Kunzwisisa miganhu yehurumende kunokosha kuti pave nehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu uye kuti vanhu vazive panoperera simba ravo uye panotanga rusununguko rwavo, kunovagadzirira zviri nani kuti vazvidavirire.

Mavambo Enhau Echiremera Chehurumende

Mubvunzo wesimba rakawanda iro hurumende inofanira kuva naro wakadzora vafungi vezvamatongerwe enyika kwamazana amakore. Murangariro wazvino uno wehurumende yakaganhurirwa wakabuda munhambo yeNjereso, apo vazivi vakavamba kudenha maruramiro oumwari amadzimambo nokutsigira nokuda kwokutonga kwakavakirwa pasimba. John Locke, muwake Spected of Government [, yakataura kuti chiremera chapamutemo chinobva mukubvumiranwa kwavadzorwi uye kuti vatongi vanoputsa kodzero dzomusikirwo vanoputsa bvumirano yenzanga. Mifungo yake yakapesvedzera zvikuru vaAmerica vaDandisitisis, avo vakaisa nheyo dzeChibvumirano cheIdzo neBumbiro remitemo.

Montesquieu, mumwe mufungi weNjereso, akasimudzira pfungwa yokuti simba rinofanira kunzvera simba. Mu Mudzimu weMitemo , akakarakadza kuparadzanisa hurumende kuva yomutemo, mutariri, uye mapazu okutonga. Iyi gadziriro yokufambisa yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuti chive nesimba rakaringana kutyisidzira rusununguko. Masangano emitemo eAmerica akatora ichi chirongwa zvakananga, achiumba gadziriro umo bazu rimwe nerimwe raigona kudzivisa kudzorwa navamwe.

Zviitiko zvikuru zvenhau zvakabatanidzazve miganhu yechiremera chehurumende. Magna Carta (1215) yakazivisa kuti kunyange mambo akanga ari pasi pomutemo, achigadza muenzaniso weganhuriro dzapamutemo pavatongi. Bhizi reEngland Rekodzero (1689) rakabatanidza dziviriro dzakasimbiswa pakusungwa kwokuzvidira uye mari inopfuudzira, zvinhu zvakazooneka gare gare muU.S. Bill of Rights. Reformation iyo imene yakanga iri kumukira kunorangarirwa kuva nehristoms (htrust), systemssss,sssss arectritis, uye kumira mauto munguva yorugare. Izvi zvichemo zvakaiswa mumitemo yemitemo inorambidza pamutemo, zvakadai sedziviriro yeChina yeFind Reformation formation pashoro yekusashanda kwechisina mufungo uye chirambidzo cheThirdgie.

Chivil Rights Movement of the 1950 ne 1960 inomirira kurwisa kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru kuvandudza chiremera chehurumende. Vaiti vemitemo vakadenha nharo dzekodzero dzehurumende idzo dzakanga dzaruramisa kusarurana, vachimanikidza hurumende kuti imanikidze kusimbisa vimbiso dzebumbiro remitemo dzehuhurumbidzo. Sangano racho rakaratidzira kuti miganhu yechiremera haisati iri yakaremara; inochinja kupfurikidza nedzvinyiriro yenzanga nerondedzero yokutonga.

Nheyo Dzemitemo Dzinoganhurira Simba Rehurumende

Kunzwisisa nheyo idzi kunokosha zvikuru kune munhu wose anotsvaka kuongorora kana kutsigira kuchinja kwezvinoitwa nehurumende.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba ehurumende kunoparadzanisa hurumende yehurumende kuva mapazi matatu akaenzana: mitemo, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoita mabasa akasiyana. Mitemo inonyora mitemo, Purezidhendi anoimanikidzira, uye matare anoidudzira. Uku kupesana kunodzivisa kuiswa kwechiremera icho chakatungamirira kuudzvinyiriri. Zvisinei, miganhu pakati pamapazu haifaniri kujekeswa nguva dzose kuti ishandurwe mirau yehurumende, uye matare pane dzimwe nguva anoputsa mitemo panheyo dzemitemo. Nhaka idzi dzinoparira kupesana kwenguva dzose, uko kuri kupfurikidza negadziriro. Sezvakanyorwa naJames Magentive Magentian No. 51, "ambretion inofanira kuitwa kuti idzivise chinzvimbo."

