Kusarudza kudzora kusarudzwa kwevanoda kusarudzwa kunorondedzera miganhu yechisarudzo chezvamatongerwe enyika muhurumende inomirira. Pakati pemirau inoparira zvikurusa inoumba vhoti yeAmerica chisarudzo chokugona kutora rutivi mubato guru. Musiyano pakati pemasumo akazaruka neavharwa hahusi udzamewo hahwo hunoratidza mashoko; igweta guru resimba rezvamatongerwe enyika, inopesvedzera chinhu chiri chose kubva mukuchena kwepfungwa nesimba remitemo kuti zvisarudze uye utano hwemasangano ezvematongerwe enyika. Uku kunzvera kunzvera kufunda zvinhu uye migumisiro yemagariro etsika nedzenyika dzinokwikwikwidzana idzi, kuchigovera kupfupikisa kujeka kwakajeka kwakazara musayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika uye migumisiro chaiyoiyo yenyika.

Kurondedzera Mashandiro Acho: Chidhindo Chinoshamisa Chokuwana Mari

Mashoko "open yokutanga" uye "avharwa" anomirira mativi akaoma ezvitsauko zvokupinda. Mitemo inodzora izvi sarudzo inosarudza kuti muvhoti anofanira kubatana nebato rezvematongerwe enyika kusvika papi mukuva neshoko mukusarudza mutevedzeri wayo. Kunzwisisa magadzirirwo chaiwo egadziriro idzi kunokosha, sezvo imwe neimwe ichiita purogiramu yakasiyana yezvikarakadzo zvevavhoti nevanoda kuvhota.

Mipanda Yakavharwa: Nzvimbo Yepachikwata Cheboka

Mune yakavanzwa, mitezo yakanyoreswa bedzi yebato rezvamatongerwe enyika ingavhota mumakwikwi ebato iroro. Nheyo yacho yakananga: mubato, sesangano rapachivande, ine maruramiro okusarudza vatungamiriri varo amene kupfurikidza negadziriro yakaganhurirwa kumitezo yayo inodzorwa. Iyi tsika inotusa kuvimbisana kukuru mukati mechibvumirano chakati uye inosimbisa kuzivikanwa kwebato. Voters anofanira kuzivisa batanidzwa zvakanaka pamberi pezuva rerusarudzo, inodzivisa majekedzo ezvinangino okupedzisira. Mitezo yakadai seNew York, Pennsylvania, uye Florida Webhurarical inoshandisa interrimicry. Vatsigiriki vanotaura kuti ichi chinochengeta perero yebato uye chiratidzo "drai," apo mitezo inoshora mubato inopesvedzera kuvhoshorwa kwechino yorumwero.

Mari Dziripo: Nzvimbo Inowanikwa Vanhu Vose

Vavhoti vakavhura vapamberi vanobvumira muvhoti upi noupi akanyorwa kuvhota muvhoti pazuva rekuvhota, pasinei zvapo nesonganiro yavo vamene. Muvhoti akanyoreswa seIndependent anogona kusarudza kuvhota muchikamu chikuru cheRepublican, Democratic, kana kuti pane dzimwe nguva boka duku guru, asi anogona kuvhota bedzi. Nhevedzo huru yokuvhura muvhoti ndeyokuti vatsidzi voga vovhotera uye vatsivi. Kupfurikidza nokuderedza mhinganidzo yokupinda, vanobvumira muvhoti mukuru zvikuru uye mumiriri mukuru kuumba chiva. Iyi inofungwa kuti ikurudzira vakwidziri kukwidza kupfuura pachiva, nenzira inowirirana kufarira mubato wezvokuvhotera mubato. Michigan, Michigan, uye prosercillation.

