Nheyo yokuparadzana kwamasimba inomira seimwe yedziviriro dzinogarisa zvikurusa muudzori hwehurumende hunonzverwa muudzori hwehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa chiremera pakati pamapazu akasiyana namabasa akaparadzana, tsika ino inodzivisa sangano ripi neripi kuunganidza simba risingadzorwi. Iyi gadziriro inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti hakuna bazi rinogona kuita pasina muganhu mumwe nomumwe. Kunzwisisa kuti kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoshanda sei, midzi yawo yenhau, uye kushanda kwayo kwapanguva ino kunokosha nokuda kwokuziva chikonzero nei gadziriro dzedemocracy dzichiramba dzichisimba mukurwisana nekombadzoudzo.

Mavambo Enhau uye Mavambo Edzidziso Dzenhema

Hwaro hwouchenjeri hweparadzano yamasimba hwakabuda mukati meNjereso, nhambo apo vazivi vezvamatongerwe enyika vakadenha madzimambo akakwana ndokutsvaka kutanga gadziriro dzaizodzivirira vagari vemo muudzvinyiriri. Muzivi weFrance Montesquieu, mubasa rake renyika Mudzimu weMitemo [, yakabudisa chimiro chinopesvedzera zvikurusa chenheyo iyi. Montesquieus akatsigira kuti kuisa ngwariro kumitemo, mutungamiriri, uye simba rokutonga mumaoko mamwe chetero nenzira isingadzivisiki zvinotungamirira kutsika yebumbiro remitemo reBritain rakamupwisa mwoyo kuti mapazu adiro akagona kunzvera zvinangwa zvakasiana.

Mifungo yaMontesquieu yakaumba zvikuru vaVavambi veAmerica sezvavakagadzira Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, naJohn Jay yakarondedzera iyi mifungo muFederalist Papers, iyo inosara magwaro anokosha okunzwisisa rondedzero iri seri kwegadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica. MuPunistrist No. 47, Madison akanyevera kuti "kuunganidzwa kwamasimba ose, chibvumirano, mukuru, uye judicary, mumaoko mamwe, angava omumwe, vashoma, kana vazhinji, uye kana vari venhaka, vanozvigadza, vangaziviswa nenzira yakarurama rondedzero imene inodzorwa." vatangiridzi veGwandinga varo yamaune kuti varonge muitiro umo chinzvimbo chinzvimbo chinzvimbo chinoitwa, uye kuva nezvose zviripo zvinorwisana navamwe.

John Locke akapesvedzerawo iyi gadziriro kupfurikidza namanyoro ake pamusoro pebvumirano yenzanga nokudikanwa kwokuparadzanisa mitemo nesimba ravakuru vakuru. Locke yakaparadzana pakati pesimba romutemo rinoumba mitemo nesimba ravakuru rinoigombedzera, achitaurira kuti kuronzesa zvose zviri zviviri kuboka rimwe chetero kungaparira rwisano ine ngozi yefariro. Idzi nheyo dzouzivi dzakagovera gadziriro younyanzvi yehurumende dzinosarudzwa nemitemo munyika yose.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

Bazu Romutemo

Bazu remitemo rine simba rokuita, kuisa, uye kudzosera mitemo. MuUnited States, Congress inoshanda sesangano rebimeral neImba yaVamiririri neDare, rimwe nerimwe rakagadzirirwa kumirira zvibvumirano zvakasiyana nefariro. Imba, namashoko ayo ane makore maviri, inoramba yakabatana zvikuru nechido chakakurumbira, nepo mashoko eDare amakore matanhatu uye mireza yakaenzana nokuda kwenyika imwe neimwe inogovera dzikamo nedziviriro mumiganhu mikuru.

Miitiro yeCongress yakatara masimba kubatanidza mitero, kukwereta, kudzora mari, kuumba mahofisi epositis, kuzivisa hondo, kusimudza nokutsigira, uye kuita kuti mitemo yose ive iri madikanwa neyakafanira nokuda kwokuita aya masimba. Kupfuura kugadzira mitemo. Kupa dare, Congress inova nesimba guru pabazu ravakuru kupfurikidza nokutongwa nedare, kunzvera, uye simba rechikwama. Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi uye kunyoresa zvibvumirano, richichipa basa rakananga mukuumba mukuru mukuru mukuru namapazu edare. matare edare rinobatira samasangano akatanhamara anonzvera mabasa makuru, anobatisisa nhau dzedare, uye anorumbidza zviito zvemitemo.

