Kunzwisisa Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba idzidziso yourongwa inoparadzira chiremera chehurumende pakati pamapazu akasiana kudzivisa kuunganidzwa kwesimba muchinhu chipi nechipi. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa mitoro. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa mitoro, gadziriro inoumba gadziriro apo bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda nenzira yakazvimirira apo rinoramba richizvidavirira kune mamwe. Iyi purogiramu inovakirwa muchitendero chokuti simba rapachivande rinotungamirira kuudzvinyiriri, uye kuti rusununguko runochengetwa zvakanakisisa apo kugadzirwa kwomutemo, kuchengetwa kwomutemo, uye kutsanangurwa kwomutemo kunochengetwa namasangano akaparadzana. Muenzaniso wakatanhamara unokamuranisa hurumende kuva matavi matatu: icegic, mukuru, uye dare. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mabasa aro aro aro anokosha, mitezo, uye masimba, rinosimbisa kuti hakuna mutezo mumwe chete unogona kudzora mugariro.

Kunyange zvazvo kuparadzana kwamasimba kuchizivikanwa zvikurusa muUnited States Constitution, nheyo dzakwo dzakagamuchirwa ndokugadziridzwa nehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kupota nyika. Pfungwa yacho haisati iri mutoowo wokufungidzira; mutoo unoshanda unosunda batira pamwe, kurukurirano, uye kubvumirana pane zvakasiana - siana pakati penzvimbo dzechiremera. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, vanonzwisisa kuti aya mapazu anobatana sei (naye pane dzimwe nguva anorwisana) inokosha kuziva kuti kodzero dzavo dzinodzivirirwa sei uye kuti hurumende inoramba sei ichigamuchira kuda kwavanhu vose.

Bazu Romutemo: Kunyora Mitemo uye Kumirira

Bazu remitemo rinoitwa basa rokugadzira, kudzosera, uye kudzosera mitemo. MuUnited States, iri simba rinogara neCongress, boka rebhiyamara rinoumbwa neImba yaVamiririri neDare. Iri vara guru rakaitwa nokusabvumirana kwamaune pakati penyika huru neduku uye rinobatira secherekedzo yomukati mukati mechibvumirano chimene. Imba, nemirariro yakavakirwa pavanhu, inova yakagadzirirwa kuva pedyo navanhu uye ine simba rakazara rokuita zvikwereti zvemari. Dare, rine mufananidzo wakaenzana nokuda kwehurumende imwe neimwe, rinogovera pesvedzero inodziyisa, inova inova yamasimba omutemo uye inobatira pamutemo pamusoro pechibvumirano chokuitwa chapamutemo uye kurongwa kwapurezidhendi.

Kupfuura kugadzira mutemo, bazi remitemo rinoshandisa kutarira kukuru kwebazu rinodzorwa nemitemo. Kupfurikidza nokunzwa, kunzvera, uye simba rechikwama, Congress inogona kunzvera zviito zvokutungamirira, kuraira, uye kuganhurira mari nokuda kwepurogiramu dzarinoshora. Simba rokusafunda (rakadzivirirwa muImba) uye rakaedzwa neDare (rinonzvera remitemo pamufambiro wavakuru vakuru nerokutungamirira. Iyi tsika inokurudzira kurukurirano yakasimba uye inovimbisa kuti mitemo iratidzire bvumirano huru panzvimbo pokuda kwomutungamiriri mumwe. Mumiitiro yeparamendementa, yakadai seUnited Kingdom’s, kubatanidzwa kwamasimba oukurungwe neo.

Kushandisa Bhangirimoni Muchiito

ChiBadaralism, kukamukana kwechirongwa chedare rehurumende kuva makamuri maviri, chinhu chinokosha chokuparadzana kwemasimba. Icho chinokurudzira mitemo yokubvisa matanda maviri akasiyana, imwe neimwe ine mitemo yakasiyana. Imba yeVamiririri, ine mashoko ayo ane makore maviri, ine ngozi zvikuru yokuchinja murangariro wavose, nepo mashoko edare egore matanhatu eDare rinopa kupfuurira uye renguva refu. Iyi gadziriro inoderedza muitiro wemitemo, inodzivisa kukurumidza kana kuti kuisa mutemo wakaipa. Inokurudzirawo kubvumirana, sezvo makamuri ose ari maviri anofanira kubvumirana pamutauro mumwe chete pamberi pechibvumirano. Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nguva mashoko edare redare rinotsoropotedzwa seridzo, biralralism ari dziviriro namazita akasiana.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Kumanikidza Nokutarisira