Semi- Yavharwa uye Misiyano Miviri

Pakati pemapango maviri ane mibatanidzwa yakavhengana. SAM-ivhiyiti. inobvumira kuti mitezo yebato itore rutivi rwokutanga, nepo yakanyorwa ichiri yakaganhurirwa kuboka rayo imene. Iyi inochengeta mamwe mativi ebato achidzora apo inoisa nzvimbo huru neinowedzera yevokitoma. [[FLT:] 2] 2 - 2 [2] 2 "Jungle" Primary[[[FLT]], inoshandiswa muCalifornia neWashington, inoita kusvika kwakasiana kwakasiyana zvikuru. Vose, pasinei zvapo neboka rimwe, vanoratidzika seboka rimwe. Voots. Votsters yemutest, napamusoro rinoderedza kufambidzana, pasineiwirira mberi, kana kuti muboka guru reboka guru.[5]

Nhoroondo Yezvakaitika uye Kutaurwa Kwemitemo

Gadziriro huru yazvino uno ichibereko cheReformation Era mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 20, iyo yakavavarira kubvisa simba kubva kuvadzori vebato ndokuriisa mumaoko avavhoti. Zvisinei, gakava pamusoro pemiitiro yakazaruka neyakavharwa yakasvika kumusoro wapamutemo mumhaka yeChikamu chaMakurusa chenhau [FLT] CALIFLIORTIA . Jones [2]

Muchisarudzo 7-2, Dare rakarova dare guru reCalifornia. (iro rakanga rabvumira muvhoti upi noupi kuvhota muvhoti wemutengi upi noupi, kuvhengana uye kuwiriranisa napakati pezvikamu) richirangarira kuti rakaputsa kodzero dzebato rePraision Yokutanga yesangano. Dare rakaramba kuti paboka harigoni kumanikidzwa kubvumira vasisiri mitezo kuti vatungamiriri varo. Chisarudzo ichi chakabatanidza zvakananga kuumbwa kwegadziriro huru yeTop-2, inodzivisa nhau yemitemo kupfurikidza nokubvisa chiratidzo chebato muboka guru. Iyi inoisa nzvimbo yenhau yekurukurirano dzose dzinotevera pamusoro pokupinda nokuwana namaruramiro. Kunzwisisa ichi chikonzero nei nhau ine maro akasiana - yakasiana - miraudzo yemitemo nhasi.

Tapuro Pakutora Rutivi Nebvumirano

Zvirongwa zvikuru zvinobatsira pakuvhota zvinokakavadzana zvikuru.

Kumira uye Kuwanika

Chinoganhurira chirongwa chokuvhota chisati chaiswa panzvimbo inosarudzwa, vavhoti vanosarudza kusabatana nebato guru. Munhambo umo inenge chikamu chimwe chezvitatu zveAmerica chinozivisa semaIndependent, ichi ganhuriro inogona kuodza mwoyo zvikuru kutora rutivi mumuitiro unodzoreka. Mitengo inevara inowanzoona mwero yakaderera zvikuru inoenzaniswa nenyika dzapakuvamba, zvikurukuru mumadzinza omunzvimbomo kana kuti ehurumende. Kuvhura Primrime, mukupesana, kukoka vavhotera vakuru zvikuru navakasiana zvikuru mumuitiro wokusarudza, uko kunogona kuwedzera bvumirano yose zvayo negadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kushandiswa Kwemichinjikwa Kwakakodzera

Imwe yetapuro dzomufambiro dzinoisvokosha dzezvigaro zvapachivande ibviro yokuvhota kwakananga, kana kuti ku‘kudzosa. ’ Vashori veporiji vakapokana vanotaura kuti vanobvumira mitezo yebato rinopesana kuvhota nokuda kwomunzveri akaneta kana kuti akanyanyisa, nokudaro vachiwedzera mikana yebato ravo vamene mukusarudza. Nepo ufakazi hwechikwikwi chikuru, kuvhozhokera kunorongwa kwakabatanidzwa, murangariro weiyi ngozi unogona kuderedza chivimbo muperero yegadziriro yokusarira. Vasingabvumiri kubvisa kubvira uku chose chose chose, vachivimbisa kuti mitezo yeboka yakaitwa bedzi inosarudza nhingine.

Kudzidza Nezvemagariro Evanhu uye Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika

Maonero anoita vavhota ava kuita zvinhu zvinoumba simba rokuita kuti vanhu vade kutungamirira uye vasarudze.

