Kunyora Kusingaperi Kwerusununguko: Nhau Yeparadzano Yesimba

Murangariro wokuparadzana kwamasimba unomira seimwe yegadziriro dzinogara zvikurusa ne dzinokosha munhau yokutonga. Inheyo yokuti chiremera chehurumende chinofanira kukamurwa pakati pamapazu akasiana, akazvimirira(zvikurukuru) mutungamiriri, mubati, uye mutongi wehurumende (jenase), kudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba muchinhu chimwe nechimwe. Iyi inzvimbo isati iri nzvimbo inowirirana yakaisvonaka; inzvimbo inoumbwa yemasangano edemokratiki azvino uno, yakagadzirirwa zvikurukuru kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri. Kubva muhoro dzeparamende dzekare kusvikira kugadziriso yamabumbiro remitemo azvino uno, rwendo rweiyi inhau huru yehondo youngwaru, kuedza kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kuronda kwavanhu kwokuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Kunzwisisa nhau yamasimba azvino uno anotonga hurumende kunzwisiswa zvikuru kunzwisiswa nehurumende yazvino uno.

Chinetso Chesimba Rizere

Pamberi pokuumbwa kwenheyo, denho huru yokutonga yakabvumwa munyika yose: simba rinoshatisa. Vatongi vekare, kubva kuvafaro kusvikira kuvatongi, vakaita kuti vadzore chose chose, kuisa mitemo, vatarisiri, uye mabasa okutonga zvive chimwe. Nhau yokuparadzana kwemasimba inovamba semhinduro yakananga kunhau ino yeabsolutism. Mubvunzo mukuru uyo wakasunda vazivi vakajekeswa wakanga usati uri mutoo wokutonga nawo, asi nzira yokudzora nayo vatongi. Mhinduro yakasvika pairi, yakanatswa kwamazana amakore, yakanga iri yokuparira gadziriro yehurumende yokusanodavirira kuti chinzvimbo chikamuraniso chaizoitwa.

Vaiwanikwa Munyika Yakare

Nyika yekare yakaedza nehurumende yakavhengana uye nezvinoongorora zvechipameso, ichipa mienzaniso yokutanga, kunyange zvazvo isina kukwana, yesimba rakakamuraniswa.

Vafundisi Nedzidziso yeHurumende Yakavhengana

MuGirisi yekare, zvikurukuru muAthens, muitiro wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga wakabatanidza mwero wakati weparadzano inoshanda. Nepo kusati kuri kuparadzaniswa kwapamutemo kwamasimba, tsika yeAtene yakakamuranisa mitoro pakati peAssembly (ekklesia), Council ye500 (boule), uye matare akakurumbira (dikasteria). Muzivi Aristatu], mubasa rake [[[FLT:] Politics [FLT], , yaizivisa zvinhu zvitatu zvemitemo ipi neipi: delibritialgit, magratial, magner, uye mutongo wedare. Iye akadavira kuti mugariro unosano une wiriranwa waidzokororo, unomirira fariro, yeiyi rondedzero, uye rondedzero yapakuvamba ye "FLTY: 3], yaisaidzokororwa musimba risingadzorerwi, asi rakatongedzerwa nesimba guru, rakato rakafanana nerasarira, kana kuti rikasha, boka gurusa.

Roman Republic Nemaketi Okurovedza

Roman Republic yakagovera muenzaniso unoshanda zvikuru uye une pesvedzero. Bumbiro remitemo raro rakaoma rakaparadzira simba pakati pemitumbi mizhinji: Dare redare (chitendero chezviremera), kokorodzano (rinomirira vanhu), uye Consuls (vatongi). Republic yakaratidzirawo mahofisi akasiana akarongedzerwa kunzvera simba, akadai se [[FLT:]] tribunes dzePlebs[FLT] [5], uyo aigona kuita mabasa eDare redare uye vamwe vatongi, uye [[FLT]] [FLT]] [idzoromessssss akaenzana nesimba reRoma, apo imwe neimwe yaigona kunzvera gadziriro yarongedzeka yaro.

Kujekeswa: Kutanga Kwedzidziso

Dzidziso yakarongwa yokuparadzaniswa kwamasimba yakatangwa muboka roungwaru ramazana amakore rechi 17 nerechi 18 (Hondo yavagari vemo yeEngland, Chinjo Inokudzwa, uye kumuka kwechiNgezi muEurope yomunyika yose yakagovera mugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwokurangarirazve kukuru kwouchangamire norusununguko.