Makeja Nedzikamo

Sekicha nedzinoyera zvinogovera bazi rimwe nerimwe midziyo yokudzivisa kubatwa nemimwe. Purezidhendi anogona kunyora mutemo, asi Congress inogona kudzora izvozvo nembiri. Dare rinosimbisa maminei nebvumirano, nepo House inotanga zvikwereti zvemari. Sango inogona kuzivisa mitemo isingadzoreki kupfurikidza nokuhwirudzura kwedare, simba rakatangwa mu [[FLT: 0] marbury v. Madison[FLT: 1] (180] [183]. Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti hapana bazu remari rinova. Somuenzaniso, apo Prezidhesideria Harry Truman akaedza kubata zvigadziko mukati me me dare rekosimu mukati , Dare gurusa rinodzorwa mu [FLT:].[FT][Foglewn; Cept][3]

Kutonga kwoMutemo

Mutemo wenheyo womutemo unotaura kuti hapana munhu, pasinei zvapo nechinzvimbo kana kuti nzvimbo, ari pamusoro pomutemo. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanofanira kuita muchiremera chinopiwa nomutemo uye havagoni kushandisa simba risingafungidziri. Iyi pfungwa inoda kuti mitemo ive yavose, yakajeka, uye inoshandiswa zvakaenzana. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa redare mu United States v. Nixon[[[FLF:1]] [777]) ive inoenzanisira izvi: Purezidhendi Nixon akamanikidzirwa kutendeudzira tepikicha seufakazi mumhaka yetso, nedare raitaura kuti, "Hapana dzidziso yokuparadzana zviremera zvamasimba, kana kuti kudikanwa kwechidzivimbwa chakakwirira, inogona kutsigira chose chose, ropafadzo yapamhindirwa mumiitiro yose yedare rinotonga."

Kushanda Muchikamu

Ganhuriro inokamura simba pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende dzehurumende, imwe neimwe ine nzvimbo yayo imene yechiremera. Ichi chivako chinobvumira nokuda kwokuedza kwomunzvimbomo uye chinodzivisa chinhu chimwe chapakati kuti chishande nesimba rose. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare reHendermerment rakadzika kuhurumende (kana kuti vanhu) masimba api naapi asina kupiwa kuhurumende kana kuti akarambidzwa kuhurumende. Nhambo inopesana. Nhambo inodzongonyedza. Hurumende yeNew Deance neGreat Society yawedzera chiremera chenyika munharaunda dzakafanana nevezvemari uye garikano. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare Rapamusoro radzikamisa muitiro uyu, sezvinoonekwa mu Nationalgatestment of Independetion bvision v. Sebeluss[FLFF 1] [FLD1], (2017], izvo zvakaganhurira simba reClatencelcialismism kurweircence.

Kushandiswa Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. mutemo mukurusa wenyika, kusimbisa kuvakwa kwehurumende nokuronga masimba ayo. Chivako chimene chechinyorwa chacho chinoratidzira kunyumwira kukuru kwechiremera chakaganhurirwa. Chikamu I chinopa simba rose remitemo muCongress, Article IIpans simba gurusa muna Purezidhendi, uye Article III subs simba rokutonga muDare reShountain nematare akaderera. Masimba chaiwo anopiwa bazi rimwe nerimwe akaganhurirwa. Semuenzaniso, anogona bedzi kushanda panhau dzinodudzwa muChikamu I, Chikamu 8 / mativi sechidzoro chapanzi, mari, uye kuzivisa hondo. Mamwe masimba ose anoramba ane simba rokutonga muDare repamusorosoro redare repamusorosoro nedare rakaderera.

