. Zvinorondedzera kutevedzana kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo, simba rehurumende, uye murairo wezvemari. Kududzira kweDare reMitemo kunochinja nokufamba kwenguva, kunoratidzira chinjo munzanga neruzivo rwokutonga. Somuenzaniso, kutonga kweDare Gurusa reDare reMitemo yeutsotsi muma 1960 (g., * Miranda v. Arizona*) yakachinja miitiro yemapurisa. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, zvisarudzo zvevezvoutano (umr., * National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius*, 2012) uye kubvisa mimba (g., * Dobbs.

Nemhaka yokuti matare makurusa ishoko rokupedzisira, kuumba kwawo nemiitiro yokuita zvisarudzo inhau dzefariro huru yavose. Kudzorwa kuDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States kunodzorwa zvikuru, uye uzivi hwekutonga hunogona kupesvedzera nhungamiro yomutemo kwamakumi amakore. Kunokosha kuti vagari vemo vanzwisise kuti nepo matare makuru ane simba, anodzorwawo nemutoo wetsika, uye kudikanwa kwokuchengeta pamutemo.

Matare Anokosha Nebasa Rawo

Kupfuura vakuru vakuru vehurumende, matare akawanda akatanga matare echienzi kuti avandudze marudzi akati enhau nounyanzvi nokubudirira. Aya matare anoshanda pamwe chete kana kuti mukati medare renguva dzose. Mienzaniso inobatanidza matare emitero, matare okubhuroka kwemari, matare emhoteredzo, uye matare emirimo. Mugadziriro yehurumende, Dare reTeaxil reUnited States rinotonga nharo pakati pavateresi neIRS, nepo Dare reU. Bankrupt rinobata kubhurosa. Idziro redare rine vatongi vane zivo chaiyo, richivabvumira kupedza nhau dzakaoma nokukurumidza.

Matare anokosha anowanzoshandisa dzimwe nzira dzokuita nadzo ruramisiro. Somuenzaniso, matare emirimo anonangidzira ngwariro pakuvandudza panzvimbo pechirango nokuda kwavaparidzi vemirimo isina masimba masimba. Matare outano hwendangariro anogovera tsigiro kuvakwirwi vane chirwere chendangariro. Matare okurapa anobetsera mitezo yebasa yaichimbova. Aya matare anonangidzira njodzi anoedza kupedza zvinangwa zvikuru zvemiitiro youtsotsi, kuderedza kugadziridza nokuvandudza miuyo. Mukuwirirana ne [FLT: 0] National Center for State Courts, aya matare akaratidzira miuyo inovimbisa munzanga dzakawanda.

Matare anokosha haatsivi gadziriro yedare; panzvimbo pezvo, anopa nzira inogona kutungamirira kumiuyo iri nani nokuda kwavagari vemo vakati. Anobetserawo kuderedza mhaka pamatare enguva dzose, achibvumira matare iwayo kunangidzira ngwariro panhau dzegamuchidzanwa zvikuru. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti matare chaiwo anogona kuparira gadziriro yakakamukana umo kodzero dzisingadzivirirwi nenzira yakafanana. Kudzikamisa maruramiro chaiwo neyunifomu idenho inopfuurira nokuda kwevatongi vedare remitemo.

Federal v. Dare reHurumende Systems: Dual Programme

Munyika dzakadai seUnited States, Canada, uye Australia, mune gadziriro mbiri dzedare dzinowirirana: dzehurumende nedzehurumende (kana kuti dzoruwa). Gadziriro yedare rehurumende inonzwa mhaka dzinobatanidza mitemo yehurumende, Bumbiro remitemo, uye gakava pakati pehurumende kana kuti pakati pevagari vemo venyika dzakasiana - siana. matare ehurumende ane chiremera chakafara padzimwe nhau zhinjisa, kubatanidza mutemo wemhuri, zvinhu, zvibvumirano, uye mhaka pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Iyi dare rinoumbwa nemativi maviri rinogona kutungamirira kukuoma, sezvo pane dzimwe nguva nhau dzinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri mutemo womubatanidzwa nowehurumende.

Dare redare rehurumende rinoratidzira gadziriro yehurumende: matare eruwa (dare), matare eruwa enhau, uye Dare reHurumende Gurusa reUnited States. Gadziriro dzehurumende dzinova nemhaka dzakafanana. Nhau pane dzimwe nguva inogona kudzorwa mugadziriro ipi neipi zvichitsamira panhau dzapamutemo. Somuenzaniso, dare rokuputsa chibvumirano chinodzorwa nomutemo wehurumende ringava mudare rehurumende kutoti paine mhatsa yevagari vemo uye mari mugakava inopfuura $75 000, umo mapokata acho anogona kusarudza dare rehurumende.