Bazu remitemo rinewo chiremera chokusatendera, richibvumira Imba kudenha vakuru vakuru vomubatanidzwa kubatanidza purezidhendi ane mhaka huru nezvikanganiso, neDare richitonga. iri simba rinoshanda sechenjero yebumbiro remitemo mukurwisana nokunyengera kwevakuru vakuru, kunyange zvazvo mugariro waro wezvamatongerwe enyika unoreva kuti rinoshanda zvikurukuru muzvinoitika zvomufambiro wakashata wakakomba.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Bazu guru rinoshandisa nokumanikidzira mutemo wehurumende muutungamiriri hwapurezidhendi, uyo anobatira somukuru wehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende. Mitoro yebumbiro remitemo yapurezidhendi inobatanidza kubatira somutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo, kupa kanganwiro, kuita zvibvumirano nezano redare nemvumo, kugadza vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende navatongi, uye kuvimbisa kuti mitemo inourawa nenzira yokutendeka. Bazu revakuru rinobatanidzawo mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, madhipatimendi eCompBrine, uye masangano akawanda omubatanidzwa anotarisira nzvimbo dzakati kuti dzemiitiro.

Mapurezidhendi azvino uno akashandisa zvirairidzo zvevakuru vakuru, mibato, uye zviziviso kutungamirira masangano ehurumende nezvirongwa zvokutanga pasina kumirira chiito chesangano. Nepo maturusi akadaro achibvumira udzori hwokukurumidza, ivo vanomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pemiganhu yechiremera chavakuru vakuru. Hurumende yokudzora yakura zvikuru chifo chenhambo yeNew Deal, namasangano ehurumende anoshandisa masimba equatofisi-legislative namadhikisi kupfurikidza nokugadzira mitemo nebvumirano. Uku kuvamba kwakatangazve nharo pamusoro pokuti paradzano yamasimba makuru anodzorwa zvakakwana here kana kuti zviremera zvinodzora zvakakwana vapazi vadzori vehurumende vazvino uno.

Simba rapurezidhendi rinogovera nzvero yakananga pamutemo, kuraira kuti Congress iunganidze mativi maviri namatatu makuru mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri kudzora. Iri simba rinosunda zvikarakadzo zvemitemo kukwezva bvumirano huru, kudzivirira mativi makuru kuti asaite mipimo yakanyanyisa. Chinzvimbo chine chiremera chinodzorwa nezvinonzi nechiremera chechengeteko zvorudzi zvinoenzanisirazve kuoma kuri pakati pemiganhu inobudirira yokudzora nemitemo pasimba rehurumende.

Bazu Rokutonga

Bazu rinotonga rinodudzira mitemo ndokuhwirudzura pamutemo waro kupfurikidza nesimba rokunzvera kwemitemo. Dare Rapamusorosoro, rakatangwa neChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo, rinogara pamugumo wegadziriro yedare rehurumende, iro rinobatanidza matare edunhu ezvikumbiro nematare oruwa. Vatongi veFederal vanoita kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose mukati momufambiro wakanaka, vachiidzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuvimbisa kuzvimirira pamamwe mapazu.

Kuhwirudzura dare kwakasimbiswa mu Marbury v. Madison (103]), apo Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akasimbisa kuti ibasa rebazu rokutonga kutaura chiri mutemo uye kupedza mabasa anorwisana neBumbiro remitemo. Iri simba rinobvumira matare kuputsa mitemo inopfuudzwa nePromension nezviito zvinotorwa nemukuru mukuru wehurumende zvinopfuura muganhu webumbiro remitemo. Chitongi chinopedzawo makakatanwa pakati pehurumende, kududzira mitemo yehurumende, uye kudzivirira kodzero dzehurumende.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rinoshanda kupfurikidza negadziriro yemuenzaniso ndokurangarira, nechisarudzo charo chine chiremera chinobata mudare rehurumende yose. Nepo Dare risingagoni kutanga chiito kana kuti kuita kuti mitemo yaro iteererwe, kududzira kwaro kunoumba nzvimbo yapamutemo nokuda kwamapazu ose ehurumende. Muitiro wokugadza, kubatanidza kunyoreswa kwapurezidhendi netsigiro yeDare, unovimbisa kuti mutongi anoramba ane mutoro kumapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika apo anenge achichengeta kuzvimirira.