John Locke Nechinorwisana Nemitemo

Muzivi weEngland [[FLT: 0] John Locke akaisa fandesheni inokosha mu SECOND Treasurence of Government [1689]. Kuita chimwe chinhu kumashoko eabhuza, Locle yakaita kuti hurumende ive ruvimbiko, yakaitwa nokubvumira kwevadzorwi kudzivirira kodzero dzavo dzomusikirwo dzoupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu. Iye akazivisa marudzi matatu esimba: [[FLT:] kudenha [[FG]] [FLT] [FL: 5] [5] [kuedza] [ku], (kureva kuti, murairo) muiyi nzira hurusa.

Montesquieu: Muvambi Womuenzaniso Wazvino Uno

Kuparadzaniswa kwakazara, kwapamutemo kwamasimba kwakabva kumunhu weFrance anokudzwa uye muzivi [[FLT: 0] Baron de Montesquieu. Mubasa rake guru 1748] Mudzimu weMitemo [, Montesquieu akaitisa fundo hurusa yehurumende munhau. Iye akapesvedzerwa zvikuru nokurava kwake Roman Republic netsinhiro dzake dzeChirungu, izvo iye (zvine donzo) akaona semuenzaniso wehurumende yakadzikama. Mubhuku XI, ganhuro 6, yebasa rake, akazivisa nheyo yaizoumba nyika yazvino uno: [FLD] [FF: 4.] apo anoumbwa namasimba anodzorwa mumunhu mumwe cheteyo, uyo asingagoni kuonekwa mumuviri mumwe cheteyo, kana kuti ashandurwezve, kana kuti arege kuva nerusununguko.[F]

Montesquieu yairatidza zvakajeka zvikuru uye yakakomba kupfuura Locke. Akaomerera pasimba rakasiana redare sebazi rakaenzana, achiramba kuti vatongi vanofanira kuva vasiri chinhu kupfuura "muromo unodudza mashoko omutemo.] Haana kutsigira boka rakaiswa parumano; akanzwisisa kuti mapazi aizobatana uye anofanira kuva nesimba rokunzverana. Nyanzvi dzake dzakanga dziri mukuita kuti kupesana uku kurege kuva kukanganisa kunoshanda asi sokukoshaikwa kwokuvamba rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika. Mudzimu weMitemo yeMitemo wakava nheyo yorugwaro rwenyika yeAmerica uye kushandura nyika yeEurope.

Kuedza kweAmerica: Nheyo Yenheyo Yakasimbiswa

Kuitwa kukurusa kwemifungo yeMontesquieu kwakaitika mhiri kweAtlantic. Vavambi veAmerica, vachiva vakarwa hondo mukurwisana neizvo vakaona semubatanidzwa woutsinye wesimba muHurumende yeBritain neParamende, vakanga vakatsunga kuvaka hurumende itsva yaizodzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwakadaro. Nhau yeparadzano yamasimba inova, kuvambira muna 1787 zvichienda mberi, isingawirirani nenhau yeUnited States Constitution.

Convention yeBumbiro reMitemo Nemapeji Anoshandira Mitemo

Nhume paGungano rePhiladelphia muna 1787 dzakanyura mumanyoro eMontesquieu. Gadziriro yokutanga, Virginia Plan, yakakarakadza hurumende yenyika ine mitemo yakaparadzana, zviremera, uye mapazu okutonga. Kukurukurirana kwakanga kusiri pamusoro pokuti kuchava nemasimba akaparadzana, asi kuti kuchaita sei nenzira inobudirira apo yakanga ichiri kugadzira hurumende yenyika. Kudzivirira kukurusa kwebumbiro remitemo rokupedzisira kwakauya mu [[FLT: 0] Federalist Papers, zvikurukuru mu [[FLT:] FT] Fitera.