Bazu guru rine mutoro wokushandisa nokusimbisa mitemo inopfuudzwa nedare. Rinotungamirirwa napurezidhendi mugadziriro dzapurezidhendi, mutungamiriri anobatanidza mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, dare, uye boka guru ramasangano ehurumende namasangano. Purezidhendi anobatira somukuru wehurumende, mukuru mukuru, uye mukuru mukuru wemauto ane zvombo, anoshandisa chiremera chine revo pamusoro pomutemo wokumwe, chengeteko yenyika, uye kuitwa kwemapurogiramu epamba. Simba rebazi revakuru vakuru rokupa mirayiridzo, masangano ehurumende akananga, uye kugadza vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanopa pesvedzero huru pamusoro penziradziro nero.

Kudzivisa mukuru kuva ane simba zvikuru, kuparadzana kwemasimba kunoisa miganhu. Dare rinofanira kubvumira mari nokuda kwezvirongwa zvavatungamiriri, uye Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwakawanda kwapurezidhendi. judiary inogona kuhwirudzura zviito zvavakuru vakuru nokuda kwebumbiro remitemo uye inogona kuparira mirairo inopfuura chiremera kana kuti pamutemo. Kutyisidzira kwokusashanda kwehurumende kunorambawo kuri pamusoro pomukuru wehurumende, kuvimbisa kuti kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwakakomba kunogona kugona kupiwa. Pasinei zvapo nokunzvera uku, bazi razvino uno mukuru mukuru webasa rakura zvikuru uye kuvamba, kuvamba nharo pamusoro pechiremera chehurumende uye kudikanwa kwoutariri hwemitemo. Muhurumende dzakawanda, masangano anozvimirira namabasa anogara avanhu anodzivirira anobetsera anodzivirira kunoitwa nomutemo kunobetsera kuti mutemo urambe uchidzorwa pasina rusaruro.

Basa Redare Nezvemasangano

Dare, rinoumbwa navanyori vanotungamirira madhipatimendi makuru, rinopa zano purezidhendi uye rinoita muitiro munharaunda dzakati dzakadai sedziviriro, mari, uye utano. Aya madhipatimendi ndio amene anoshandisa mitemo kupfurikidza nemirau, kunzverwa, uye zviito zvokudzikamisa. Kuparadzana kwesimba, sokumbodanwa, kunoshandisa uchenjeri hwakati kuti mukuzadzikisa udzame hwemitemo. Nhume dzesimba dzinodikanwa nokuda kwehurumende yazvino uno asi dzinomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pokuzvidavirira uye miganhuro yakafanira pakati pemiganhuro yehurumende nemitemo. Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoda kuti nhume dzakadaro dziperekedzwe nemiganhuro yakajeka yedare uye miganhuro yakasimba yedare.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Nokutonga

Bazu rinodudzira mitemo uye rinoita ruramisiro. MuUnited States, dare redare rehurumende rinotungamirirwa neDare Gurusa, iro rine chirevo chokupedzisira pamusoro perevo yeBumbiro reMitemo. Matare ehurumende epasi anobata nhau dzakawanda, kubatanidza gakava ravagari vemo, matsotsi, uye denho kumiitiro yehurumende. Simba redare redare redare redare nerekudzosera. Iro rinoita kuti bazu redare rive rakabatana neramasangano ose ari maviri. Mathbury v. Madison [183] [53]

Vatongi vari mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa vakagadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, vachiva vadzorerwe kumufambiro wakanaka, unovadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika ndokuvabvumira kusarudza zvinoitika zvakavakirwa pamutemo nemuenzaniso panzvimbo pomufungo wakakurumbira. Uku kuzvimirira kunokosha nokuda kwokudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga nokutsigira mutemo. Zvisinei, basa revatongi harina kuganhurirwa; rinotsamira pamamwe mapazu kuti ripedzise mirauriro yaro uye rinogona kusarudza bedzi zviitiko chaizvoizvo kana kuti magakava. Kuparadzana kwamasimba nokudaro kunochengeta chiyero chakaoma: vatongi vanogona kuzivisa chiri mutemo, asi ivo havagoni kutanga kana kuita marutongeso avo vamene pasina batira pamwe chete namapazu ehurumende.