Bill of Rights, kugadziridzwa kwegumi kwokutanga, kunopa dziviriro dzakajeka pahurumende inonyengedzwa. First Amendment inovimbisa rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, pepanhau, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Second Amendment inodzivirira maruramiro okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo. Gamende yeChina inorambidza nzvero dzisina mufungo nepfari, ichida maruramiro akavakirwa pachinhu chinobvira. Kushambadzwa kweGadziro yeFiteFlete kunovimbisa muitiro wakafanira uye kuzvirambidza kuzviparadzanisa. Idziyo bvumirano dzakanyorwa nemhaka yorutyo kuti hurumende ine simba ingagona kudzosa rusununguko rwomunhu. Izvo hazvisi matare asingachinjiki anozivikanwa kuti hurumende ingadzora kutaura mumigariro yakaganhurirwa. (g., kushatisa, kushatisa, kushatisa, kushatiswa) uye mufambiro wakati mukusaidzira mamiriro ezvinhu. Bva izvi zvinowana mutoro kuhurumende nguva dzose dzinoruramisa kururamisa kuvhotera kuvhoti.

Kugadziridza kwacho pachako kunomirira muganhu pachiremera. Chikamu V chinoda kuti chiverengero chikuru chezviviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress (kana kuti kokorodzano inodanwa nedziviri tatu dzemisika yehurumende) kukarakadza kugadziriswa, uye mativi matatu enyika kuikwidza. Ichi chikumbaridzo chakakwirira chinovimbisa kuti chinjo huru kugadziriro yehurumende haigoni kuitwa nevoruzhinji vanopfuura. Zvisaririra zvine makumi maviri nezviviri nezvina zvakasimbiswa mumazana maviri amakore, zvichiratidzira kuchinja kwamaune kwemitemo.

Zvisarudzo Zvokutonga Zvinooneka

Vatongi vanoita basa rinokosha mukurondedzera miganhu yechiremera chehurumende.

Marbury kana kuti Madison (1803)

Munhau iyi yakavakirwa, Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akatanga nheyo yehwirudzuro yokutonga — simba reDare Rapamusorosoro rokuzivisa zviito zveCongress zvisati zviri zvoutongi. Mhaka yacho yakabva mugakava rinopomerwa pamusoro pemiganhu yokutonga. Marshall akarangarira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo mutemo mukurusa, uye ibasa redare kusarudza chinoreva mutemo. Ichi chisarudzo chakapa matare chishandiso chine simba chokunzvera mutemo nomutungamiriri wehurumende, kunyange zvazvo kwamakumi amakore rakashandiswa nenzira isina kufanira.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Ichi chisarudzo chakabatana chakakurira kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose, kuputsa dzidziso ye "yakaparadzana asi yakaenzana" kubva Placy v. Ferguson (1866). Dare rakaramba kuti zvikoro zvakaganhurirwa zvakaputsa Kudzivirira kwaMarudzi kwaNine73. [[FL:2] Brown[[FLT]] [FLT]] yakaratidzwa kuti chiremera chehurumende hachigoni kushandiswa kusimudzira rusaruro, kunyange kana rusaruro rwakadaro ruine muenzaniso wenhau. Chisarudzo chakagadza muganhu wekodzero dzavagari vemo nechibvumirano kuti chitsigire simba rePrejime. [[FFFF]

Wade (1973)

Ichi chisarudzo chenharo chakaziva kuti maruramiro echivande, anorehwa ne 144t Amendment, anotambanukira kuchisarudzo chomukadzi chokugumisa pamuviri. Dare rakataura kuti makumi amakore haagoni kuremedza zvisina kufanira ikoko pamberi chaipo porusanzo rwomwana, sezvinoperera pamugumo wechipiri. Roe[FLD] yakaratidzira muganhu pakati pesimba romunhu nehurumende pamusoro porumano rwomuviri. Makumi amakore gare gare gare, Dare mu Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202])]

United States v. Nixon (1974)

Sezvataurwa pakuvamba, iyi nhau yakasimbiswa kuti Purezidhendi haana kupfuura mutemo. Dare rakaramba kutaura kwaNixon kweropafadzo huru yakakwana mukunyima ufakazi, kuraira kubudiswa kwamatepi akarekodwa anokosha kunhau yeWatergate. Chisarudzo chacho chakasimbisazve basa redare redare mukurondedzera ganhuriro dzechiremera choutungamiriri, kunyange munhau dzekuchengeteka kwerudzi nekurukurirano dzakavanzika. Nyanzvi yeMiteo yeMiteo yeMitemo yakaikoro yakaidana kuti "mhaka yesimba rapurezidhendi rinokosha zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica" nemhaka yokuti yakajekesa kuti hakuna dare rehurumende rinofadza chiremera chisingaverengeki.

