Sumo: Nhaka Inogara Yapamutemo Yeziviso Yokuzvimirira

Chiziviso cheIndeclaration of Independence chinopfuura zvikuru chinyorwa chipenyu chakachengetwa muNational Archives. Igwaro ripenyu rine kutaura pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu uye kuva pamutemo kwehurumende kwakaramba kuchiumba gadziriro yemitemo yeUnited States. Chinogamuchirwa pana July 4, 1776, Chibvumirano chakashanda sekuputsika kwokuchinja kukuru kubva kukutonga kweBritain, asi chinangwa chacho chechipiri uye chinogara kwenguva refu chakanga chiri chokusimbisa nheyo youzivi yehurumende itsva. Hwaro ihwohwo (jeri) hwakavakwa papfungwa dzekodzero dzomusikirwo, uchangamire hwakakurumbira, uye kodzero yevanhu yokuchinja kana kuti kubvisa hurumende inodzvinyirira, majambwa, uye kutsigira kwamazana maviri emakore. Kunzwisisa kuti Mutemo wemitemo unoda sei kuongorora nheyo yahwo, ukama hwahwo kuBumbiro remitemo, uye basa rayo rinopfuurira muzvisarumbiso zvamagariro zvenzanga.

Mavambo Ekodzero Dzemuzvarirwo Anobva Mudzidziso Dzechisikwa

Chiziviso chakakurumbira zvikurusa chamashoko acho ($") tinorangarira kuti aya zvokwadi inooneka, kuti vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana, kuti vakapiwa noMusiki wavo Kodzero dzakati dzisingaparadziki, kuti pakati paidzi ndiUpenyu, Rusununguko nokurondwa kwoMufarwa" (hachisi chinhuwo hachisi chinhu chokungova nemhinduro. Kuratidzirwa kwakananga kwouzivi hwemitemo hwapamutemo, zvikurukuru mabasa aJohn Locke. Locle akatsigira kuti vanhu vane kodzero dzomusikirwo dziripo pamberi pehurumende ipi neipi. Chiratidzo chakashandura uzivi ihwo hunoti idikashai, pakupedzisira, mupimo wapamutemo. Kupfurikidza nokutaura kuti idzi kodzero "hadzi mukurumbira," chinyorwa chinokarakadza kuti hapana pamutemo kuvatorera maruramiro.

Upenyu, Rusununguko, uye Kutsvaka Mufaro Sematombo Anotapura Epamutemo

Nepo Chiratidzo chacho chisingarondedzeri "kutsvaka Mufarwa" mumashoko omutemo, chitsama chamashoko chakadudzirwa nematare sechinobatanidza rusununguko rwemari, kuzvitonga kwomunhu oga, uye kodzero yokutsvaka kuzadzika pasina kupindira kwehurumende. Uyu murangariro unosanowirirana neFinth ne 14th Amendments zvinodzivirira zve "upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu" asi zvinowedzera ukuru hwekubatanidza mativi asinganzwisisiki egarikanwiro yavanhu. Muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza kodzero dzokubereka, kuenzana, uye rusununguko rwokushanda, vatongi vakarangarira panhambo nenhambo yomutauro yeFinth Declarations kuti vanzwisise chiono chorusununguko. Somuenzaniso, Dare Gurusaro renhau rinopfuudzira kudarika mamiriro ezvinhu avo echiito. [FLD: 0] .[5]

Kubvumira Vatongi: Hwaro Hwomutemo Wapamutemo

Chiziviso chinoti "hurumende dzinotangwa pakati pavarume, dzinowana masimba adzo akarurama kubva mukubvumira kudzorwa. Iyi nheyo ikokusimwa kwemitemo yehurumende yeAmerica. Inoreva kuti mitemo inowana chiremera chayo kwete mumurairo wehurumende kana kuti maruramiro oumwari, asi mubvumirano yavanhu. Iyi mirangariro inoisa mirau yose yemitemo yeU.S.: Mitemo yakatenderwa nekokorodzano dzehurumende dzinomirira vanhu; mirau inogadzwa navamiriri vakasarudzwa; uye kunyange zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvinotsamira patsika dzinopiwa negadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Apo matare anotonga seasina kuumbwa, ari kudzosa nenzira iko zvinobudirira kuti vanhu, vaise muganhu wehurumende, wakaisa simba rehurumende pahurumende.

