Chitanga Kunzi: Nei Kuchengeteka Kwemari Kuchikosha kuAustralia

Hurumende yeAustralia ndiimwe yemari inotengesa nokushingaira zvikurusa, inoratidzira mugariro wenyika somutengesi mukuru wezvinhu uye kudyidzana kwayo kukuru mumisika yemari yenyika yose. Nokuda kwenyika inotsamira zvikuru pakutengeserana kwamarudzi ose(ib) ichibva pasimbi nemarasha kuenda kudzidzo neshambadziro () kudzikamiswa kwemari yepamba haisati iri nhau yokudada bedzi yemari asi shongwe huru yeutano hwemacroomatiki. Hurumende yeAustralia, mukusanobatana neReserve Bank yeAustralia (RBA), inoshandisa suturo yamazano akaro yokuchinjanisa mari nerongedzero yokuchengeta dzidzo nechengeteko. Nhaudzo idzi shambidzo dzemari yakananga, bhizimisi, basa, uye kutenga kwezuva riri rose.

Kudzikama kwemari hakurevi kuvhara AUD kuva ukoshi hwakatsiga. Panzvimbo pezvo, kunonongedzera kukuchengeta mhoteredzo umo mwero yokuchinjana inofamba zvishoma nezvishoma uye nenzira inodeya kutaurwa, kuchibvumira mabhizimisi navatengi vemari kuronga nechivimbo. Shar, kuchinja kusingakarirwa kunogona kudzongonyedza kugovera cheni, kubvisa makwikwi okusimu, kana kuti kamwe kamwe kuwedzera mutengo wezvinhu zvakatengwa. Kusvika kwevedzero yemari kunotsamira muzvose zviri zviviri kupindira kusingachinjiki uye gadziriro yetsika yenguva refu, zvose zvinonangidzirwa kutsigira kukura kwemari inotsigirwa nokubudirira asi zvichichengetedza kuzvimirira kwemari.

Kunzwisisa Kushanda Kwemari uye Mwero Yokuchinjana

Pamberi pokunzvera zvirongwa chaizvo, kunokosha kurondedzera mifungo iri pakutamba. Kutsiga kunorondedzera mamiriro ezvinhu umo ukoshi hwemari hahuna kuva nokuchinja kwakanyanyisa kwenhambo pfupi. Kunoyerwa nedesikidzo yetsinhano dzine chokuita nedesikito huru dzevakwanyina vanoshambadzana. inomirira mitengo yemari imwe mumashoko eimwe — somuenzaniso, kuti imari yakawanda sei yeUS. Mwero iyi inosarudzwa nokugadzirwa kwezvirongwa zvakaoma zvezviteshi, kubatanidza kutengeswa, mipimo, mhindu, uye kutengesa.

KuAustralia, AUD/USD ndidzo mari inonyanya kutariswa, asi Trade Weighted Index (TWI) inogovera murangariro wakafara kupfurikidza nokuyera mwero wetsinhano nechero dzemitengo yebhizimisi yeAustralia. Kuchinjana kwemitengo kunobatsira kudzora mutengo wezvinhu zvinotengwa, sezvo mutengo wezvinhu zvinotengwa nezviri kuchiripo. Inotsigirawo RBA pachinangwa chayo chikuru chokudzora kukwira kwemitengo mukati me2 /3 muzana yeboka rapamberi inoitirwa. Zvineiwo, kunyanyisa, kunyanyisa kumanikidza bhangi repakati kuti rigadzirise mari yemubereko kupfuura zvingadiwa nemamiriro emhuri.

Kunokoshawo kutsauranisa pakati pemwero yemitengo yetsinhano chaiyoiyo neyapachokwadi. Mwero wemimwero yemari [[FT:1] inokorwa mashoko ndiwo mwero wemisika yezvokutengeserana, nepo mwero chaiwoiwo [[[FLT]] inogadziridza misiyano yemitengo pakati penyika. Koshe yemari inonzvera zvose zviri zviviri, sezvo mwero chaiwoiwo une chokuita noukuru hwemakwikwikwi. Mwero wakakwirira zvikuru wokuchinja zvinhu unogona kukuvadza kugadzira nokutengesa zvinhu zveAustralia, nemabasa anoderedzwa pasi pereshividzo ingapfumisa kukwira nokushaidzwa zvikuru.