Makepi Nedzikamo: Mitoo Yokudzorana

Michina yemichina inogonesa bazu rimwe nerimwe kudzivisa kupindira kwedzimwe. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti simba harina kutongova rakakwana kunyange mukati menzvimbo yaro rimene. Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo, asi Congress anogona kudzora vatongi nenhutu mbiri mbiri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi nebvumirano dzeraivhoriti, achipa simba rakananga pachisarudzo choukuru mukuru mukuru. Mutongi anogona kuzivisa mitemo nezviito zvoukuru zvisati zviri zvitendero, asi purezidhendi anogona kugadza vatongi neDare rinovatsigisa, nepo Dare richigona kuchinja kudzorwa kwedare rehurumende uye kukarakadza pamutemo kushandura kududzirwa kwedare.

Dzimwe nzvero dzinobatanidza simba rokusatendera, simba remitemo rechikwama, uye basa romutungamiriri semutungamiriri wehurumende, iro rinoganhurira udzori hwesangano pamabasa ehondo. Gadziriro yacho inoratidzirawo nzvero dzisina kurongwa, dzakadai somurangariro wavose, nzvero dzezvinobudisa nhau, uye masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, izvo zvinogona kudzivisa kukunda kunyange apo gadziriro dzetsika dzemitemo dzisingaitwi. Uku kunzvera kunoparira kukura kukuru uko bazu rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kukurukurirana nokubatira pamwe kuti rizadzike nharidzano dzaro. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro yapurezidhendi mukuru mukuru inogona kudenhwa mudare, uye kana yakarohwa, Dare rezvamatongerwe enyika rinogona kupfuura mutemo unotaura zvinonetsa dare. Uyu muitiro unova nesimba uye kukurudzira kubatana.

Mienzaniso Yokuongorora Yaishandiswa

  • `ITY] Simba:[ Purezidhendi Andrew Johnson’s chuchuro cheCivil Rights Act ya1866 akashatiswa neDare, achiratidzira ukuru hwemitemo mukutarisana nokudzivisa kwevakuru vakuru.
  • Judicial Review:[[FT:1] Mu Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakakurira mitemo yehurumende inoderedza dzinza, inosimbisa zvose zviri zviviri mitemo yemitemo yemitemo nedare yapamutemo yakanga yatsigira kusarurana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kudzidzisa: Mapurezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, uye Donald Trump vose vakatarisana nenhau dzokusabvumirana, kuchiratidzira simba redare rokuita kuti mukuru mukuru azvidavirire nokuda kwokupomerwa kubatwa zvisina kufanira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusimbisa Hondo: Kuramba kweDare Rapamusoro Zvinoverengeka munhau yose kwakaumba dzikamo yepfungwa dzedare.

Nhoroondo: Kubva Pakujekeswa Kuenda Kubumbiro Remitemo reU.S.

Midziyo youchenjeri yokuparadzana kwamasimba iri muKuvhenekerwa, zvikurukuru mumanyoro aBaron de Montesquieu. Mu Mudzimu weMitemo (1748]), Montesquieu yakataura kuti rusununguko rungagona bedzi kuchengetwa kana chibvumirano, dare, uye masimba okutonga zvakachengetwa zvakaparadzana. Mifungo yake yakaumbwa nefundo yake yeBriteni, iyo akayemura nokuda kwehurumende yayo yakavhengana, kunyange zvazvo iye akanzwisisa zvisina kufanira mamwe mativi. Vavambi veAmerica, zvikurukuru James Magnes naAlexanders, vakapesvedzera zvikuru naMontesquieu. Muimwe Hurumende inodzivisa sei kuti ivei. [FLDT], Maderistrust muimwe yebazu.[5]