Rakasiyana Neramadhimoni

Muchikamu chikuru, vavhoti vanoumbwa nemitezo yebato yakavimbika zvikurusa neyanoshingaira. Ava vavhoti vanowanzova vakanyanyisa zvikuru zvikuru muvhoti muvhota mukuru. Muvhoti akavharwa anofanira kuwina panzvimbo iyi yakakwirira, kuvaita kuti vasave munzvimbo kure nepakati. Ichi chinoitika mutyairi anozivikanwa weruwa rwezvamatongerwe enyika: "Median Voter Theorem" anoputsa apo muvhotera mukuru mukuru anenge ari mupfupi, chidimbu chechiverengero chavagari vemo.

Munzvimbo huru, vadaviri havagoni kuvimba chose chose panzvimbo yepati. Vanofanira kukwidza kudivi rakafara redare, kubatanidza mabhanakeri naanomiririrwa. Iyi dzvinyiriro yezvivako sezvinofungidzirwa inosunda vadaviri kunzvimbo dzemiitiro dzakawanda dzinoparadzana. Muitiro weTop-Fonic wakaitwa zvakajeka nevavariro mundangariro.

Kuparira

Zvigaro zvakavharwa zvinowedzera tyisidziro yedenho huru yepfungwa, kana kuti kuva vanosundwa. Vakakwaniswa munzvimbo dzakakotsekana kazhinji kazhinji vanotya denho huru kubva pahuvato hwavo kupfuura murwisani mukuru. Uku simba kunogona kusunda vakwikwidzi kutora mirangariro isingachinjiki, isingachinjiki isingadiwi neruwa rwakafara asi iri madikanwa kuti vararame mukati mebato ravo. Kuvhura mapringitations kunoderedza simba iri, kuchikuita kuti rive rakaoma zvikuru kubvisa mamiriro ezvinhu akadzikama.

Kumirira uye Kumiririra Kwakasiyana - siyana

Ufakazi hunotsigira nharo pamativi ose ari maviri egakava racho.

Vatsigiri vezvigaro zvakavharwa vanotaura kuti zvinogovera nzira yakarongeka yemapoka akasiiwa munhau ari mubato kuti aronge navakasarudzwa vanomirira fariro dzavo chaidzoidzo.

Nenzira inopesana, vatsigiri vemibatanidzwa yapazaruko vanotaura kuti gadziriro dzakavharwa dzinogona kuisa simba ravakuru vebato riripo nechivako chehomogeneus. Dzinovhura dzeraprimmist dzinokurudzira vada kuvaka vadaviri kuvaka, kuyambuka nomuchinjikwa zvibvumirano zvemibatanidzwa yokutanga chaiyo yokuvhota. Miitiro yapamusoro-2, kupfurikidza nokubvumira vadaviri kukwidza kuvhota vachipinda mumitsetse yevatema, muzvimwe zvinoitika zvakasimudzira kusarudzwa kwavatungamiriri vane mwero zvikuru navanemiteveri, kunyange zvazvo ufakazi pahu kana huchiwedzera kuratidzirwa kuchiri kutanga.

Mudepth Case Studies: Masitiro muMuitiro

Kuongorora kuti zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana zvinoshanda sei munyika chaiyo kunopa uchapupu hunogutsa hunoratidza kuti zvinoguma nei.

New York: Nzvimbo Inokosha Yokuvanda

New York muenzaniso wakatanhamara wegadziriro yapakuvamba yakavharwa muruwa rumwe rwakakomba. Voter revhout muNew York primmies inowanzova pakati peyakaderera zvikurusa munyika, panhambo nenhambo kunyudza mumibatanidzwa imwe yemibatanidzwa yehurumende yemitemo. Iyi mhoteredzo yakaderera inosimbisa mapoka akarongwa zvikurusa nemirangariro, pamwe chete nemichina yebato. Muuyo isangano remitemo rinowanzorwisana nekuvadziko isina tsinhirano nerock, semucnublents inozvidavirira zvikuru kutsika duku, inoshanda kupfuura kuvasaruki vehurumende. Independent, avo vanogona kuva nedzikamisa muitiro, vanobviswa chose chose.