Ziviso Nebumbiro Remitemo: Rinowirirana Asi Rakasiyana

Vanhu vazhinji vanobatanidza Chiratidzo cheKuzvimirira neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. asi vanobatira mabasa akasiana emitemo. Chiziviso ishoko renheyo(chirevo chetsika nezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwokuzvimirira. Bumbiro remitemo ichapamutemo chinobatanidza chirongwa chehurumende uye chinoronga masimba chaiwo nezvinorambidzwa. Panzvimbo pezvo, chinodzivirira rusununguko rwakadaro sekutaura kwakasununguka kwechitendero, uye kuongorora kusina mufungo. Chibvumirano chacho hachidudziri pachena kuti "Life, Rusununguko, uye kurondwa kwomufaro" kana kuti "kodzero dzinotaputswa" murugwaro rwacho. Panzvimbo pezvo, chinodzivirira rusununguko rwakadaro sekutaura kwakasununguka, kushanda kworudzidziso, uye kudzivirira kusava nomufungo. Chiziviso chinogovera chiziviso chinodzivisa chirevo chinodzivisa kutongwa mukurwisana neBumbiro remitemo.

Kushayikwa kwe "Kukodzera Mufarwa" muBumbiro reMitemo

Kumwe kwomusiano mukuru zvikurusa ndewokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzivirira "mukurumbira" panzvimbo pe "kutsvaka Mufarwa". Iyi chinja inoratidzira ngwariro inoshanda yavaFramers pakuchengeta maruramiro emari mumwe nomumwe nokuganhurira hurumende. Kunyange zvakadaro, mutauro wakafara weChiziviso wakapesvedzera kuti matare anonzwisisa sei donzo rekodzero dzezvinhu. Somuenzaniso, Kutora kwaGadziro yeshanu kuSimende rePremende kuchava nekodzero dzaClause(5) kana kuti zvinhu zvapachivande kunofanira kutorwa nokuda kwokushandiswa navose, pasina muripo"(chika kazhinji kacho aidzoka haisi kungodudzirwa semutemo wetsika inongodzongosi asi sedziviriro yekodzero yomunhu oga yokutsvaka mararamiro. Dare guru renhau rakava nekodzero dzezvinhu zvavanhu vose asi zvinofanira kudzikamiswa panzvimbo yavose, pfungwa yokuti pamutemo yezvitendero zvinoshandiswa mukati pamutemo.

Ziviso Murondedzero Yorutongeso: Kubva KuRepublic Yapakuvamba Kuenda Kuchinoitika Chazvino Uno

Dare reAmerica rakadudza Chiratidzo Chorusununguko mumazana enhau, kuvambira parwisano pamusoro pougari hwemo kusvikira kuuranda kukodzero dzavagari vemo. gwaro racho harina simba rapamutemo rakananga regadziriro yomutemo kana kuti yebumbiro remitemo, asi kazhinji kazhinji rinorishandisa sechiremera chinonyengetedza kujekesa revo yorugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kuzivisa zvinokosha izvo tsika yemitemo yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira.

Kutanga Kwenhau: Corfield v. Coryell Neropafadzo Nemasangano

Kumwe kwokushandiswa kwapakuvamba zvikurusa kweChibvumirano chacho kwakauya mumhaka ya 1823 Corfield v. Coryell, umo Mutongi weDare Gurusa Bushrod Washington (aifambira) akadudzira Maropafadzo uye Immunonie yeChikamu IV. Iye akatara maruramiro makuru ayo vagari veUnited States vanofanira kufarikanya, kubatanidza "rudyi rwomugari wemo wenyika imwe kuti vapfuure, kana kuti kugara mune imwe nyika ipi neipi," uye akanongedzera zvakajeka kunheyo dzemitemo yomusikirwo. Kunyange zvazvo mhaka yacho isina kutsamira zvakananga paChiratidzo sechinoteshinganiso, yakavamba tsika yokutarira kumaruramiro iwayo kuti azivikanwe aya "matenziro" uye kuva nekodzero inodzorongedzerwa.

