Nhoroondo Yokupa Kodzero

Kurwisa kwamaruramiro okuvhota kwakaumbwa muchimiro chenyika dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, nenhau yakapfuma zvikuru neyakapokanidzwa muUnited States. Ubati ushe hwehurumende hwehurumende hwechiAmerica hwapakuvamba hwakaganhurirwa zvikuru: vhoti pakutanga yakanga iri ropafadzo yakachengeterwa vachena, vanhurume vane zvinhu. Uku kurambwa kwakatangira muchitendero chokuti avo bedzi vane danda rinooneka muupfumi vaigona kuvimbwa kuita zvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Mumazana amakore anotevera, nhevedzano yamasangano okuchinja zvinhu yakabviswa paidziri, zvishoma nezvishoma kufutunura vagari vemo vakawanda.

Wedzero huru yokutanga yakauya nemugumo wezvikwaniriso zvezvinhu mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 19, asi dzinza nevatano zvakaramba zviri mhinganidzo huru. Pession yechi15, yakasimbiswa muna 1870, yakarambidza kurambwa maruramiro okuvhota parudzi, bva Southern inogadza miganhu nokukurumidza kupfurikidza nemitero yokuvhota, nzvero dzamasimba masimba. Jim Conrow anoyera nenzira dzinoparadza nenzira inobudirira vagari veAfrica kweringi kweria rinodokerwa kweri rezana ramakore. Vakadzi vacho vakadzivisa kufamba kwavo, vachiguma muChiteshi che 19 muzana yeMitengidzi inodzo muna 1920, pakupedzisira vakawana vhotera nokuda kwamakumi amakore echiito, maza, marefu, uye kudzoro kwamasimba masimba amasimba masimba amasimba masimba. MaIndia avagari vemo vakawana maruramiro okuvhotera munzanga dzeIndia muna 1924, kunyange zvazvo nyika zhinji dzakapfuurira kuvhara mibato yehondo, nguva inopfura kurwisana nokudzo.

Nyika yose, chirongwa chakafanana. Kunzwisisa nharaunda yose yavanhu vakuru kubetsera kuronga hondo dzinopfuurira muUnited States, umo kodzero dzokuvhota dzinoramba dziripo.

Sangano Rokudenha: Fundo Yokutonga Mukupfuurira

Sangano resuffgence muUnited States rakapedza makore anopfuura makumi manomwe. Vatungamiriri vapakuvamba saElizabeth Cady Stanton naSusan B. Anthony akaronga Seneca Falls Convention muna 1848, achibudisa Chiziviso cheMitemo yairaira maruramiro okuvhota nokuda kwavakadzi. Boka racho rakatarisana nechishoro chinotyisa, navatsoropodzi vachipokanidza kuti vakadzi vakanga vachinyanyova vane mirangariro kana kuti vakanga vasina ruzivo rwokuvhota. Pashure peHondo yeHondo yeChizvarwa cheMushamba, boka rakakamuranangurira kuronga kana kuti kuisa muBlack sfussss suffngessss. Kupinda kwokupedzisira kweGanje re 19 kwakanga kuri mugumisiro yokuronga uswa, kufora, kushamba, nzara, uye kutsigira. Vatungamiriri veNarudzi rwava vanoshandisa zviito zvechishawo chishati chapavhuru, kubatanidza chibvumirano mukati ma19343491. Chibvumirano chakagoverwa nehurumende chapamutemo. Chireridzo chakaitwa neChireri chakaitwa neChikamu chitsa. Chikamu

Zvisinei, Mubatanidzwa weChirungu weAmerica wakaramba uine kodzero dzokuvhota vakadzi vose kusvikira muna 1924, uye vakadzi vakawanda vokuAsia vakarambidzwa kuva vagari vemo kusvikira kuma1950.Vakadzi vechitema kuMaodzanyemba vakaenderera mberi vachitarisana nemitero yokuvhota uye kuongorora kunyora.