Gadziriro Yemakero Nedzikamo Zviri Mukushandiswa

Nzvero nedzikamo zvinoparira tsinhirano huru apo bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kudzivisa kudzongonyedzwa navamwe. Bazu remitemo rinonzvera mukuru mukuru kupfurikidza nesimba raro kukunda masuo, kusimbisa kugadzwa, zvibvumirano zveradict, gona kudzora, uye kubvisa vakuru vakuru. Mutarisiri anonzvera mutezo wedare kupfurikidza nesimba reveto, mano okudana marusando chaiwo, uye chiremera chokushandisa mitemo nenzira yakasarudzwa mumamwe migariro. Chiziviso chejudiary chinonzvera mapazi ose ari maviri kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare, chinozivisa zviito zvisingashandisiswi uye kutsanangura revo yemiraudzo.

Mienzaniso inoshanda yechekero nedzikamo muzviito inobatanidza kuramba kweDare mabhishopi makuru, Congregation inosimbisa mapurezidhendi pamutemo unokosha, Dare Gurusa rinotonga mirairo yavakuru vakuru inopfuura chiremera chebumbiro remitemo, uye nzvero dzesangano dzinofukunura kusazvibata kwehurumende. Iyi mitoo inoshanda inopfuurira, kuparira rwisano nefungidziro izvo zvinoderedza chiito chehurumende asi zvinodzivisawo zvisarudzo zvokukurumidzira kana kuti zvine utsinye.

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunoshandawo mukati momuitiro womutemo umene. Dare reBadaral rinoda zvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare kutendera mutemo zvakafanana risati ragona kupiwa kupurezidhendi. Uku kunzvera kwomukati kunovimbisa kuti zvikwereti zvinoratidzira bvumirano huru panzvimbo pezvinodikanwa zvekamuri rimwe. matare eMusangano anoyananisa misiyano pakati peImba neshanduro dzeDare, kumwezve mutemo wokunatsa kupfurikidza nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Chikonzero Nei Kuparadzana Kwesimba Kuchidzivisa Kunyanyowandirwa Nehurumende

Donzo guru rokuparadzana kwemasimba nderokudzivisa sangano ripi neripi kushandisa udzori hwakakwana pakudzora. Apo simba rinokamurwa, hapana bazi rinogona kuita pasina batira pamwe kana kuti kubvumira kwavamwe, kuchiparira mhinganidzo dzokuvaka kukutonga kwokusatonga. Vagari vanobetserwa neiyi gadziriro nemhaka yokuti mapoka anoparadza anogona kutsvaka rusununguko kubva pabazu rimwe apo rimwe rinodarika miganhu yaro yaro.

Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunosimudzirawo kuzvidavirira kupfurikidza nokuparadzira mutoro mumasangano akasiyana - siyana. Vatambi vanogona kuyera kuitwa kwamapazu akasiana - siana, uye bazu rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kupindura kuvose kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakasiana - siana yechisarudzo chakasiana. Purezidhendi anotarisana nesarudzo yorudzi makore mana ari ose, mitezo yeImba inomira nokuda kwokusarudza makore maviri ari ose, uye vasaruri vanotarisana navavhoti makore matanhatu ari ose. Federal, nepo isingasarurwi zvakananga, inogadzwa navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa ndokusimbiswa neDare, vachigovera kuzvidavirira kwakananga kwehurumende yavanhu.

Kutonga kwomutemo kunotsamira pakuparadzaniswa kwamasimba nemhaka yokuti mitemo inofanira kuitwa nomutumbi mumwe, kumanikidzwa nomumwe, uye kutsanangurwa nechechitatu. Ikoku kunodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kunyora panguva imwe cheteyo, kuita, uye kuisa mirau — mubatanidzwa uyo ungaparadza dziviriro dzapamutemo nokuda kwechiremera chehurumende. Miganhu yebumbiro remitemo pachiremera inova ine revo bedzi apo matare akazvimirira anogona kuagombedzera kurwisana nemamwe mapazu. Pasina paradzano yamasimba.

