Sangano Repamutemo: Kupiwa Simba Rechiremera Chomutemo

Masangano anodzora anowana chiremera chawo mumirau inopfuudzwa neDare, muitiro unozivikanwa senhevedzo yechiremera chemitemo. Munsi meBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., Congress inobata simba rokuita mitemo, asi kuoma kwemirau yazvino uno . Kufukidza chinhu chiri chose kubva kukotsekano yemishonga kupfurikidza nokutengesa matare kunoitwa namatare. Naizvozvo, Mitemo inoita kuti masangano ave nesimba rokuita kuti pave noudzame. Iyi nhume haifaniri kuganhurirwa; masangano anofanira kushanda mukati memiganhuro yakarongwa nemitemo yemichero, uye mabasa awo anofanira kudzokororwa mu [[FLT: 0] Proctureed Act [AFLAUD] [FUR.]

Chisarudzo cha 1984 cheDare Gurusa mu Chavevron U.S.A. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. chakasimbisazve basa ramasangano mukududzira mirau inojeka. Mupasi pe Shivron kuderedza dzidziso[[ matare anozviisa kududziro ine mufungo yesangano romutemo, akagovera kuti Komukororo yacho ishaidze, akasataura zvakananga kunhau yakananga. Iyi chisarudzo chapa masangano anopa rusununguko rwakajeka zvikuru mumiitiro inogadziridza kupfurikidza nomutemo, nenzira inobudirira sevakidzi vadzori venzvimbo yemitemo yepamutemo. Vatsoropoteshi vakadaro vanogona kutungamirira kutungamirira kutungamirira kutsika, asi vanodzivirira nzvimbo iri iri nani kupfuura masangano edare rinoyera namano makuru.

Kunzwisisa iyi fandesheni yapamutemo kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti masangano anopesvedzera sei miuyo yemitemo. Nemhaka yokuti masangano ane unyanzvi hukuru hwenhau uye mano okukarakadza mitemo ine simba romutemo, vaiti vemitemo vanowanzotarira kwavari nokuda kwenhungamiro younyanzvi pakugadzira mirau. Masangano anozviisawo pasi pekunzvera [[FLT: 0] miuyo inodzorwa [[[FLT: 1]] kuCongress, inoyera ndyiko, betsero, uye miuyo isingakarirwi yezvikwereti zvinokarakadzwa. Mumuuyo, muganhu pakati pomutemo wakachena nemiraudzo: kwete bedzi kushandisa mitemo asi kubetserawo gadziriro.

Kuumba Kunoita Mitemo Kunoita Mitemo: Kupesvedzera Kwomuzvarirwo

Masangano anotungamirira anopesvedzera gadziriro yomutemo kupfurikidza nezvose zviri zviviri miitiro yemitemo yakagadzwa nomutemo uye mikoto isina kurongwa yakavakirwa muunyanzvi nokusatenderwa. Mutoo wetsika unooneka zvikurusa ndiwo unoita mitemo nesangano romutemo muAPA. Kana sangano rinobudisa mutemo unokarakadzwa muFederal Register, rinokoka mashoko avose. Mashoko aya anowanzobva kumitezo yeCongress, hurumende, mapoka eindasitiri, uye masangano ezvo kuronga. Kutsiva kunogona kuzivisa zvikanganiso zvakakomba kana kuti migumisiro, kukurudzira sangano kuti rigadzirise chinjo dzinoda kubuda muCongresssion. Somuenzaniso, kana sangano rikawana kuti rinoita kuti simba rishandukire simba richangobva kugadzirwa, ringakwanisa kuumbawo kuronga kurongwa kwegadziriro kugadzirwa kwemitemo yehurumende.

Masangano anopesvedzera nenzira yamasanga kupfurikidza ne yamuro yemitemo. Sangano rimwe nerimwe rinogara richichengeta hofisi yenhau dzemibatanidzwa inopindura mibvunzo inobva kuvagadziri vemitemo navashandi vavo. Nyanzvi dzeAgency dzinopupurira pakunzwika kwedare, dzichigovera kunzvera kwemipimo yezvinetso zvemitemo nemhinduro dzinobvira. Izvi zvipupuriro zvinowanzoumba mirangariro yakapinzwa mumitengo yefoshoo. Somuenzaniso, apo Congress dzinorangarira kuva dzinoganhurira muganhu wegweta wegasi rinopisa, Nhungamiro yeNhakamo yemhoteredzo yepasi (EPA) inopa muenzaniso wakanatsa kuratidza utano hwezvitengo zvemari yakasiyana - siyana. Vaiti vemitemo vanoshandisa mashoko kuti vaise michina yokugadzira mabhiti.