Sangano Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nechibvumirano Chokupa Kodzero

Gadziriro yekodzero dzavagari vemo yomuma1950 nama1960 yakaita kodzero dzokuvhota yaidiwa zvikuru. Chishoro choutsinye chokunyoresa muBlack . Chinorwisana nechivhoti chinokudzwa nokupondwa kwevashinga vakadai seMedgar Evers uye kufora kwechisimba kwe “Svondo” kwamasimba masimba muSelma, Alabama() chakakosha nyika uye maonero avose. Purezidhendi Lyton B. Johnson akapindura nokusunda Voting Rights Act of 1965 kupfurikidza neCongress. Mutemo uyu unorambidza kuedza kurava nokunyora, wakagovera kuti pave nokutarisira kwehurumende muvhotera munhau yetsika, uye waida kuti nyika dzakati dziwane tende pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yokuvhotera.

Zvakaitika zvakakurumidza. Mumakore mashomanene, kunyoresa kweBlack muSouth kwakawedzera. Somuenzaniso, muMississippi, kunyoresa kweBlack kwakakwira kubva pasi pe7% muna 1964 kusvika ku60% pa1968. Voting Rights Act inorangarirwa zvikuru semitemo yekodzero dzevanhu inoshanda zvikurusa yakamboitwa. Asi yakatarisana nezvinetso zvinoramba. Muna 2013, chisarudzo cheDare repamusoro reDare mu Shelby County v. Raker yakarova mugwagwa wakashandiswa kusarudza kuti idzoro ipi inodiwa kare, inoita kuti ive. Dare rakakundikana kusvika panguva ino kusvika panguva ino kupfuurei kudarika chibvumirano chokuvhotera, richisiya kodzero dzakawanda dzokuvhotera pamusoro pemasvondira mapepa emitemo yescrime.

Mitemo Mikuru Inobvisa Kupiwa Kwekodzero Kwemazuva Ano

Kupfuura Longing Rights Act, mimwe mitemo inoverengeka yakarondedzera nzvimbo yokuvhota muUnited States.

National Voter Britage Act (1993)

Chinowanzonzi “Motor Voter Act,” mutemo uyu waida kuti pave nemikana yokuvhota apo vagari vemo vainyoresa kana kuti kuvandutsazve marezesi avo okutyaira, netsamba, uye kumasangano evoruzhinji. Nharidzano yakanga iri yokuita kuti kunyoresa kuve kwakakodzera zvikuru uye kunowanika. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti chiito chacho chakawedzerwa zvikuru, zvikurukuru pakati pemigumisiro yakaderera uye pakati pechiverengero chavagari vemo. Zvisinei, kubatanidzwa kwave kusina kufanira, nedzimwe nyika dzinoramba kubvumira zvizere.

Kubatsira kwakaitika kuAmerica Vote Act (2002)

Yakaziviswa mukupindura kuvhota kwama 2000 akanyongana kwapurezidhendi.(* neshamhu dzawo dzakarembera, mashavishavi, uye yakapikisa Florida . HAVA yakagadza mipimo miduku yezvirongwa zvokuvhota. Yakagovera mari nokuda kwezvishandiso zvitsva zvokuvhota, yakaita Ecomtion Transformation Commission, uye yaida hurumende kuti ishandise mapepa okunyoresa okuvhota nokuwana, zvakatungamirirawo kugakava namagariro apamutemo pamusoro pemarusarungwe evhota, pane dzimwe nguva kuchiguma nokubvisa kusina kufanira uko kunobvisa muvhotera muvhoti wehurumende yose.