Mibatanidzwa Yepanguva Ino

Nharo dzazvino uno pamusoro pechiremera chehurumende dzinonangidzira ngwariro paruzivo rutsva rwezvokugadzira zvinhu, itiro hanya dzechengeteko yorudzi, uye kubvisa miitiro yenzanga.

Zvokudzidza Nezvinhu Zvokuva Woga

Gadziriro dzehurumende dzakawedzera zvinoshamisa chifo chekudenha kwechiPurora chaSeptember 11, 2001. USA PARITIOTT Act yakapa chiremera chakawanda chokutarisira mutemo chokutarisira kurukurirano, zvinyorwa zvebhizimisi, uye mufambiro "sneak nokutarira" kunzvera. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) yakagadzira dare chairo rokubvumira vamiri vanobva kune dzimwe nyika, asi kubudisa kuti National Security Agement Agement (NSA) yakanga ichiunganidza mitengo yematemu yemarivhiyo yema mamirioni eAmerica. ACLUU yakadenha iyi purogiramu mu [v] v. [FLTFFF:2] [FLT] [3], kushora kudzosera pamutemo kwechibvumirano chemichenjere, uye kudzo inodzosera mugwagwa.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura NerwepaInternet Runochinja

Gadziriro yeFirst Amendment inorambidza hurumende kudzivisa kutaura kwakavakirwa pazviri, asi haidzivisi makambani akavanzika kuparadzira nzvimbo dzawo. Makambani ezvinobudisa nhau akadai seFacebook, Twitter, uye YouTube akatarisana nedzvinyiriro inobva kumativi ose ari maviri: vatsoropodzi parudyi vanovapomera mashoko asingachinjiki, nepo vatsori paruboshwe vachipikisa kuti vabvumire ruvengo uye kusagona kuparadzira mashoko. Basa rehurumende rakaganhurirwa; apo vezvamatongerwe enyika vanoedza kumanikidza kuti vabvise zviri mukati, matare akapindira. Mu [[FLT:]] manheru anovapomera kuti vasarudzi rweFirst Amendment Institute. [[FLD [FF] [FLD] [FLD] [20.1] [207] [ig], dare rakatonga kuti Purezidheli arege kushora chitsaro chaTwindiro chavanhu vose. Rinogona kubvisa muganhu chemitemo yavose.

Nhevedzo Dzine Vatungamiriri Nechiito Chisiri Chokushanda

Mapurezidhendi emativi ose ari maviri anoshandisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kuti vasaita miganhu yemitemo uye kuisa chinjo dzemitemo pasina Congress. Mirairo inogona kufukidza kubuda munyika (Chiito chakaitwa nokuda kwokusvika kwavana, DACA), murairo wemhoteredzo (General Power Plan), uye muitiro wokumwe (kurambidza). Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vanoramba vachiwedzera basa ravo remitemo, vachishanda savatongi panzvimbo dzinonzi vadzori. Matare akadzosa shure panhambo dzinoverengeka. Somuenzaniso, Dare rapamusoro renhau rinotsigira DCAA mu Kudzorwa kweNhengedzero yeHomelandland . Mitengo inodzo inodzosera kudzokororwa. Mibvunzo iyi yeSangano yeCalciast California inofanira kubudisa nhevedzano kudzorwa.

Kuzivisa Kodzero Neperero Zvinosarudzwa

Kodzero yokuvhota ndeyokuzvidavirira kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, bva kwave kuri kurwisana kunopfuurira. Voting Rights Act ya1965 yakarambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota uye yaida zvigaro zvine nhau yorusaruro kuwana tendero yehurumende pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yesarudzo. Mu [[FL:0] Shelby County v. Raker[FFL] [2013] [2013], Dare Rakadzivisa nzira yakashandiswa kusarudza kuti idzoi dzakafukidzwa, uye inobudirira kubvisa mitemo inodzorwa. Chifocho, nyika dzakawanda dzakapfura mitemo inoda kuvhotera, kuganhurira posi, uye kuvhotera. Vatsigiridzi vanodzivisa iyi mipimo inodzivisa kunyengera; vanoti vanoumba chimiro chakava vashomanene vanoumba chimiro chokuvhotera. Chikamu chikuru chekutsigira chirongwa chokuvhotera. Chibvumirano chibvumirano chinoitwa pakati pehurumende chinoitwa nehurumende chinoitwa nehurumende chakareve chinotsigira kugovera.