Kupfuura kufambidzana kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe, masangano anobatanidzwawo mu kubatira pamwe kwehurumende kupfurikidza namasangano akadai seHofisi yeDzidzo neHbajeti (OMB) uye White House Office of Information and Reguatorial Affairs (OIRA). Kupfurikidza neidzi mikoto, masangano anogona kuronga zvirongwa zvawo zvemitemo netanhiro dzemitemo, zvinobudirira kuumba zviremera zvehurumende nechiito chokuronga.

Mitoo Inokosha Yepesvedzero

  • Unyanzvi hwemabhizimisi nenzvero yamazita: Akurukota anounganidza nzvero inorangarirwazve yamazera, mufambiro wemienzaniso yengozi, uye kutanga mifananidzo yezvemari inova musimboti wechokwadi wezvikarakadzo zvemitemo.
  • Antimony nokubvunza: Vakuru vakuru vesangano vanooneka pamberi pamatare esangano, vachipindura mibvunzo uye vachipa nhungamiro pamusoro pokuva nemitemo yakakarakadzwa.
  • Kupinza rugwaro rwemitemo: Muzvinoitika zvakawanda, magweta esangano nenyanzvi dzemiitiro vanoronga zvikamu zvose zvemabhiri, izvo zvinosumwa ipapo navaiti vemitemo vanonzwira tsitsi.
  • Kuita sechinhu chinosimbisa mutemo: Apo sangano rinopa mutemo unomutsa nharo, Congress ingapindura kupfurikidza nokupfuudza mutemo kuti ushandure, gadziridzo, kana kuti kubatanidza mutemo wacho (uku kunoreva chiito chesangano racho chinonyandura mubato wakananga wemitemo.
  • Public advocer neabhengi vimbisano: Masangano anotonga vanhu, mawebinar, uye mashopu anobatanidza manzwi akasiyana. Izvi zvinoitika zvinogona kuparira simba nokuda kwechinjo yemitemo iyo sangano ipapo rinorwira.

Kuongorora Nyaya Mupesvedzero Yokudzora

Agency Yokudzivirira Mbango Nemitemo Yokubvisa Mumhepo Yakachena

EPA inopa pesvedzero paEpu yeCea Air Act (CAA) muenzaniso wakatanhamara wesangano rinodzosera mutemo mukuru. Apo Congress yakagadziridza CAA muna 1970, 1977, uye 1990, EPA yakagovera nzvero dzesayenzi patapuro dzemiuyo yezveutano yezvinosvibisa zvinozivikanwa navose zvakadai sesulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, uye purogiramu. Kunzvera kwesangano pamusoro pekubatana pakati pekushatiswa kwemhepo nehosha dzemapapombi kwakatsigira zvakananga kusikwa kwe Nationalal Ambeent Aient Moyement Directions (NAQS)[FLT1] . Mupurogiramu ya199090 kuvamba , uko kwakasuma chipfekedzo chemvura chenyika chenyika yemvura, purogiramu yeEPA yakaratidzira upfumi hwemari yaigona kuratidzira mutengo mukuru pamitevero mukuru wemitesito wemite panzvimbo yemitezo yetsika yetsika yetsika. Chipotongedzero chenyika yenyika yose yakagadzirwa kuti ivedzedzedzeitwe. Chipo chi

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, EPA yakasundira nokuda kwemitemo kuisa mhepo dzinodziya. Nepo chiito chedare pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze chapera pamwero wehurumende, dare ra2009 Tritsutsumo Kuwana[ pasi peCAA yakamanikidzira nhau yacho kupfurikidza nokugumisa kuti carbon dioxide inopinza mungozi utano hwavose. Mumhinduro, zvikwereti zvinoverengeka zvakatangwa kuvhara kana kuti kusimbisa chiremera cheEPA kudzora magasi anopisa, zvichiratidzira kuti kutsunga kwesangano rimwe kugona sei kuita kuti pave nekurukurirano yokuvaka.

Zvokudya Nemirimo uye Muitiro Wokuchengeteka Kwezvokudya Wazvino Uno

Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA)], yakasainwa mumutemo muna 2011, inomirira kuchinja kukurusa kwezvokuchengeteka kwezvokudya mumakumi amakore. Mutemo wakachinja kuisa ngwariro pakushatisa kuti idzivise. FDA yakaita basa guru mukuumba FSMA kupfurikidza nokugovera mashoko okuvamba, kuonesa ndyiko, uye kurumbidza kudzora kwakananga kwekudzivirira vagadziri, vatengesi, uye vafambi. Pamberi pe FSMA, FDA, isingagoni kuyeuka chiremera nokuda kwezvigadzirwa zvizhinjisaidzo zvezvokudya; zvikumbiro zvakadzokoro zvesimba zvakaratidzirwa pakupedzisira mumutemo. Kuwedzera, kugovera mitauro pa [FPDARD] pa [FD]

Pesvedzero yesangano racho haina kuguma nokupfuura. Pasi peFSMA, FDA inofanira kubudisa mirau yokushandisa mutemo, uye mitemo iyoyo inowanzotaura nezvemikaha yakasiyiwa yakavhurwa neCongress. Somuenzaniso, apo FDA yakatungamirira FDA kugadzira gadziriro yokupiwa kwevaongorori vechitatu, sangano racho rakashandisa kurondedzera kwaro mipimo yezvikwaniriso, kuwanda, uye kushuma misengwa. Munzira iyi, FDA yakasimbisa gadziriro yomutemo nezvinodikanwa zvine udzame, inonyatsoumba mutengo chaiwoiwo wenyika.