Kuedza Kwehurumende Kwenguva Ino: Gadziriro Yevanhu uye Chiratidzo chaJohn Lewis Chokufambira Mberi Kwekodzero

Mumhinduro kuganhuriro dzedzokuvhota yapanhare yenyika pashure pejambwa ra2020, Congress yakakarakadza chinjo huru. Nokuda kweInters Act (H.1] angadai akakudza kuvhota kwapakuvamba, kwaida kunyoreswa kwokuzvidira, uye kuganhurirwa kwakaganhurirwa. John Voing Rights Act [[[FLT]]] Act kudzorera gadziriro yapamberi yapamberi yakaitwa neDare rapamusoro-soro. Zvose zviri zviviri zvikwereti zvakapfuudza Imba asi zvakapfuudzwa muDare rapamhene. Kundika kwavo kusimbisa mutengo wazvino uno uno unovhotera pakodzero dzokuvhotera, kunosiya nhau huru kuhurumende nematare edare.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvinopfuurira Nezvinetso Zvinotevera

Despite legal advances, substantial barriers to voting remain. These obstacles often disproportionately affect communities of color, low-income individuals, young people, and the elderly.

◯ Kushandisa Mitemo

Kusvikira muna 2024, Hurumende 36 dzine mitemo inoda kana kuti kukumbira rudzi rwakati rwezivikanwo kuvhota. Vatsigiri vanodzivisa kubiridzira kwokunyepedzera (kunyange zvazvo kunyengera kwakadaro kusingawanzowaniki). Vatsoropodzi vanoitira mhaka mitemo inoparira mutoro usina kufanira nokuda kwaavo vasina mapikicha ehurumende, zvakadai savagari vemo varombo, vadzidzi, uye vanhu vane ruvara. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti vashomanene navavhoti vakaderera vanovhozhokerwa kuti vave neiyi inodikanwa, uye ndyiko uye mari inoita kuti vawane kutora mumwe anogona kudzivisa kutora rutivi. Mitengo yakafanana neNorth Dakotas ine zvikwaratio zvorumano; matare arova kana kuti agadziridza mitemo mizhinji nokuda kwetapurudzo.

Nzvimbo Yokushambadza Nemitsetse Mirefu

Pakati pa2012 na2018, zvigaro zvine nhau yetsika dzokusarura zvakavhara mazana enzvimbo dzokuvhota, kazhinji kazhinji mumativi ari matema kana kuti eSpain. Uku kuvharwa kwevavhoti kuti vafambe kure, vamiririre kwenguva refu, uye pane dzimwe nguva vanopotsa basa kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu. . Dare reRedederation on Civil and Human Rights rakashuma kuti muna 2020, dzimwe nzvimbo dzeBlack Counters in Georgia dzakatarisana nenguva dzinoverengeka, nepo zvikamu zvichena zvaiva nemitsetse mipfupi.

Voter Roll Defast

Mitemo inochenesa panhambo nenhambo vavhoti vavo kuti vabvise vanhu vakafa, vanhu vakatama, kana kuti vawanwa vane mhaka. Zvisinei, kubvisa kwamasimba masimba pane dzimwe nguva kunobvisa vavhoti pasina kuziviswa kwakakwana. Mhaka inokosha yakaitika muna Georgia muna 2018, apo kunyoresa kunodokusvika 300 000 kwakabviswa nokuda kwe “i,” vazhinji vakabva kunharaunda duku. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro 2018 mu [[FLT: 0] v. A. Philip Randolph Institute akatsigira muitiro wokuchenesa weOhio, achigadza muenzaniso ungakurudzira miitiro yakafanana kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Mapoka akafanana ne [[FLT:]]

Kupesana Kunozivikanwa

Mumaruwa akawanda, vanhu vakapiwa mhaka yemari inovhota, kazhinji kazhinji zvechigarire. Ikoku kunotapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi varume vatema, avo vanoiswa mutorongo pamwero yakakwirira zvikuru. MuFlorida, nhano yokuvhotera ya2018 yakadzorera maruramiro okuvhotera kuvanhu vazhinjisa vakambosungwa, asi mutemo wakatevera wairaira kuti vabhadhare faindi yose nemitero pamberi pokubhadharwa, nenzira inobudirira kubvisazve maruramiro echinyakare. VaAmerica vanenge mamirioni 4,6 vanorambidzwa zvino kuvhota nemhaka yokutenderwa kwenhauro yehotera. Momentum nokuda kwokuvandudza zvinhu zvinokura: kufanana neVirginia uye New York yakadzorera maruramiro kupfurikidza nechiito choukuru, asi basa remitemo rinoparira nyongano.