Kunzwisisa apo mhaka inoendeswa kudare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende kunokosha. Matare eFederal imatare ehurumende yakaganhurirwa; anogona bedzi kunzwa mhaka dzinobvumirwa neBumbiro remitemo kana kuti mirau. matare eHurumende imatare ehurumende ehurumende ehurumende uye anogona kunzwa inenge mhaka ipi neipi isina kuchengeterwa matare ehurumende. Uku kusiyana kunodzidziswa muzvikoro zvemitemo senheyo yedare remitemo reAmerica. U.S. Dare redare [[[FLT: 1]] rinogovera tsananguro yakajeka yedare redare renyika.

Kumwe kubatana kukuru pakati pegadziriro mbiri idzidziso yokusafunga, uko matare ehurumende pane dzimwe nguva anoramba kunzwa mhaka kuti abvumire matare ehurumende kusarudza nhau dzomutemo wehurumende. Nenzira yakapesana, Dare Rapamusorosa reUnited States rinogona kuhwirudzura mamiriro ezvinhu edare makuru kana akabatanidza mubvunzo wehurumende. Iyi rondedzero inovimbisa kuti mutemo womubatanidzwa unoramba uri mukurusa munzvimbo yawo nepo uchiremekedza uchangamire hwehurumende.

Rwendo Rwemhosva Mumatare

Kuenzanisira kuti chimiro chedare chinoshanda sei, rangarira chinoitika chaichoicho: munhu akakuvadzwa mutsaona yemotokari uye anokwidza mumwe mutyairi nokuda kwokuregeredza. Dare rinotsiva mhaka mudare rokutonga romunzvimbomo. dare rinowana kuwana, kufambisa, uye kutonga. Kana dare rikawana nokuda kwezvisakiso nemhosho, mukwirirwo angakwirira. Chikumbiro chinoendeswa kudare repakati, iro rinohwirudzura chinyorwa chokutonga. Kana dare redare redare redare redare rehurumende richitsigira, mukwikwidziridziridzo. Kana dare rapamusoro rehurumende rikaramba kuhwirudzura kana kuti kutsigira, mhaka yacho inoguma kutoti mhaka yomutemo inomutswa, umo nhau yacho inodzokororwa kudare gurusa reU.

Iyi rwendo runogona kutora makore. Nhau zhinji dzinogadzikisa nguva refu pamberi pokutongwa kana kuti dare, asi bviro yedzokororo yepesvedzero dzinotsiva zvinhu zvikuru. Mitambo inofanira kuyera ndyiko nebetsero zvokupfuurira kujekeswa. Chivako chematare nokudaro chinotapura kwete miuyo yokupedzisira bedzi asiwo mufambiro mukati mokutonga. Gadziriro yedare inoshanda zvakanaka inokurudzira kugadzikisa kupfurikidza nokugovera hwirudzuro yakavimbika yedare.

Kana nhau yacho ichibatanidza nhau yebumbiro remitemo, kududzira kwedare guru rehurumende Dare reMitemo reUnited States kungakwidzwa kuDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States. Somuenzaniso, muna * Gideon neWainwright* (1963), Dare Rapamusoro reUnited States rakataura kuti hurumende inofanira kugovera zano kuvapomerwi vapa mhaka mumhaka dzenhema. Mhaka iyoyo yakavamba mudare rehurumende yeFlorida, yakapinda nomugadziriro yehurumende yehurumende, uye inoguma nomuenzaniso wenhau.

Mugumisiro: Revo Isingaperi Yegadziriro Yedare

Kubva kumatare omunzvimbomo anobata matikiti okufambisa motokari kuenda kuDare Gurusa anosarudza kuva kwebumbiro remitemo romutemo, gadziriro yedare redare redare rehurumende ibvumirano kumutemo womutemo. Inogovera mutoo wakarongwa wokupedza nawo gakava, kururamisa zvikanganiso, uye kuvamba nheyo dzapamutemo. Mwero mumwe nomumwe une basa rakasiana: matare omunzvimbomo anogadzikisa maidi ndokushandisa mutemo kunhau imwe neimwe; matare anovimbisa tsinhirano yapamutemo nezvikanganiso zvakarurama; matare makuru anogovera mhedziso uye kutsanangura magwaro ehwaro.

Kunzwisisa ichi chirongwa kunosimbisa vanhu. Kunovabetsera kuziva kwokuunza gakava, chokukarira mudare, uye nzira yokutsvaka nayo kuhwirudzurwa kana vachidavira kuti ruramisiro haina kuitwa. Kunosimudzirawo kuonga vatongi sebazu rehurumende rakaenzana. Gadziriro yakasimba, ine vakuru vakuru vakatanhamara navatongi vakazvimirira, inokosha nokuda kwokudzivirira maruramiro nokuchengeta ruvimbo rwavanhu.

Sezvo gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinochinja, dzinofanira kuchinjira kudenho itsva dzakadai soruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose, uye chinjo yenzanga.