Dziviriro nokuda kwekodzero dzechiduku nerusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe dzinobva mumuzvarirwo kubva kumasimba akaparadzana. Masangano ari mudare haagoni kudzvinyirira nyore nyore apo mukuru mukuru anoramba kumanikidza mitemo inodzvinyirira kana kuti matare angaarova seasina murairo. Chinodikanwa chokuti masangano akawanda abvumirane chiito chehurumende chisati chatanga mapfundo akawanda umo kodzero dzinogona kudzivirirwa.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Zvokuparadzana Kwesimba

Nhevedzo Dzine Vatungamiriri Nechiito Chisiri Chokushanda

Mapurezidhendi azvino uno akashandisa nenzira inowedzera mirairo yavakuru vakuru kuti vaite nharidzano dzetsika dzisingagoni kupfuura Congress. Nepo mirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru ine nhau refu, mwero wayo nokuwedzera kwakawedzera mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti uyu muitiro unodzivisa muitiro womutemo uye unopa simba mubazu guru. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti mirayiro yavakuru vakuru iri madikanwa apo Dare rinokundikana kuita chiito pamusoro penhau dzorudzi. Kuoma kuri pakati pemiganhu inobudirira yokutonga nemitemo kunoramba kusingagadziriswi, nematare panhambo nenhambo anodzosa mirairo inopfuura chiremera chapurezidhendi.

Kupiwa Murayiro Nokupiwa Murayiro

Kuparadzaniswa kwenzvimbo kwakakuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti Congress ipedze mutemo, kuchitungamirira kubvumira ganhuriro panhau huru dzemiitiro. Mumhinduro, Congress yakapa chiremera chakakura kumasangano makuru, kuchibvumira kuzadza udzame hwegadziriro dzapamutemo dzakafara. Iyi nhume inoita kuti simba rokuita mutemo ribviswe kuvamiriri vakasarudzwa kuvamiriri kuvakuru vakuru vanodzora, kumutsa itiro hanya pamusoro pokuzvidavirira kwehurumende nekuvambwa kwechiremera chemitemo. Dzidziso isati iri yomutemo, inoganhurira kuti simba remitemo ringatamisirwa, yave yakawana fariro yakavandudzwazve kunyanzvi dzemitemo uye vamwe vatongi.

Kutonga Nokuganhurirwa

Nharo pamusoro pebasa rakafanira redare redare dzinopfuurira mumatongerwe enyika enguva ino. Vatsoropodzi vedare vanotaura kuti matare pane dzimwe nguva anodarika basa rawo rokududzira nokuita zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinofanira kusiiwa kumapazu okusarudza. Vatsigiri vokudzora kwokutonga vanotaura kuti matare anofanira kubatira rutongeso rwemitemo kutoti achiputsa nenzira yakajeka rugwaro rwemitemo. Kusimbiswa kwevatongi vehurumende kwazova kunorwisana zvikuru, kunoratidzira matare anobatanidzwa mukugadza dare uye kuziva kuti matare anoshandisa simba rinokosha pamusoro pomutemo wavose.

Kutanga Kwehurumende Yokutarisira

Masangano ehurumende anobatanidza mabasa emitemo, ehurumende, uye edare munzira dzinodenha kutsauranisa kwamagamuchidzanwa kwenheyo dzemitemo. Mitemo inopa mitemo ine simba romutemo, inoita kuti mitemo iyoyo itsive kupfurikidza nokunzvera nezvirango, uye gakava remibato kupfurikidza nokutonga. Uku kuisa mabasa kwakatungamirira kurayira kuti pave nokuchinja, kubatanidza zvikarakadzo zvokusimbisa kutarisirwa kwedare, kuwedzera kuhwirudzurwa kwechiito chesangano, uye kumutsazve mitemo inorambidza nhume. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu [FLT: 0] West Virginia v. EPA[FLT:] 2022] [20]) chiratiso chakamutsidzirwa kungwariro yedare kumipimo yehurumende, zvikurukuru pamibvunzo mikuru yemitengo yemari yemari yemari.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzose Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Gadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoshandisa kuparadzana kwamasimba munzira dzakasiana - siana. Miitiro yapurezidhendi saUnited States inochengeta paradzano yakakomba pakati pamapazu avakuru vakuru nemitemo, negadziriro imwe neimwe ine mirau inosarudzwa yakasununguka. Garamende, inozivikanwa muEurope uye kune imwe nzvimbo, inobudisira simba guru nemitemo kupfurikidza nokuita kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende nedare ribviswe kupfurikidza nemitemo. Nepo gadziriro dzaparamende dzichinangidzira simba zvikuru, dzinochengeta kuparadzana masimba kupfurikidza namajeri ezvoutongi anozvimirira uye, muzvinoitika zvakawanda, matare emitemo anohwirusaidzokorodza mutemo.