Kuwana Mutauro Nemhinganidzo

Voting Rights Act inoda miganhu yakati kuti kuti igovere betsero nezvishandiso. Zvisinei, nzanga dzakawanda dzemaIndia okuAmerica hadzina shanduro kana kuti vashandi vezvokuvhota vanotaura mitauro yemo. Voter vane urema vanotarisanawo nezvipingamupinyi: inenge 17% bedzi yenzvimbo dzokuvhota inowanika chose chose, mukuwirirana nomushumo we 2020 weHurumende Accounting Office. Nepo Office devotation nechisarudzo chapamberi dzinoshairwa, mativi mazhinji ehurumende anokundikana kusvitsa mipimo mikuru yokuwana.

Kutendeseka Kwazvino Uno uye Marasroots Activism

Kurwira kodzero dzokuvhota nhasi kunorwiwa nemasangano akasiyana - siyana, achishandisa nzira dzegamuchidzanwa nedzemakombiyuta.

Masangano Makuru Okuvaka

  • Sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo rekaresa renyika rinopfuurira kuratidzira nokupesvedzera kurwisana nokudzvinyirirwa kwavavhoti, nengwariro chaiyo paSouth. “Iyi Ndiyo Nhimbe Yangu” inodzidzisa uye inounganidza vavhoti.
  • American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): ACLU’s Voting Rights Project yakadenha mitemo mizhinji mudare, kubva kuzvinodikanwa zvechivhoti kuti zvidzorerwe mepu. Inogoverawo zviwanikwa zvapamutemo nokuda kwavavhoti vanotarisana nemhinganidzo.
  • .League of Women Voters: Yakazvitsaurira kudzidzo isingavhoti, Chinzwano chinoitisa kunyoresa, vagamuchiri vanokwikwidza, uye mutemo unotapura kusvika kwevoti.
  • Fair Fight Action: Yakavakwa naStacey Abramas pashure pokurasikirwa kwake kwa2018 muGeorgia, iri sangano rinonangidzira ngwariro pakudzivirira muvhoti, kunyoresa, uye kurwisa kudzvinyirirwa kupfurikidza nenhamburiko dzapamutemo nedzinoswa.

Midzi Yemakwenzi Nenhamburiko Dzakavakirwa Munzanga

Mapoka omunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji ane chivimbo chikurusa munzanga. Anoronga kuongorora pasuo napasuo, mabhangi efoni, uye zvinoitika mumachechi nenzvimbo dzenzanga. Munzanga dzeNative American, mapoka akafanana ne American Rights Fund[ basa kuvimbisa nzvimbo dzokuvhota kuti dzinowanika panzvimbo dzinokandwa uye kuti betsero yomutauro inopiwa. Kolleji dzinoona bhasiro dzinovhotera varakisi dzinotungamirirwa namasangano avadzidzi seAndrew Good Foundation’s “Vote Holl African".

Matambudziko Emutemo uye Kupiwa Mirayiro Yakanaka

Mapoka okusasarura anowanzotendeukira kumatare kuti avhare mitemo inoganhurira. Muna 2023, NAACP Legal Defense Fund yakabudirira kudenha mutemo weNorth Carolina uyo wakaisa zvinodikanwa zvepikicha zvakasimba, achiitirana nharo kuti yakaitwa nevavariro yokusasarura. Campagign Legin Center ne [FLT] Southern Power Leace Center kupomerawo mhosvero dzenhauwo kumisa kubvisa kubvisa, kusarura zvisakafanira, uye zvitekoso zvinotsausa. Zvisinei, vanoramba kudzo dzechinyakare-judia vamasss, kazhinji kazhinji vanoita muganhu wehurumende uye kushandura imwe nzira.