Musangano: Vezvemari Nebatira Pamwe

Hurumende yeAustralia haishandi iri yoga. Vatarisiri vemari mutoro unogoveranwa pakati pevevezvomari (sezvo mutumbi mukuru wehurumende wezvoupfumi) neReserve Bank yeAustralia, iyo ine mutoro wemiitiro yemari uye kuiswa kwemari. Uku kupesana kwamabasa kunorongwa muMotherranum of Understanding (MoU) iyo inorondedzera mabasa avo mukutarisirwa kwenjodzi nemabasa enguva dzose.

RBA inoronga muitiro wemari — kugadziridza mwero wemari — inopesvedzera zvakananga kutsinhana kwemitengo yemubereko. Munguva ino, Treasurer inotarisira muitiro wemari wehurumende, kubatanidza ukuru negadziriro yemari, izvo zvinotapura nenzira isina kunanga chinodikanwa chemari. Somuenzaniso, chitsama chamari chinogona kuderedza zvinodikanwa zvehurumende, kuderedza kudikanwa kwezvisungo zvemhuri uye zvimwe zvinoderedza AUD.

Kubatana pakati pemitumbi miviri kunonyanya kuoma munguva dzefunganyo yezvokutengeserana. Muna 2020, mukati menhambo dzapakuvamba dzedenda reCOVOVAD-19, RBA nevezvemari zvakashandira pamwe kuti zviite zvitsauko zvekuisa bhangi zvinobatanidza mari inoshandiswa nehurumende yemari kupfurikidza nokutenga zvisungo. Iyi batira pamwe yakabetsera kubaya AUD uye yakachengeta chikwereti chichiyerera mumari. Komishinari inochengetawo boka rakazvitsaurira [ Markets Group[ iyo inotarira migariro yemari yenyika yose nokugadzirira gadziriro dzekupindira kwemari.

Mitemo Yemari Nemwero Yefariro

Mwero wemari weRBA ichinhu chikuru chinopesvedzera AUD. Apo RBA inokwidza mwero wemari, vatengesi vokumwe vanowanzotsvaka mibayiro yakakwirira zvikuru mumibatanidzwa yeAustralia, kuwedzera kudikanwa kwemari nokukwidziridza mwero wetsinhano. Nenzira inopesana, mwero unoparira kuderera. Bheti yemari inogovera kudeyanwa kwemari nemashoko emari zvinozivisa zvisarudzo zveRBA, ichivimbisa kuti muitiro wemari unotsigirwa nemurangariro wakafanana wemari chaiyoiyo.

Ukama hahusi hwokungozviitikira; zvimwe zvinhu zvakadai sehavi yepasi pose, mitengo yezvinhu, uye tarisiro dzezvikwereti zvine chokuitawo. Somuenzaniso, mukati menhambo ya2013-2016, RBA, mwero inoverengeka, asi AUD yakaramba yakasimba zvikuru nemhaka yemitengo yesimbi yakakwirira yesimbi uye inopfuuridzirwa nefariro inobva kuvatengi vemhiri kwamakungwa muzvinhu zveAustralia. Naizvozvo Vemari neRBA vanofanira kududzira zviratidzo pamwe chete kuti vadzivise kukanganisa.

Kushandiswa Kwemari Nokushandiswa Kwebhajeti

Gadziriro yemiitiro yeFiscal inopesvedzera dzikamo yemari kupfurikidza nemikoto minoverengeka. Rongedzero inoderedza chikwereti che namambure inogona kuderedza mutengo wengozi unorayirwa navapinyi vemitengi vokumwe, ichitsigira mwero wokuchinja kusingachinji. Kune rumwe rutivi, matanho okuti kuraira kwemhuri kunononoka kungaita kuti mari ipere. Economic ne Fiscal Update[ chinyorwa chikuru icho chinotengesa mari nokuda kwezviratidzo pamusoro penhungamiro yomuitiro womunguva yemberi.

Kushandiswa kwemagetsi, magetsi, uye maindasitiri zvinoumbawo kukwezva kwenguva refu kwemari inoiswa muAustralia. Somuenzaniso, kuiswa kwemari musimba rinovakwazve uye kugadzirwa kwemichina yakakomba kunogona kushatisa nzvimbo inosimudzirwa kune dzimwe nyika, kuchideredza kuderera kwekuchinja kwemari mumitengo yezvinhu.