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. ra 1787 rakashandisa idzi nheyo kupfurikidza nokuumba mapazu matatu akaenzana ane mabasa akasiyana namasimba anowirirana. Vagadziri vaidzivisa noune kuparadzana kwakachena, vachiziva kuti kukamukana kwakakwana kwaizova kusingashandi. Panzvimbo pezvo, vakabatanidza masimba (vhoto, zano reDare nemvumo, upenyu hwedare redare, judicariary mukuwirirana naro) kuumba gadziriro umo mapazi angagona kunzverana. Mumazana amakore, gadziriro iyi yakavapo kupfurikidza nokushandisa, muenzaniso, uye kugadziridzwa kwemitemo, asi kurangarira kwayo kwenheyo kunoramba kuripo. Dzimwe nguva dzose, dzakadai seFrance pasi poMutemo weFilitiki neWezvematongerwe enyika weGermany, dzakagamuchira kusiana masangano ayo enhau nemamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuparadzana Kwemasimba Kunobatsira

Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunopa betsero huru kupfuura kungodzivisa udzvinyiriri. Chokutanga, kunotsigira [[FLT: 0] kudzivirira nokukwana mukugadzira mitemo. Nemhaka yokuti pamutemo unofanira kufamba mudzimba dzakawanda uye unogona kupukunyuka panzvimbo yapurezidhendi, kungabvira zvikuru kurangarirwa nokuratidzira bvumirano yakafara. Chechipiri, inodzivirira maruramiro avanhu [ kupfurikidza nokuvimbisa kuti hapana chinhu chimwe chinogona kuganhurira rusununguko nenzira yamaune; mutemo unodzvinyirira unopfuudzwa naDare ungashorwa napurezidhendi kana kuti kurohwa namatare., [FL:]

Mukuwedzera, kuparadzana kwamasimba kunokurudzira [ kudzikamisa nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Vakuru vakuru vanofanira kubatira pamwe mumapazu havangatongorovi kuronda miitiro yakanyanyisa isingagoni kubetsera. Gadziriro inogoverawo [ kubetsera [ kupfurikidza nokudzivisa chinjo huru dzinogona kukuvadza upfumi kana kuti chipfeko chenzanga. Munguva dzenjodzi, kunzvera kunovakwa mutsika kunogona kuderedza zviito zvokukurumidzira, kuchibvumira kuti zviitwe kurukurirano nerangariro. Nepo ikoku pane dzimwe nguva kunogona kutungamirira kurumano, kunovimbisawo kuti zvisarudzo zvikuru zvisaitwa nomunhu mumwe kana kuti mubato pasina kudenha. Nokuda kweidzi, kuparadzanisa masimba anorangarirwa zvikuru kuva anorerukira.

Zvinetso Zvokuparadzana Kwesimba

Pasinei zvapo namasimba ayo, kuparadzana kwamasimba kunotarisana nedenho dzakawanda dzapanguva ino. Parisantion inogona kubudisa muganhu wewirirano yemitemo, umo Congress inokundikana kuita chiito panhau dzinomanikidzira, kumanikidzira mukuru kutsamira pamirairo yehurumende nezviito zvokutungamirira kugadza mutemo. Uku kuchinja kunogona kukanganisa mutsetse pakati pokuita mutemo nokudzika mutemo, kusimudzira itiro pamusoro pechiito chehurumende. Nenzira yakafanana, [ chiito chemitemo yemitemo ]. kuno matare anodudzira Bumbiro remitemo munzira idzo vamwe vanoona sokuparira mutemo mutsva panzvimbo yokududzira mutemo uripo, kumutsa tsoropo kuti vatongi vari kubvuta chiremera.

Rimwe denho ndiro kukura kwehurumende yehurumende. Masangano eekuzvimirira akadai seNdengedzero yeProvity Agency kana kuti Sangano reExchange Commission Application, shopuresa, uye mabasa okutonga munzira dzisingawirirani zvakanaka nedzidziso yetatu yeburanch. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti uku kuunganidzwa kwesimba risina kurongwa mubutiro remutindiro kunoderedza kuzvidavirira uye kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba. Dare Gurusa rarwisana nenhau iyi inobatanidza dzidziso isiri kuvimbika uye simba rokubvisa misoro yesangano. Kupfuurirazve, [FLT:] uye [FLT] kuchengeteka kwamarudzi [FFF]

Pakupedzisira, kuita kuti nyika yose nezvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose zvinogona kuomanisa kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba. Apo zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose zvinoisa United States kumiitiro yakati, zvingamanikidzira kuisa pamutemo uye kuita chisarudzo chedare. Kubatanidza pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende kunowedzerawo rumwe ruvara rwemhatsa, sezvo mabumbiro emitemo anoratidzira paradzano yehurumende asi angagovera chiremera nenzira yakasiana. Chimwe nechimwe cheidzichinoda kungwarira uye, pane dzimwe nguva, chinjo dzokuvaka kuvimbisa kuti donzo rapakuvamba rokudzivisa kubata zvisina kufanira hakurasika.