California: Kuedza Kumusoro - Kaviri

Yakagadzirwa mukutevera janos chisarudzo, Chirongwa cheCalifornia 14 (2010) chakatanga gadziriro huru yeTop-2. Nharidzano yakanga iri yokuderedza kudzorwa kwemifungo kupfurikidza nokumanikidza vakwikwidzi kukwirira kukuva dare guru. Ufakazi pamusoro pemugumisiro wavhengana. Kunzvera kubva kumasayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika paUC San Diego naStanford kunokarakadza kuti gadziriro yacho haina kuderedza zvikuru kudzorwa kwetsika dzechirongwa chapamutemo; vatungamiriri vebato vachiri kushandisa kudzora kwakasimba. Zvisinei, yakawedzera nhamba yavakwikwidzi vezvokusarudza vane mwero, uye yakamanikidzira vapa kuti vateerere zvikuru. Sangano yakatungamirirawo ku "mone rutivi rukuru rwechipoteko.

Alaska neWashington: Kuvandudza paGenetive

Washington State inoshandisa gadziriro yeTop-Four 2 yakafanana neCalifornia, nenzvero dzakananga dzetapuro yayo pamibato yemitemo. Alaska yakapayona muenzaniso mutsva: muvhoti weTop-Four yakabatanidzwa nevhoti yavose yedare. Iyi gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa kurongwa "kudzosa" kupfurikidza nokubvumira vavhoti kuronga zvavanoda, kuvimbisa kuti muwiri wokupedzisira aratidze kubvumirana kukuru. Ufakazi hwapakuvamba kubva kuAlaskakarakadza kuti yakakurudzira vakwikwikwidzani kubatanidzwa munhimberidzo shomanene yakashata uye kutsvaka vvutsari wechipiri kubva kuvatsigiriki vakwikwikwidzani, vachisimudzira tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinobatira pamwe.

Kuchinja Kwezvinhu Neremangwana Revapari Vemhosva

Zvikanganiso zvezvose zviri zviviri zvakazaruka nezvisingabvumirwi zvakanyandura chiverengero chezvikarakadzo zvokuvandudza munyika yose. Kufamba kuenda kunzvimbo dzisina kusiiwa nenzvimbo dzokuvhota zvinoiswa muboka kunoratidzira chishuvo chokuderedza kushatisa kunoparirwa namakwikwi akaderera, anodzongonyedza zvikuru.

Masangano akadai saJoans America naFairVote anoreverera gadziriro dzinowedzera kusvika kwomuvhoti apo inochengeta chisarudzo. Mupimo weAlaska .Combinan statian hurusarudzo isina muganhu nedanho rakatanhamara(is) inowanzorangarirwa setendi inobvira nokuda kwedzimwe nyika. Iyi chinjo inovavarira kutsiva kurukurirano mbiri "kuvhura nokuvhara" nekurukurirano yakatanhamara zvikuru inoparira makwikwikwi, mwero, uye kutora rutivi rukuru. Mubvunzo mukuru unosunda idzi chinjo ndiro kana tsika huru ichigona kuchinjwazve kuti ive kurudziro dzakanaka nokuda kwavadaviri uye hurumende inogamuchira zvikuru.

mhedziso

Chisarudzo pakati pekuvhura napanzvimbo dzinovharwa chisarudzo pakati pezviono zvinokwikwidzana zvokumirira hurumende. Zvikamu zvehurumende zvinosimbisa mabato ezvamatongerwe enyika sesonganiro dzakavanzika uye zvinotusa kuvimbisana kukuru mukati momubatanidzwa wakati, asi zvinopinza mungozi yokuwedzera ndokubvisa chikamu chikuru chezvisarudzo. Zvisarudzo zvinoisa chisarudzo chomuvhoti mumwe nomumwe uye zvinokurudzira vapindi kuvaka wirira mberi, kuyambuka, kukwirira kwapamberiswa, asi zvinogona kunetesa chizivikanyo chebato ndokuza suo kubatira kubatira. Jones chisarudzo chinosimbisa chirongwa chemitemo, asi hachisati chichiraira kuti pave negadziriro yezvoutano inopfupikisa. Ufakazi hunokarakadza kuti nguva yemberi yokuvandudza hachisi chisarudzo muchisarudzo chikuru, asi mugadziriro inoumbwa neyamutsva, inoumbwa neMitengo inopfuurerudzo inopfumisa.