Kukurukurirana Kwehurumende Nokusatora Rutivi Kwenet

Federal Commission (FCC) yave iri pakati pekurukurirano yenhau yemajeri chifo chamavambo ama 2000. Muna 2010, FCC yakagamuchira [ Fulall Erder, inobatanidza kubhanderwa sebasa remashoko pasi peTit Communit I of the Communitions Act. Apo nhevedzano iyoyo yakadents , D.C. Nemhaka yeichikamu cha [FLT:]VELE] VC] v. FC [20] (20]) (INHAUSVUSAURO yemi yemitengo, asi dare rakakoka FCC kudzoserazverwa kwapa pasi pebupi. Kunyange zvazvo nharaunda yehurumende inopfupinzwa nehurumende inopfuvura nesimba.

Kutungamirira kwacho pachako kunoita kuti Dare ritendere, ritorere, ritorere, kana kuti rigadzirise nzvimbo yesangano racho.

Ubati Ushe Nebasa Rokuchinjana Nokuchinja Mari

Pashure penjodzi yemari ya2008, Securence and Exchange Commission (SEC) yakanga iri mutambi mukuru mukuumba Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation neConsumer Protection Act ya202010. SEC yakagovera Dare rine mashoko engozi mumisika yechikwereti, kukundikana kwemasangano anoisa mari yechikwereti, uye mikahasi yedziviriro yemari inochengetedzwa. Kubva pazvinorumbidzwa nesangano racho, Dodd-Flatessting Ad directivessss tray airrectivess translation, jimeom yemarksting projectivestions prom protections protection [FFoct:] .[Foct3]

Chifo chaDodd-Frank, SEC yakapfuurira kupesvedzera mutemo wemari kupfurikidza nokupa mishumo yegore negore kuCongress pamibato yayo yokuchengeta uye kupfurikidza nokugadza mitemo iyo pane dzimwe nguva inonyandura kuhwirudzurwa kwesangano pasi pe Conregational Review Act (CRA)[FL:1]. Somuenzaniso, mutemo we 2020 SEC paac astviers wakatanga kuedza kuubvisa uchishandisa CRA, kuratidzira chirango chisingaperi pakati pokuita mutemo nomutemo.

Matongerwe Enyika Ane Simba: Kutonga uye Kurwisana

Ukama pakati pamasangano anotungamirira neCongress hahusi hwenguva dzose. Dzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kuchinja muzvokuisa zvinhu zvokutungamirira, uye fariro dzinokwikwidzana zvinogona kuparira rwisano. Nzira imwe huru yokudzora ndiyo Conregational Review Act [ ya1969, inobvumira kuti Paramende irege mutemo mukuru kupfurikidza nechisarudzo chakabatana, mukuwirirana nechisarudzo chapurezidhendi. Kubvira muna 2017, mitemo mizhinji yakapunzi yakaputswa ichishandisa CRA, kubatanidza iyo ingadai yakaganhurira kuva yakavanzika hwakafara hwechibharo uye mumwe pamusoro pemeno yemeno. CRA inopa Congress akananga akananga, kunyange chishandiso chakajeka, kudzosera shure kuidzosa mitemo inorangarirwa sechiono chapa donzo gurusa.

Mamwe manyuko enyanduko i Office of Information and Regaryation Affairs (OIRA) mukati meWhite House. OIRA inohwirudzura mitemo inokosha kusimbisa kuti vawirirane nezvinokosha zvapurezidhendi, mutengo wekushandisa kudzikanya, uye kubatana. Apo dare idzva rinotora nzvimbo, OIRA rinogona kumira, kumira, kana kuti kuchinja mitemo kubva kuudzori hwekare kupfurikidza nokupesvedzera masangano emitemo yemitemo inoronga kuumba Dare. Somuenzaniso, kutungamirira Trump kwaida masangano kuti abvise miraudzo miviri nokuda kweapinduro itsva yose yakabudiswa, murayiridzo waEPA yakatapura kufambira mberi nemitemo yomutemo wakasiyana - siyana.