Chiziviso Nerwisano Pamusoro Pouranda: Kufungidzira Kwakaipa kwaDred Scott

Kuvimbisana kwokutonga kwakaipa zvikurusa neChibvumirano kwakaitika mu Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). Mutongi mukuru Roger Taney, achinyorera voruzhinji, akazivisa nenzira ine mukurumbira kuti vaBlack America vakanga vasingabatanidzwi mumashoko okuti "vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana" uye naizvozvo vaisagona kuva vagari vemo. Taney akapikisa kuti kunzwisisa kweChibvumirano hakuna kutambanurira kuvanhu vakaiswa muuranda. Chisarudzo ichi chakanyandura hasha, zvikurukuru pakati pevarwi vaipikisa kuti rugwaro rwacho runoshurikidza uranda. Abraham Lincolkn air aidzazve Gividhition mukurukurirano yake naStephen Douglas, achisimbisa kuti nheyo dzechinyorwa zvacho dzishanduke kuvanhu pasinei zvapo norudzi. Hondo yehondo yehondo yapashure rechi14, uye chitsa pamutemo pamusoro pechibvumirano chinoitwa chinoitwa.[3]

Zana Remakore Rechi20: Chiziviso Sechinyorwa Chipenyu

Muzana ramakore rechi 20, Dare Rapamusoro rakavamba kutsamira zvakajeka zvikuru panheyo dzeChiziviso munhau dzinobatanidza rusununguko rwomunhu. YHIC [[FLT] [1886], Dare rakakumbira chipikirwa cheChibvumirano chokuenzana mukurovanya vasaiti vechiSan Francisco mutemo wakasarudzwa navaridzi vemba vemba dzechiChina. Mutongi John Marshall Harlan's mu [[FLT:]] Py v.[FLT] [[FLT:] [186] [186]) yakadudza chipikirwa chacho kuti "Bumbiro remitemo reSanigratimentialgity iderefe , inodzivisa nguva ichangobva kupfuura iyi. [FFF], inova inodzivirira zvikuru mumitengo yavanhu.[F.9] [125] [5]

Pesvedzero Yomutemo Nemasangano Enzanga

Chiziviso Chorusununguko chave chiri chichemo chinonyandura rinenge sangano guru riri rose renzanga munhau yeAmerica.

Vasingadi Kubhabhatidzwa uye Vezvekunyora Mabhuku

Muzana ramakore rechi19, vadzori vakaparadzira makopi eChibvumirano ndokutaura kuti uranda hwakaputsa nheyo dzacho huru. Frederick Douglas, mukutaura kwake kwa 1852 "Chii kuMuranda Chine China?" vakaratidzira nesimba unyengeri hwokupemberera rusununguko apo vairamba rusununguko kumamiriyoni. Nenzira yakafanana, sangano ravakadzi rakaenzanisira zvakananga Mutemo waro weSentiments (1858) pachinyorwa chapakuvamba, achitsiva "varume navakadzi vose vanosikwa vakaenzana" kukumbira maruramiro epamutemo nokuda kwavakadzi. Masangano aya haana kungotaurawo zvake kuti apikise mitemo isina kururama uye aipikisa kutsigira mutemo.

Nhambo Yamaruramiro Avagari Vemo Nomutauro WeSimbiso Mumutemo

Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzevanhu cha1964 neVoing Rights Act ya1965 zvakanga zviri zvibvumirano zvevimbiso yeChibvumirano. Muna 1963 "Ndine hope" kutaura, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. akaumba kurwisana kwekodzero dzevanhu so "kuongorora kwadzoka kwakanyorwa kuti ‘ mari isina kukwana'" .Nguva yokunyoresa yakanyorwa muChirevo Chokuzvitonga. Congress, yaisundwa murutivi nemitemo yeChibvumirano, yaiisa mitemo yairambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose, basa, uye kuvhota. Gadziro repamutemo rakapindura kupfurikidza nokugadza mitemo iyi nokudzosa mitemo inotonga pamutemo, nematare anowanzodudza chiono chokuenzana semitemo yemitemo.