Maturusi Anokosha Okutarisira Mari

Hurumende yeAustralia, inowanzoshandisa RBA semumiririri wayo, inogadzira zvishandiso zvinoverengeka zvinoshanda kuti ichengetedze kutsinhana. Zvishandiso izvi zvinoshandiswa nenzira yakasiyana, sezvo Australia yave ichiita kuti pave nehurumende yokuchinjana kwemari inoyangarara kubvira muna 1983. Kusiyana nepegded crecrecyes, AUD inobvumirwa kufamba maererano nemauto emisika, asi zviremera zvinochengeta kodzero yokupindira mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana - siyana.

Matura Okuchinjana Okune Imwe Nyika

Chimwe chezvishandiso zvinooneka zvikurusa kutarisirwa kwenzvimbo dzokuchinjana dzokumwe. Hurumende yeAustralia ine mari huru dzemari — zvikurukuru US $, euro, yen, uye octure — pamwe chete nendarama neCyene Rock Rights (SDR) inobva kuIMF. Kutanga kwa2025, nzvimbo dzokuchengetera dzokumwe dzeAustralia dzakamira paAUD 90 bhiriyoni, dzichigovera chinodzivisa chinoenzana nedenho dzinofungidzirwa kana kuti njodzi dzenguva pfupi.

Matura aya anoitwa mu Kuchinja Mwero wokuchinja., kutarisirwa neRBA paHWARI. Kana AUD ikava nechengetedzo isina kururama, RBA inogona kutengesa mari yokumwe kubva mumatura obva atenga AUD, nokudaro zvichiwedzera kudiwa nokuchinja mwero wokuchinjana. Zviitwe izvi, munguva dzokuonga kwakanyanya, RBA inogona kutengesa AUD uye kuunganidza zvinhu. Kupindira kwakadaro hakuwanzovi kwakakomba munguva dzenguva dzose asi kunova kwakakomba mukati mamiriro ezvinhu emari a2008, RBA yakatakura kupindira kutevedzesa kutsa kutsana kweAUD.

Kushanda kwenzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvinhu kunoyerwa pamitengo yakafanana nebutiro renyika (nhamba yemwedzi yezvokupinza zvinogona kubhadharwa nenzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvinhu), chikwereti chipfupi chepanze, uye mari yakawandisa. Nhengo dzeAustralia dzinorangarirwa kuva dzakakwana nemipimo yamarudzi ose, kunyange zvazvo dzine mwero pakati pezveupfumi hweAsia. Treasurence inochengeta kusakwana serutivi rwegadziriro yayo huru yokutarisira ngozi.

Kupindira Mune Zvokutengesa

Kupindira kwakananga mumusika kunobatanidza RBA, muutarisiri hweTreasury, kutenga kana kutengesa AUD mumusika wokumwe. Kupindira kunoitwa mudhesiki rokutengesa navanotengesa vane mvumo. Chinangwa hachisi chokugadza chitengi chakati chinoda kutsinhaniswa — Australia haina chipfuro chemari inotsinhaniswa nehurumende — asi kurwisa migariro isina nhevedzano. RBA inobudisa mashoko pamusoro pokuvhiya nokufambisa, inogovera kujeka apo inodzivisa kumhanya kwapamberi kupfurikidza navagadziri vemijaho.

Kupindira kunowanzoshandiswa kudzivisa kukanganisa zvinhu zvemhuri. Izvi zvinoreva kuti apo RBA inotenga mari yokumwe (inotengesa AUD), inotengesa panguva imwe chete zvisungo zvemhuri kuti iwane mari yakafanana neyomunzvimbomo, ichidzivisa kusununguka kwegadziriro yemari. Kupindira kwakajeka kunoratidza kuda kwezviremera kudzivirira mari pasina kuchinja mwero wemhindu.

Munhau dzakaitika, kupindira kwakanga kwakakurumbira zvikuru muma1980 uye kutanga kwema1990 sezvo Australia yakachinjirwa kuuwandu hwemvura inoyangarara. Chifo cha2000, RBA yakapindira kashoma bedzi, zvikurukuru mukati menjodzi ya2008 uye muna 2013 apo kuwedzera kwekanguva muAUD kunopfuura nedhora reUnited States rakatyisidzira kutumira makwikwi. Treasure ye 2024 yedzokororeso dzedzimwe nzvimbo dzokuchengetera dzidzo dzedzimwe nyika dzakafanira kuiswa pachena.