Kusawirirana Kwokufarira Nokubatwa Nemakambani

Masangano anoronga dzimwe nguva anotsoropodzwa nokuda kwokuva “anoiswa muboka” namaindasitiri avanodzora. Apo vakuru vakuru vesangano vanobva kana kuti vanokarira kudzokera kunzvimbo dzebhizimisi dzomunhu oga, vangada nokusaziva nzvimbo dzeindasitiri mukugadza kwavo uye rumbidzo dzemitemo. Uku simba rinogona kutungamirira masangano kumitengi yomutauro weSatestational inonetesa utarisiri kana kuti kuparira kusava nomugariro wokuzvidzora. Somuenzaniso, nhamburiko dzemari mukupera kwama 1990 dzakadzorwa kwamativi ose nenzvimbo dzeindasitiri dzinodzorwa nevanokwirira vatsigiri vanotsigira [[FLT:] Gram-Lat-Atey Actsting , idzo dzakaita kuti zvikamu zvemari zvisakiso zveGlass-Stall Act. Vatsoropote

Kuoma kwakaita kubatana kwemasangano kunoreva kuti masangano haangoshandisi mitemo yemasangano anotonga uye anotoita zvenharo.

Kugadzwa Kwematongerwe Enyika Nenhungamiro

Mapurezidhendi anogadza vakuru vemasangano makuru anoronga mamiriro okunze, uye vakagadzwa ivavo vanogadza mitemo yokuchengetwa kwesangano racho nokuronga mitemo. Kuchinja mukutarisirwa kwehurumende kunogona kuchinja zvikuru pesvedzero yemitemo yesangano. Somuenzaniso, muutarisiri hweObama, EPA yakaronda zvakasimba mitemo yemamiriro okunze, iyo inonyandura mirau yemamiriro okunze. Mukutonga kweTrump, EPA kana kuti kudzoresa mitemo yemamiriro okunze akawanda, kubvisa zvinobudirira mutyairi wemitemo. Iri sangano rinoreva kuti simba rezvokudzora mamiriro enzvimbo yepasi rinowirirana nemitemo yehurumende pakati pamapazu ezvokudzora nerongedzero. Apo White House neCongresss inodzorwa nemapoka akasiana-mbiadzo, zvirongwa zveHurumende kazhinji zvinofuratiswa kana kuti zvisarutsikidzwe. Pazvirongwa zvacho zvinobatira nesimba sezvishandiso zvine simba nokuda kwezvinangwa zvehurumende zvokutarisira.

Kumanikidzwa Kudzora uye Kudzora Vanhu

Basa remasangano anotungamirira mugadziriro yomutemo rinomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pokuzvidavirira kwehurumende neparadzano yemasimba. Kune rumwe rutivi, masangano anogovera unyanzvi husingadzivisiki, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kuchinjika. Anobvumira Congress kupukunyuka panhau dzakakwirira dzounyanzvi uye kugadzira gadziriro dzinochinjika dzinogona kugadziriswa pasina hondo dzemitemo dzakazara. Kune rumwe rutivi, kukura kwesimba resangano kunogona kuderedza ukuru hwavagadziri vemitemo vakasarudzwa. Masangano zvaanova masangano anova madiclate disogist, kuzvidavirira kunovapo nezvamatongerwe enyika kungaderera.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi vokudzora, kunzwisisa uku kubatana kunokosha. Muitiro wemitemo hausi mupimo wakapfava, unochinjika kubva kumutemo kuenda kumutemo; imhoteredzo yakaoma umo masangano, mapoka ezviwanwa, zvinobudisa nhau, uye matare zvose zvinopesvedzera. Masangano okutungamirira, zvikurukuru, haasi vatsigiri vezvourongwa hwokusatora rutivi mukuwirirana nemabasa avo vamene ezvamatongerwe enyika. Mano avo okunyora mitemo inorondedzera donzo, kugovera mashoko anoumba kurukurirano, uye kunyandura mhinduro dzemitemo kupfurikidza nezviito zvavo vamene zvinoaita kuti vave vakuru vakuru kukuita mitemo yazvino uno.

Kuziva ikoku, miitiro yakanakisisa nokuda kwegadziriro yemitemo kazhinji kazhinji inobatanidza nhungamiro yakajeka yamasangano, kunyorwazve kwapanhambo nenhambo, uye utariri hwakasimba kupfurikidza namatare esangano. Office yeRevolution Recouncial Office (GAO) uye [[FLT] Conferational Research Service [CRS] inogovera zvirongwa zvisingatsigiri kuti vagadziri vemitemo vabetsere kunzvera zvikarakadzo zvemitengo. Pakupedzisira, gadziriro yedemo yehurumende ye Diocracyism yemistry commocratic comment commotion conment conmentation recurectioner, ichiita kuti zvose zviri zviviri zviziviro zvezivo chaiyo uye zvevo.

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