Kuzvidzwa Kwazvino Uno Neganhuriro

Nhasi, Chiratidzo chinopfuurira kupesvedzera kurukurirano dzapamutemo munharaunda dzakadai sekodzero dzepfuti, kuva woga, uye simba ravakuru vakuru. Somuenzaniso, kodzero yeChipiri yeFiji inodzorwa nokutakura zvombo dzimwe nguva yakabatana nokududzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu yokuchinja kana kuti kubvisa hurumende (naizvozvo kududzira uku kunoramba kuchikwikwidzana. Chiratidzo chinoonekawo mukurukurirano dze "mutemo wechisiko" mukududzirwa kwemitemo, zvikurukuru pakati pevatongi vapakuvamba navatsigiri vemashoko vanotarira kunzwisiso yavavambi vekodzero.

Ziviso Yacho Seyakafuridzirwa, Haisi Mutemo Unomanikidzwa

Kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti Chiziviso Chokuzvimirira hachina simba rapamutemo rakananga mudare. Hapana munhu anogona kukwirira pasi peChibvumirano bedzi; hachisi chiratidzo kana kuti gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo. Panzvimbo pezvo, pesvedzero yacho haina kunanga uye inonyengetedza. Apo mutongi anodudza Chibvumirano, vari kuishandisa kujekesa mipimo iyo inoshandisa Bumbiro remitemo, kwete semutoo unosungirwa. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mutauro wakavanzika (g.g., "kuronda Mufarwa womufarwa") kunogona kushandiswa kutsigira chinenge nzvimbo chipi nechipi nechipi chezvamatongerwe enyika, nepo vatsigiri vanochengeta kuti nheyo dzaro dzinogovera kambasi yetsika iri madikanwa nokuda kwegadziriro yemitemo.

Mutemo Wenyika Dzose Waitaura Nezvemutemo Wacho

Pesvedzero yeChiziviso ichi inotambanudzwa kupfuura miganhu yeU.S. Mutauro wacho wakabatanidza zvishandiso zvakawanda zvamarudzi ose zvekodzero dzavanhu, kubatanidza Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). Mutsetse wokutanga wechinyorwa cheUN (""" rugwaro rwomunhu rwose runoberekwa vakasununguka uye vakaenzana muchiremera namaruramiro"" `audio's Thomas Jefferson's progatectives's. Matare eAmerica panhambo nenhambo nenhambo dzamarudzi ose dzavanhu, uye nheyo dzeChibvumirano chacho dzave dzave dzichinongedzerwa muhuro hwevazhetembo dzokumwe nyika.

Mugumo: Kubata Kwepamutemo Kunopfuurira

Chiziviso cheIndependence chinoramba chiri chinhu chinokosha, kana chisingamanikidzi. Kuumbwa kwaro kwekodzero dzomusikirwo, kuenzana, uye hurumende nokubvuma kwakaumba Bumbiro reMitemo, Bill of Rights, uye kuchinja kwakatevera. Dare rakarikumbira kukurira kukurira rusaruro rwedzinza, kudzivirira kuzvimirira kwomunhu oga, uye kusimbisa rusununguko runokosha. Masangano enzanga akashandisa mutauro wawo kurayira kuchinja kwepamutemo uko kwakakudza denderedzwa raavo vane kodzero ye "Upenyu, Rusununguko, uye kurondwa kwoMufarwa." Nepo Chibvumirano chisiri manyuko emitemo yakananga, chinogovera gadziriro inoparira kududzira zviri pamutemo uye kusimbisa mipimo yetsika yehurumende yeAmerica. Sezvimo iripo, Mutemo wemitemo ichapfuurira kupesvedzera sei, uye kutevererwa kwemitemo yedu.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve papesvedzero yapamutemo yeChibvumirano, bvunza chinyorwa cheMari reNyika , , [[FLT]] Cornell Information Institute's reLectal pamutemo wemusikirwo [, uye [[FLT] project ye [[FLT]Y]Z] . [FLT] yenhau dzeDare guru dzinonongedzera kuChiziviso. [[FT:6]] Hurumende yeNational Constitution Center [[FL:7] inogoverawo kunzvera ukama pakati peChirevo neBumbiro remitemo.