Miitiro Yazvino Nenhungamiro Zvomunguva Yemberi

Kodzero dzokuvhota dziri kuramba dzichichinja nokukurumidza, dzichiumbwa noruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kuwanda kwevanhu, uye kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kukura Kwekufambisa uye Kufambisa Matsamba Kare

Zvibvumirano zvinopfuura 40 zvinopa rudzi rwakati rwokuvhota kwapakuvamba muruvhota, kuchibvumira vavhoti kukanda mavhota pamberi poMusi weInformation. Nyika zhinji dzakakudzawo kusaisa vhoti inosiiwa kana kuti kuvhota kwapose pose. Sarudzo 2020 yakaona wedzero huru mukuvhota mutsamba nemhaka yedenda, uye vavhoti vazhinji vakagamuchira ganhuriro. Zvisinei, kufanana naTexas naGeorgia vakaisa ganhuriro itsva pakuvhota, zvakadai sokuisa mabhokisi anodonhedzera uye kudisisa mahofisi anotsa. Gakava pamusoro pokuvhotera ramatsamba rinoramba richiramba riri revota, uye Republicans kazhinji kazhinji kachos uye Democrates achitsigira.

Kunyoresa Mubatanidzwa Wezvigadzirwa Zvemagetsi Zvinongozviitikirawo

Dzinopfuura nyika 20 uye District yeColumbia zvakashandisa kunyoresa kwokuvhota kwoga (AVR), uko vagari vemo vakakodzera vanonyoreswa apo vanoshanda namasangano ehurumende kutoti vasarudza. AVR yakasimudzira mwero yokunyoresa, zvikurukuru pakati pavanhu vaduku namapoka maduku. Brennan Center [ fungidziro AVR ingagona kuwedzera mamwe mamiriyoni 50 kuvavhotera kumarobhoti munyika yose kana akagamuchirwa zvikuru.

Ruzivo Nekubatanidzwa Kwezvigadzirwa Nemapepa

Apps namawebsite akafanana ne TurboVote[[FT:1] uye Headrient iri nyore kunyoresa, inogovera zviyeuchidzo, uye vavhoti vanobetsera kuwana nzvimbo dzokuvhotera. Zviteshi zvemasangano enhau zvinoshandiswa kuparadzira mashoko nemashoko asina kururama. Zvisinei, maturusi mamwe chetewo anogona kugadzirwa kuti aparadzirwe mashoko enhema pamusoro pekuvhotera kana kuti zviremera zvevhoteration, zvinopfumisa kusavimba. Vatengi navanotsigira vanotsvaka nzira yokuwirirana nayo nokuchengeteka nokukotseka.

Kuderedza Nokuderedza Magariro

Pashure pe2020 Census, inodaro maruwa espirion newirirano. Mumaruwa akawanda, vatsigiri vanotora vamwe vakatungamirira kumepu kuti betsero yebato rimwe, kuderedza simba rokuvhota renzanga shomanene nedzinozvimirira. Nepo dzimwe nyika dzine zvirongwa zvokuzvimirira, dzimwe dzinobvumira matare okunyora mepu nechenhando shoma. Mitemo inodenha mepu muAlabama, Georgia, neSouth Carolina iri kupfuurira, neDare Rapamusorosoro mu 2023 rinotonga kuti Alabama anofanira kugadzira dare rechipiri remitemo yemivhinzi.