Kusiyana - siyana Munyika Yose: Kuparadzana Kwesimba Mugadziriro Dzakasiyana - siyana

Kuparadzana kwamasimba hakusi muenzaniso mumwe wezvisakiso zvose. Mu purogiramu dzemitemo inowirirana, dzakadai sedziri muUnited Kingdom, Canada, uye India, mukuru mukuru anotorwa kubva kusangano rehurumende uye anogona kubviswa nevvhoti. Uku kubatanidzwa kwemasimba kunoita hurumende inoita kuti ive hurumende inoshanda zvakanaka asi inoda kunzverazve, zvakadai sechibvumirano chakasimba chejeka uye chinyorwa chine kodzero dzakadzika midzi. Mu mispos] yapasssssss [Focted:3], kufanana nereat Republic Republic yeFrance, mutungamiriri akasarudzwa zvakananga nesangano rehurumende, achiumba chikaro, achiumba chikaro chakabatana kuti chivanzi "chidzore" chipfuure kudzora zvibvumirano chakadzikatina. [[Foct:2] Miteod dare remitemo yapasi pese, sezvinodzorwa nesimba remitemo ramasimba ose ari ose.

Mu miitiro yapamutemo, kuparadzana kwamasimba kunowanzovawo zvako kwakarongwa. Mabumbiro emitemo angaronga mapazi matatu, asi mukushanda simba mumutungamiriri mumwe kana kuti mubato, uye matare nemiraudzo zvinobatira sezviteshi zverabha. Kuenzanisa aya masangano anosimbisa kuti kuparadzanisa masimba isati iri gadziriro bedzi yourongwa asi muitiro mupenyu unotsamira patsika yezvamatongerwe enyika, kutonga kwomutemo, uye masangano akazvimirira. Democraccas kupota nyika yose inopfuurira kuchenesa nzvero dzavo nechiyero kuti vataure tyisidziro itsva, kubva pakunzvera kwemichina yebasa kuti ibvise ruvimbiko runoshaisa chivimbo mumasangano.

Mupeto: Chengeta Kudzikama

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunoramba kuri chinhu chikuru chehurumende inotongwa nebumbiro remitemo. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa chiremera pakati pebazu remitemo, rinotungamirira, uye rinotonga, rinodzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi pakuchinja simba nokuchishandisa zvisina kufanira. Gadziriro yokunzvera nokudzikamisa zvinosimbisazve iyi dziviriro, kuva nechokwadi chokuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rinogona kuita kuti vamwe vazvidavirire. Nepo pasina gadziriro yakakwana, kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kwakabvumikisa kuva kwakasimba zvikuru kupfuura mazana amakore maviri, kuchichinjira kumigariro inochinja apo inenge ichichengeta donzo rayo guru. Vagari vanonzwisisa iyi vanokwanisa zviri nani kuziva tyisidziro yehurumende yedemocratic jay uye kuraira kuti varemekedze miganhuro yavo yemitemo yemitemo.

Sezvo denho dzinokwira muzana ramakore ramakumi maviri nerekutanga — kubva kuruwa rwehurumende kusvikira kudzvinyiriro dzenyika yose — nheyo dzamasimba akaparadzana dzinofanira kudzivirirwa uye, uko kuri madikanwa, kugadziridzwa. Nharidziro inoramba iri imwe cheteyo: kudzivirira nokudzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwechiremera chehurumende. Nokufunda nguva yakapfuura uye kupinda muhurukuro yavose, tinogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti kuparadzanya masimba kunopfuurira kuita basa rawo rinokosha munzanga dzedemocracy. Nokuda kweyakawanda munzvero, varavi vanogona kunzvera .S. Constitution paNational Archives[FLT:] [FLT:]], [FLT]][F2]