German Basic Law inosimbisa gadziriro neFederal Constitution Court inoongorora zvakanaka dare. French Fin 5 Republic inobatanidza purezidhendi akasarudzwa zvakananga ane mutungamiriri mukuru mukuru ane mutoro weparamende, ichitanga gadziriro yakavhengana yakachinja zvikuru pashure penguva yakati. Nyika zhinji dzakagamuchira miitiro yebumbiro remitemo yakadai samasangano akazvimirira anorwisana nouori, masangano ekodzero dzavanhu, uye mahofisi echinyakare ayo anowedzera kuparadzanisa masimba namasangano anozvidavirira akananga.

Mutemo webumbiro remitemo unoenzanisa unozivisa kuti kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba hakusati kuri muitiro mumwe asi urongwa hwamasangano hwakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kudzorwa nebazu ripi neripi rehurumende. Nyika dzinobuda mukutonga kwechisimba kazhinji kazhinji dzinoisa kuzvimirira kwokutonga nehwirudzuro yebumbiro remitemo sedziviriro pakudzokera shure. Kugara kwenguva kwenguva refu kwamasangano ehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu mugadziriro dzakasiyana - siyana kunokarakadza kuti nheyo yehwaro yehwaro ($dividhidhia yesimba rokudzivirira rusununguko rwakadai) inoshandiswa munzira dzakawanda apo inenge ichiwana tapuro yedziviriro yakafanana.

Kuchengetedza Kuparadzaniswa Kwesimba Kwezvizvarwa Zvomunguva Yemberi

Kuchengeta kuparadzana kwemasimba kunoda kuramba kwakangwarira kuvagari vemo, vakuru vakuru, uye vatongi. Hurumende dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzoga hadzigoni kuchengeta rusununguko kana vatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika vakaramba kuremekedza ganhuriro dzavo.

Dzidzo yeCUBIC inoita basa rinokosha mukuchengeta kuparadzanisa masimba. Vagari vanonzwisisa chikonzero nei simba richifanira kukamukana vane bviro huru yokudzivisa zvikumbiro zvechiremera chakananga, kunyange apo kuisa ngwariro kunoratidzika kuva kunoshanda. Tsigiro yavose nokuda kwematare akazvimirira, utarisiri hwehurumende, uye kuzvidavirira kwehurumende zvinoparira sundo dzezvamatongerwe enyika kuti vadzore miganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Kunzverwa kwezviito zvehurumende mumapazu ose kunobetsera kufumura mutevedzeri wezviito uye kuita kuti kuzvidavirira kupfurikidza nokurangarira kwavanhu.

Kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo kwakagadziridza panhambo nenhambo kuparadzana kwamasimba, sezvinoitwa neMitemo yeChimakumi maviri neChishanu yeFitifomu inojekesa kutsiviwa kwapurezidhendi neFimendement inokamuranisa purezidhendi kumashoko maviri. Iyi gadziridzo inoratidzira kuti gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo inogona kuchinja ichiri kuchengeta chimiro chayo chinokosha. Chinjo dzipi nedzipi dzomunguva yemberi dzinofanira kurangarirwa nokungwarira kuchengetedza mabasa anodzivirira ayo kuparadza masimba anogovera.

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunotsungirira senheyo yenheyo nemhaka yokuti inokurukura denho yechigarire: nzira yokupa nayo simba hurumende kuti iite nharidzano dzakabatana nepo ichiidzivisa kudzora vagari vemo. Hapana mhinduro yakakwana iripo, asi kukamukana kwechiremera pakati pamapazu nefariro dzinokwikwidzana uye mabasa akasiyana kwakabvumikisa kuva kunoshanda nenzira inoshamisa mumazana amakore. Hurumende dzinotonga dzinochengeta paradzano yakasimba yemasimba makuru idzo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzakagovera rusununguko rukuru rukuru, dzikaterama, uye budiriro kupfuura gadziriro dzinopa ngwariro kuchiremera. Kunzwisisa nokudzivirira nheyo iyi kunoramba kuri madikanwa kudzora kwedemocracyism mukurwisana netyisidziro dzinopfuurira dzechisimba nechinochisimba.