Kukurukurirana Nenhungamiro Iri Pamberi

Mumhoteredzo umo AUD inotengeswa norusununguko, mashoko anogona kuva ane simba sezviito. Treasure naRBA vanoshandisa gadziriro dzekurukurirano dzakasanogadzirwa kuumba kariro dzomusika. Ikoku kunobatanidza transpable mumashoko emitemo[, tsikirira misangano pashure pemisangano yeRBA Board, uye kubudiswa kwemifungo yemari yemari yemari. RBA’s difignsion

Kutungamirira mberi — kuratidzira nzira yeramangwana yemhindu kana kuti kupindira — kunobetsera kuderedza kusava nechokwadi. Somuenzaniso, mukati medenda ra2020, RBA yakaratidzira kuti haisati yaizowedzera mwero kutozosvikira kukwira kwemitengo kwatsigisa mukati meboka ravanhu vainyanyoda kuiswa, uko kwakasimba ndokuderedzwa. Bekicha yemari inowirirana naikoku kupfurikidza nokuonesa vavariro dzechipfuvara chemari mukubhajeti, kuchipa mufananidzo wakajekachekeswa wechikwereti chehurumende uye kupedza mari.

Kushandiswa kwekurukurirano sechishandiso chemiitiro kunogona kuparira chinjo dzisingadikanwi, sezvinoonekwa muna 2021 apo kusarava mashoko eRBA nenzira isina kururama kwakatungamirira kungozi pfupi muAUD. Masangano ose ari maviri akanatsa mutauro wawo kuva wakajeka zvikuru, achivavarira kudzivisa migariro yakadaro.

Matambudziko Nengozi

Pasinei zvapo nezvishandiso izvi zvakaoma, kudzikama kwemari kunoramba kuri basa rakaoma.

Mubayiro Wokuzvidzora Unopisa

Australia ndiyo mutengi mukurusa wesimbi munyika yose uye mugadziri mukuru wemarasha, gasi romusikirwo, ndarama, uye zvinhu zvokurima. Mitengo yemichina inodzorwa nechero yakashata, inodzorwa nedzokororwa yezvinodikanwa zvenyika yose (zvikurukuru kuChina) uye kudzongonyedzwa kwemitengo. Apo mitengo inowedzera kusimba semitengo inotengeswa kunze kwenyika; apo mitengo inoderera, mari inowanzoderera.

Imwe nzira yokushandisa mari yakasara yakavakwa pakuwanda kwezvinhu kuti iunganidze kana kuti kubhadhara chikwereti, kugadzira nzvimbo yokushandisa mari inodzorwa neyakashata. Kuumbwa kwehomwe yemari inodzorwa yeAustralia, Fuko rePurce Fume, kunobatsirawo kudzivirira mari kubva kumitengo yemari inotengwa. Zvisinei, pesvedzero yakananga pakuchinja mari inoderedzwa inoderedzwa. Imari inona panzvimbo pezvo pakuvimbisa kuti mari idzore kusabvisa gadziriro yemari kana kuti kuparira kuti maindasitiri aparadzwe.

Maguta Makuru Enyika Yose Anoyerera uye ‘ Risk - Tyhead’s resociation

AUD inorangarirwa kuva mari ye uye inotapurwa zvikuru neshuvo yengozi yenyika yose. Mukati menhambo dzetariro, vabetseri vanodira dzimbahwe mumisika iri kubuda nepfuma inonangidzirwa, vachiwedzera AUD. Munjodzi, vanodzokera shure, uye AUD kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoderera zvikuru. Bheni harigoni kudzora murangariro wenyika yose, asi rinogona kusimbisa gadziriro yemari yemhuri kugadziridza kupfurikidza nomutezo wakachenjera nezvichengetero zvamari zvakakwana zvokumwe nyika.

Rimwe denho nderokutengesa. Nemhaka yokuti mwero yefariro yeAustralia yave yakakwirira kare kupfuura iyo iri muJapan, Switzerland, kana kuti nharaunda yeeuro, varonzesi vanokweretesa mari mumari yakaderera ndokukweretesa muAUD kuti vatore fariro yakasiana. Ikoku kunogona kusunda AUD pamusoro poukoshi hwayo hunokosha. Apo kushambadza kwemitengo — sezvakwakaita pakuvamba kwe 2020 — kuderera kunoguma kwavapo. Vemiteshi vemari vanonzvera ivava vanoyerera nomuMarimo avo ebhizimisi uye vanoshanda neAustralia Securities and Revements Commis commis commis (ASIC) kuvimbisa perero yomusika.