Madison akakurukura zvakananga pomero yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo harina kugovera kuparadzana kwakakwana kwamasimba nemhaka yetsika yechekero nedzinoyera (mutoto, kusimbisa kwapurezidhendi wedare rokugadza). MuFederalst No. 47, akarangarira kuti Montesquieu amene haana kuda "secomc" asi kuti panzvimbo pezvo hapana bazu rinofanira kuva ne "kudzora kwakananga" pane imwe. Mufederalistristristrist No. 51, Madine akagovera ruramiso yendangariro neyezvematongerwe enyika nokuda kwegadziriro yetsika: " Mbambo inofanira kuitwa kuti irwise chinzvimbo. Mhindu yomunhu anofanira kubatanidzwa nekodzero dzepamutemo dzenzvimbo yacho. Madison yakagona kupfumianwa nevavariro dzemariro rimwe nerimwe rebazu uye kurwisana nedzimwe nzira dzehurumende, kuti idzorerwe. Iyi nzira isati ipfuureve yakapfuure kupfumiswa.

Kuumbwa kweBumbiro Remitemo reU.S.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinosimbisa mapazi matatu muzvinhu zvaro zvitatu zvokutanga, richiparira paradzano yakajeka yokuumbwa:

  • [[[FLT: 0] Article I: Legislative Branch (Chonarer). Yakapomerwa nokuita mitemo, kudzora chikwama, uye kuzivisa hondo. Imba neDare zvinonzverana (chiBatadralism).
  • Article II: Bazu reGuru reGuru reProfesiti. rapopoterwa nokusimbisa mitemo, kuraira chiuto, uye kuitisa muitiro wokumwe.
  • [[[FLT: 0] Article III: Bazu reRusarudzo (Makoriti). Rinopomerwa nemitemo inodudzira neBumbiro remitemo.

Unyanzvi hwegadziriro yeAmerica hunogona kutevedzerwa mukunzvera kunodzivisa bazu rimwe kuva guru. Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo, asi Congress anogona kudzora izvozvo. Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi navakuru vakuru, asi Dare rinofanira kuvasimbisa. Dare rinogona kuzivisa mitemo isingawirirani nemitemo (kuhwirudzura kwapamutemo, kwakatangwa mu [[FLT: 0]] Marbury v. Madison[] mu1803), asi Congress inogona kuchinja kudzora kweDare, uye Purezidhendi anogadza ruramisiro mitsva. Iyi dhia yakabvumikisa kuva inogara zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo yavewo manyuko erwisano anopfuurira.

Kusiyana Kwenyika Yose Nokusiyana Kwakwo

Rubudiriro rwomuenzaniso weAmerica, rwakabatanidzwa nesimba repfungwa reChinjo yeFrance, rwakasunda kuparadzana kwamasimba kusvikira pachikamu chenyika. Chiziviso chekodzero dzomunhu necheChigariti (chinokwana muna 17789) chakazivisa kuti "nzanga ipi neipi umo vimbiso yekodzero isingavimbiswi, kana kuti kuparadzana kwamasimba kwakagoverwa, hakuna Bumbiro remitemo.

Mibatanidzwa yeParamende

Kugamuchirwa kwenheyo yacho kwakatungamirira kumienzaniso mikuru miviri yokudzora kwehurumende yechidhimoni:

  • Presidential Systems (g., United States, yakawanda yeLatin America). Iyi miitiro inoratidzira paradzano yakasimba pakati pamapazu ehurumende nemitemo. Purezidhendi anosarudzwa pasina wirirano yemitemo yemitemo uye anobatira nhambo yakatarwa. Ikoku kunoparira paradzano yakajeka yesimba nerevositisiti yenhau asi kunotakura ngozi yakakwirira yegiradhi.
  • Pratimente Systems (g. United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, India). Pano, mukuru mukuru (Mukuru mukuru naKabhineja) anotorwa kubva kudare uye anozvidavirira kudare rehurumende (paramende). Ikoku kunoparira kubatanidzwa kwamasimba, kwete kuparadzana kworumano. Mutezo wemitemo unogona kubvisa mukuru mukuru kupfurikidza nevhoti yechivimbo. Vatsigiri vanobvumira ikoku kuva nesimba rakanyanya muboka guru, zvikurukuru apo boka rimwe rinova nevoruzhinji. Zvisinei, masangano eparamendio akasimba uye akazvimirira.

Kusiyana - siyana Kunoitwa

Nyika dzakasiyana- siyana dzakaitawo masangano akasiyana kuti akwane tsika dzadzo dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzine Dare reMitemo rakasimba rine masimba makuru. Kuparadzana kwemasimba hakuzi imwe-ose inodzokororwa; inheyo inofanira kugadzirirwa kumamiriro ezvinhu enhau neenzanga enyika imwe neimwe, nguva dzose nevavariro yokudzivisa kudzorwa kwakakwana kwebazu rimwe nerimwe resimba. Nokuda kwokutaridzika kukuru,

Matambudziko Emazuva Ano uye Kunetseka Kusingaperi

Nyika ino iri kutungamirira, kukwira kwesimba, uye kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvose zvakakanganisa muenzaniso wekare.