Basa Rokubatanidzwa Muchikwata

Pavanoziviswa, vakarongwa, uye vanoda kutora rutivi, vanosimbisa zvigaro zvehurumende zvinodzivisa kubatwa nevanonyengera. Kuvimbisana kwehurumende kunoitwa nehurumende kunoitwa nenzira dzakawanda:

  • Kutora: Nzira yakananga zvikurusa yokupesvedzera nayo nhungamiro yehurumende. Muvhoti anodzora fariro chaidzo nedzisina kutsiviwa. Vabati vakuru vakuru vanotora rutivi kuti vadavidze kupfupi.
  • Kuvhozhokera vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa: Tsamba, maemail, runhare, uye vapindi vehoro yetaundi zvinobvumira vagari vemo kutaura mirangariro yavo panhau dzakati. Kupfuurira kwedzvinyiriro yavose kazhinji kazhinji kwakachinja muitiro, wakadai somusangano kubvisa utondi mukati menhambo yeVietnam.
  • Kushata nokuramba:[[FLT: 1] First Amendment inodzivirira maruramiro okuungana nokukumbira. Kuvambira paBoston Tea Party kusvikira kuMashice, kunyunyuta kwakakwevedza ngwariro kunyunyuto nechinjo dzokumanikidzirwa. Kusateerera kwehurumende kwerugare, apo mitemo inorangarirwa seyakaipa, inoedza miganhu yehurumende uye kazhinji kazhinji inotungamirira kuchinjo yedare kana kuti yemitemo.
  • Kudzorwa nokuda kwehofisi kana kuti kushanda pamapuranga: kutora rutivi kwakananga muhurumende pamwero yose(* bhoti yechikoro, dare reguta, chigaro chehurumende (panzvimbo apo vanogona kuumba miganhu yechiremera mukati.)
  • Masangano anoongorora:[FLT: 1] Mapoka akafanana neAmerican Civil Liberties Union, Electronic Foundation, uye Brennan Center yeRuramisiri anotarisira zviito zvehurumende uye anozvipa kudzivisa kunyengera. Kuzvipira kana kuti kuzvipira namasangano akadaro kunosimbisa kutarisira nzanga.

Chibvumirano chebic chinodawo dzidzo. Kunzwisisa Bumbiro reMitemo, Bill of Rights, uye zvisarudzo zvedare zvine chiratidzo zvinoshongedzera vagari vemo kuziva apo hurumende inodarika miganhu yayo. Zviwanikwa zvakafanana ne Tractical Constitution Center [ zvinogovera zvinhu zvinowanika nokuda kwokuzvidzidzisa. Zvikoro namasangano omunzanga zvinogona kusimudzira kunyora nokunyora mashoko ehurumende kupfurikidza nezvinoteverwa zvechikoro uye ruzhinji. Vanhu vakasanova vanozivikanwa idziviriro yakanakisisa mukurwisana nokuderera zvishoma nezvishoma kwerusununguko.

mhedziso

Miganhu yechiremera chehurumende haisati ichigadza kana kuti kuzvidzora. Zvibereko zverwisano yenhau, gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo, kududzira kwedare, uye kuvimbisana kwavose kunopfuurira. Mifungo yeChenjero yehurumende yakaganhurirwa yakaedzwa nehondo, njodzi dzemari, mafambiro ezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye masangano enzanga. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kusimbisazve miganhu iyoyo, kuchiichichichichinjira kumigariro mitsva apo chichichengeta nheyo yenheyo yokuti simba rinofanira kuramba richizvidavirira kuvanhu. Sezvo vagari vemo, mutoro unowira pamumwe nomumwe wedu kuti tirambe takangwarira, tichiziva, tichizivikanwa, uye tichishingaira. Kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa kwenzanga tinogona kuvimbisa kuti hurumende inoramba iri mubatiri, kwete tenzi wenzanga yakasununguka.