Kunetseka Nematongerwe Enyika

Ukama hwebhizimisi hweAustralia neChina, mukwanyina wayo mukurusa, hunotanga mibatanidzwa yokuwedzera yengozi. Kukakavadzana kwemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemari, kuderera kwemipimo yemari, kana kuti kuchinja kwemafaro eChina kunogona kutapura zvakananga kudikanwa kwezvokutengeserana kweAustralia inotumirwa kudzimwe nyika uye, somugumisiro, mwero weshavo. Muchikaro we2020-20211, somuenzaniso, China yakarambidza zvisina kurongwa zvinhu zvinoverengeka zveAustralia, kuchiparira nhambo yokusava nechokwadi kukuru. Bhetirendi yacho yakaita nokusimudzira nhamburiko dzokushamba nokuvaka kutengeserana uye kubatana kwakasimba nemisika muIndia, kumaodzanyemba kwakadzivi, Asia, uye Pacific.

Gakava rezvamatongerwe enyika rinotapurawo chivimbo chomupinyi wemari. Bviro yerwisano munharaunda yeIndo-Pacide, nepo isingashorwi zvikuru, ingozi iyo Nyunzi inorangarira zvakajeka mumigariro yayo inotambudza funganyo. Kuchengeta gadziriro yakasimba yokutarisira mari rutivi rwechengeteko yemari yenyika yose.

Zvirongwa Zvaifanira Kugadziriswa Nokufamba Kwenguva

Mutoo weTreasure yeAustralia kutarisirwa kwemari wachinja zvakajeka chifo chekunaya kweAUD muna 1983. Mumakore apakuvamba, donzo rakanga riri pakudzidza kurarama nokuchinjika uye kutanga mitemo yokupindira. Mukati meAsian Financial Disease ya1997-98, Treasud neRBA yakatsiga, ichibvumira AUD kubvisa apo yaichengeta mitemo yemari inonzwika. Uku kuvimbwa kwakabhadharwa mukati meGlobal Finance Crisis (GFC) muna 2008, apo Australia yakanga iri imwe yezvemari yezve yakakwirira yokudzivisa kuderera kwemari, murutivi nemhaka yokuti upfumi hwePUTS yakadzosa nguva yakaitwa neRBA yakadzorwa zvikuru.

Munhambo yapashure peGFC, Treasurer yakawedzera ngwariro yayo pamatanho anokosha nedzikamo yemari, ichidzokorora kuti kuchinja kwemari kungagona kukudza ngozi mumusika wedzimba negadziriro yebhangi. Kuumbwa kwe Njodzi dzemari dzeProgator[ mupakati-2010] mumibatanidzwa yapakati yemari pakati pemari, RBA, APURA, uye ASIC. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Mutengi wacho akabatanidza [[[FLT:]] ngozi dzinowirirana nedzero yemari, achibvuma kuti kuchinja kwemajeko angagona kuchinja kudiwa nokudzorwa kwemari munzira munzira idzo AUD.

Kukura kwemitengo yemadhigirii nezvinodzorwa zvinopawo kurangarira kutsva. Apo AUD imene inoramba iri huru, Vemite yemari iri kunzvera revo dzemari yepakati yebhangi remitengo (CBDC) nokuda kwegadziriro yemari yokuchinjana. Mutengesi CBDC angagona kushandura nenzira yendangariro kufambiswa kwemiitiro yemari ndokuchinja kudikanwa kwokutsinhano yokumwe, asi tapuro ipi neipi yakadaro iri kure. Chimiro chemari chinoramba chakangwarira, achisarudza kucherekedza zvinoitika munyika yose pamberi pokushandisa nzira chaiyo.

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzeTreasury yeAustralia yokutarisira kugadzikana kwemari uye mwero yokuchinjana yemari dzinoratidza nzira youkuru, inodzikamiswa nokupindira. Nokuchengeta nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvinhu kunze kwenyika, kubatana neRBA, kuronga kupindira kwebhizimisi, uye kukurukurirana zvakajeka nemisika, Treasury inobatsira kuva nechokwadi chokuti AUD inoramba iri mamiriro akavimbika nokuda kwemitengo yenyika yose. Zvinetso zvikuru — mari yepasi pose, mari yepasi pose inoyerera, uye upfumi hwepasi rose — hazvidzoreki zvizere, asi gadziriro yeveripo yeProfeki inogadzirirwa kugadziridza nokupindura. Sezvo kuchinja kwemari yenyika yose, kutarisirwa kwemari yeAustralia kuchapfuurira kusimba kwapashure, kuoneka kwapare, uye kuwanika kwenguva refu kwemari.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona mukuru mukuru weUniversity yeAustralia 2024-25 Mapepa eHribhamu , RBA’S yegore rinochinja mashoko[, uye IM]