Kuwedzera Kwesimba Rinotungamirira Nehurumende Inotungamirira

Kumwe kwokutsoropodza kunopfuurira kukurusa kwekudzora kwazvino uno kukura kwesimba guru. Kuoma kwoupenyu hwazvino uno kwakatungamirira vagaro varongi kugovera masimba anokosha okuita mitemo kumasangano makuru, kutanga kunowanzonzi "hurumende. Actressions kufanana neNdevemental Protection Agency kana kuti Securitical Commissions ilrust (kudzora) uye Exchange commistmental reconstigation (kudzora), kudzora, uye kutungamirira kwapadare kwakatungamirira (kudzo). Uku kushanda mukati mesangano rimwe kunogara mukusawirirana kukuru netsika kwamasimba. Kudzorwa kwemitemo pamusoro pezvirevo zvapamutemo.[0]

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika uye Kuvhakacha

Nepo kuparadzana kwamasimba kwakarongedzerwa kuparira kurangarira ndokudzivisa chiito chokukurumidzira, vatsoropodzi varo vanotaura kuti zvino zvino zvinoparira kupererwa nezano. Mumhoteredzo dzakaparadzana zvikuru, kunzvera kuti rimwe bazi rine mamiriro ezvinhu kupfuura rimwe chete. Kwakadai seDare reRenational filibuster kana kuti purezidhendi reveto (ichichishandiswa kwete sedziviriro paudzvinyiriri, asi sechombo chenguva dzose chokudzivisa. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kuhurumende isingakwanisi kupedza zvinetso zvorudzi, kubva kunjodzi dzenhau dzeutano hwavanhu kusvikira kumigariro yavose. Muitiro umene wakarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti hapana chinhu chinogona kuitwa pasina bvumirano yakafara, munhambo yakakamuka, unosimbisa kuti hapana chinhu chinogona kuitwa. Ikoku kwatungamirira kudana nokuda kwokuchinja, asi kuchinja gadziriro huru yegadziriro yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo kwakaoma nenzira yechienzi.

Kunyanyotonga uye Kuvimba Noruzhinji

Basa redare redare razovawo pfundo guru regakava. Simba rokuhwirudzura, nepo riri rekona rebumbiro remitemo. Muitiro wemitongo mumaoko avatongi vasina kurongwa. Makokota e "judicial anoshanda nechiito chenhau" anopikisa kuti matare akadarika basa rawo rokududzira uye akatanga kubvisa basa rawo rokutonga pabheji, achibonderana pakodzero dzebazi remitemo. Muitiro wokugadza kwedare, zvikurukuru muUnited States, wazova chibvumirano chinodzorwa zvikuru uye chinokamuranisa. Kuchengeta chivimbo chavose mujudication ogal iyo inoonekwa seisingasasarura. Muro mukuru wemasangano [FLD]

Kupedzisa: Kudzikamisa Kunodzikira

Nhau yokuparadzana kwamasimba haisati iri nhau yengano yakamwe kamwe yemhinduro yakakwana inowanwa, asi nhau inosimba neinopfuurira yenheyo mukusagadzikana kwenguva dzose nezvinoitika zvoukuru hwesimba. Kuvambira pahurumende dzakavhengana dzekare kusvikira kunzvero dzechinjo dzakakwirira dzeAmerica nemhesano dzadzo dzenyika, nzwisiso yehwaro inoramba iri inokosha sekare: kuiswa kwesimba muvengi werusununguko. Mitemo inorongwa na [[FLT: 0] Masteeuusus [ uye yanatswa na [[FLT:] Isol] [[FLT]]] [FLT]] [ison] [ixo] [ixonge iripo] yagara isingagadziriswi kugona kuita muchina wakakwana, asi unozviruramisa icho icho icho icho icho icho chisati chiri chita basa guru. Chirevo chakashatsa chirevo chakakamuranisa vanhu. Chirevo chakashatsa chakakushatsa. Chirevo chakaoma zvikuru hachino hachikashatsa chinoshanda chakare.