Kuchinja Kwepwere

Vavhoti vaduku (vakasvika 18-29) vakabudisa nhamba dzakasvuurwa muna 2020, vachiumba inenge 17% yezvisarudzo zvekuchinja kwemamiriro okunze. Nhau dzakafanana nokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, chikwereti chavadzidzi, uye ruramisiro yedzinza zvakasunda kutora rutivi kwakakwirira. Zvisinei, pwere dzinotanga munhau mukati mesarudzo dzapurezidhendi ndokuderera pakati pemitengo. Nhamburiko dzakadai se Rock Vote uye Vate.org dzinonanga ichibatanidza uku kuwanda nokunyoresa nokufunda. Kuvhotera kuzera ku 16 zera rosaro yomunzvimbomo yakakarakadzwawo, nokuratidzira budiriro kwokutanga kwendege.

Kuwana Mitambo YemaIndia okuAmerica Neyomumaruwa

Vavhoti vamaruwa namaIndia okuAmerica vanowanzotarisana nedenho dzechienzi: madaro marefu kundovhota nzvimbo, Internet yakaganhurirwa, uye kushaikwa kwechokufambisa chavose. Chiteko cheIndian Cintuntishi cha 1924 chakapa vaAmerica veMandandasiti kodzero yokuvhota, asi nyika dzakawanda dzakapfuurira kuisa mhinganidzo kutozosvikira muma 1970. Nhasi, ndudzi muArizona, Montana, uye South Dakota dzakaita kuti nenzira ibudirire kukumbira kuvhotera nzvimbo dzakawanda panzvimbo dzinokashanyiwa uye kugovera betsero yomutauro. American Voting Rights Act , yakasumwa muCongress asi isati yapfumirirwa, yaizobatanidzazve idzi dziviriro.

Mitemo Yakapoteredza Pasi Rose Neyamarudzi Ose

Kupa kodzero dzinozivikanwa sekodzero huru yavanhu mumutemo wamarudzi ose, kubatanidza Declaration of Human Rights (Nhamba 21) uye International commonment on Civil and Politic Rights [. United Nations inoona sarudzo uye inosimudzira miitiro yakanakisisa. Nepo U.S. ari mutungamiriri mumipimo wedemocracy, gadziriro yayo yokuvhotera yakasarira yakaenzaniswa nemimwe mitengo yakatangwa. Somuenzaniso, nyika dzakafanana neAustralia neBelgium dzine kuvhotera kwapamutemo, dzinoita kuti pave nokuchinja kudarika 80%. Marudzi akawanda anogona kuderedza mutevedzero wekudzora. U.

Mupedzi: Kurwira Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunodzora

Kodzero dzinopa mvumo idivi rapamutemo rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Nhau yekodzero dzokuvhota muUnited States ndeimwe yefambiro mberi yemwero yakadzokororwa nenguva dzechipfuro. Kuvambira pazvikwaniriso zvezvinhu zvokuvamba kusvikira kunhambo ye Jim Crow yetsika yakarongwa, kubva kukukunda kwekukunda kwemasangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo kusvikira kuhondo dzapanguva ino dzinovhotera, kubvisa, uye kubvisa, uye kuronga, chikwapa chakananga kunzvimbo chayo chaidzo, asi nemhaka bedzi yokuti vagari vemo vakachinangidzira kuidzikamiswa. Basa haritongoitwi.

Kunzwisisa nhau, mitemo inokosha, uye miganhu yazvino kunokosha kuvagari vemo vapi navapi vanoda kutora rutivi zvizere. Sezvo ruzivo rutsva rwokugadzira zvinhu rutsva runotanga uye kuchinjwa kwezviverengero zvavagari vemo, kurwira kuwanwa kwakaenzana kuchada kungwarira, kurongeka kwapamutemo, uye kuvimbisana kwouswa. Utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hunotsamira pakuva nechokwadi chokuti muvhoti ari wose anogona kuisa basa rakasununguka uye asingasaruri. Kupfurikidza nokudzidza kubva munguva yakapfuura uye kubatanidzwa nezvinetso zvazvino, tinogona kubetsera kugadzira nguva yemberi umo kuvhotera kunoratidzira zvirokwazvo kuda kwavanhu vose.